Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Medicine and Health Sciences Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Rehabilitation and Therapy

Theses/Dissertations

2022

Institution
Keyword
Publication
File Type

Articles 1 - 30 of 413

Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

Solos Y Juntos: Dos Al Tres Por Ciento De La Población En Los Estados Unidos Tienen Escoliosis. Muy Pocos De Ellos Están Preparados Para Las Tensiones Emocionales Que Trae La Condición., Anacaona Y. Rodriguez Martinez Dec 2022

Solos Y Juntos: Dos Al Tres Por Ciento De La Población En Los Estados Unidos Tienen Escoliosis. Muy Pocos De Ellos Están Preparados Para Las Tensiones Emocionales Que Trae La Condición., Anacaona Y. Rodriguez Martinez

Capstones

Dos al tres por ciento de la población en los Estados Unidos tiene escoliosis. Muy pocos de ellos están preparados para las tensiones emocionales que trae la condición. Estas son las historias de pacientes que tienen escoliosis y sus viajes en encontrar salud propio (físico y mental) en sus comunidades


Creation Of Preschool Evaluation For Children Experiencing Sensory Processing Disorders, Mary Vestal Dec 2022

Creation Of Preschool Evaluation For Children Experiencing Sensory Processing Disorders, Mary Vestal

Honors Theses

For our thesis project, we partnered with Dr. Michelle Suarez, the co-director of the Resiliency Center at Western Michigan University. When we first met with her, she informed us about the high rates of expulsion for Kalamazoo preschool students with various regulation challenges relating to sensory processing disorders, regulation, autism, and trauma. In fact, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, preschool students are expelled at three times the rate of children in K-12 (2022). Additionally, according to the Equal Justice Society, 250 preschool children get suspended or expelled each day nationwide (2021). The article continues to …


Creation Of Preschool Evaluation For Children Experiencing Sensory Processing Disorders, Brittney Tuck Dec 2022

Creation Of Preschool Evaluation For Children Experiencing Sensory Processing Disorders, Brittney Tuck

Honors Theses

For our thesis project, we partnered with Dr. Michelle Suarez, the co-director of the Resiliency Center at Western Michigan University. When we first met with her, she informed us about the high rates of expulsion for Kalamazoo preschool students with various regulation challenges relating to sensory processing disorders, regulation, autism, and trauma. In fact, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, preschool students are expelled at three times the rate of children in K-12 (2022). Additionally, according to the Equal Justice Society, 250 preschool children get suspended or expelled each day nationwide (2021). The article continues to …


Case Study - The Outcomes Of Occupational Therapy For An Autistic Teen, Molly Boyle Dec 2022

Case Study - The Outcomes Of Occupational Therapy For An Autistic Teen, Molly Boyle

Honors Theses

This study sought to understand the outcomes of occupational therapy through interviews of a person with autism spectrum disorder (defined below), their family, and an occupational therapist. By interviewing each of these people, this study aimed to examine the impact of occupational therapy on the autonomy and independence of a young adult with autism and his family.


Asecret Charting And Sensory Processing Disorder - A Tool For Parents And Teachers, Taylor Lerman Dec 2022

Asecret Charting And Sensory Processing Disorder - A Tool For Parents And Teachers, Taylor Lerman

Honors Theses

When considering the results of research from this study, the reader should note this specifically applies to elementary school aged students but could be applicable outside of this study for the purpose of added ages. The cumulative ASECRET charts do not explicitly apply to that of a typical child and added disabilities to consider are discussed within the discussion section of research. Conditions left unmentioned should not be considered inapplicable, but for the purpose of this research, discussion points focus on sensory processing and conditions with higher rates of comorbidity to sensory processing compared to others. The purpose of this …


Comprehensive Sleep Program For Active-Duty Special Operators In The Us Military, Hope Brew Dec 2022

Comprehensive Sleep Program For Active-Duty Special Operators In The Us Military, Hope Brew

Department of Occupational Therapy Entry-Level Capstone Projects

No abstract provided.


Perspectives And Experiences Of Practitioners And Other Health Professionals During Covid-19: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Leah Eggan, Marissa Gilbertson, Kendall Harvey, Tara Kluz, Katherine Lake, Josie Marben, Sophia Ross, Jenna Ruff, Hannah Scherle Dec 2022

Perspectives And Experiences Of Practitioners And Other Health Professionals During Covid-19: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Leah Eggan, Marissa Gilbertson, Kendall Harvey, Tara Kluz, Katherine Lake, Josie Marben, Sophia Ross, Jenna Ruff, Hannah Scherle

Graduate Occupational Therapy Research and Projects

No abstract provided.


Healthcare Students’ Experiences And Perceptions Of Education During Covid-19: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Kelsi J. Cox, Chandler J. Johnson, Megan E. Murphy, Keanna M. Schulz, Maria A. Turk, Jessica M. Wisniewski Dec 2022

Healthcare Students’ Experiences And Perceptions Of Education During Covid-19: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Kelsi J. Cox, Chandler J. Johnson, Megan E. Murphy, Keanna M. Schulz, Maria A. Turk, Jessica M. Wisniewski

Graduate Occupational Therapy Research and Projects

No abstract provided.


The Role Of Occupational Therapy In Treating Developmental Trauma In Appalachia, Carrie A. Williams Dec 2022

The Role Of Occupational Therapy In Treating Developmental Trauma In Appalachia, Carrie A. Williams

Occupational Therapy Research Projects

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate and determine the knowledge and education of occupational therapy practitioners who evaluate and treat developmental trauma in Appalachia and adjacent counties by answering the following research questions. 1.) What is the level of education, years of experience, and what formal diagnosis practitioners received on referrals? 2.) Are practitioners satisfied with resources to treat trauma histories? Do they participate in self-learning activities, and what disciplines do practitioners find in their self-learning education? 3.) What theoretical frameworks and assessment tools do practitioners utilize to develop treatment plans? 4.) What are the barriers to treatment when children …


Development Of Professional Behaviors In Occupational Therapy Students: Program Design, Addie Burnham Dec 2022

Development Of Professional Behaviors In Occupational Therapy Students: Program Design, Addie Burnham

Occupational Therapy Research Projects

Abstract

Many factors are considered when relating student preparedness to successful clinical experiences. This literature sought to identify the gaps and understand the graduate student experience concerning professional behaviors. Specific behaviors were identified and guidelines established by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (American Council for Occupational Therapy Education, 2020) were used to create a program to address professional behaviors of communication and professionalism. The created program incorporated hands-on learning experiences versus high or low-fidelity simulations to teach professional behaviors and promote self-awareness of the student. The information gained through this research has added to the body of knowledge …


The Effects Of Sensory Processing On Mask-Wearing, Sarah Slone, B.S., S/Ot, Tylar Stambaugh, B.S., S/Ot, Anna Weneck, B.S., S/Ot, Emily Yeager, B.A., S/Ot, Barbara Warnock, Dhsc, Otr/L, Christine Raber, Phd, Otr/L Dec 2022

The Effects Of Sensory Processing On Mask-Wearing, Sarah Slone, B.S., S/Ot, Tylar Stambaugh, B.S., S/Ot, Anna Weneck, B.S., S/Ot, Emily Yeager, B.A., S/Ot, Barbara Warnock, Dhsc, Otr/L, Christine Raber, Phd, Otr/L

Occupational Therapy Research Projects

Abstract

Purpose: The global coronavirus pandemic has changed how people participate in life. Wearing a mask has become a normal aspect of daily routines due to public mandates, yet masks tend to create difficulties with ability to process stimuli within the environment and can potentially interrupt participation within life. There is little research into effects of mask-wearing on sensory processing for all ages as it is a recent pandemic.

Method: An online survey was used to describe mask-wearing habits of college-aged adults and impact on sensory experiences. An additional optional interview, which included completion of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile, further …


Master Of Occupational Therapy Students' Use Of Problem-Solving Strategies Of Clinical Reasoning Identified Following Level Ii Fieldwork, Katie Bolen. B.S., S/Ot, Alexis Palazzo, B.S., S/Ot, Ashley Eldridge, B.S., S/Ot, Jacob Kelp, B.S., S/Ot, Audra Nieves, B.S., S/Ot, Ann Marie Allen M.S., Otr/L Dec 2022

Master Of Occupational Therapy Students' Use Of Problem-Solving Strategies Of Clinical Reasoning Identified Following Level Ii Fieldwork, Katie Bolen. B.S., S/Ot, Alexis Palazzo, B.S., S/Ot, Ashley Eldridge, B.S., S/Ot, Jacob Kelp, B.S., S/Ot, Audra Nieves, B.S., S/Ot, Ann Marie Allen M.S., Otr/L

Occupational Therapy Research Projects

Abstract

A pre-experimental, quantitative, descriptive study was completed to identify patterns of the problem-solving strategies used in the clinical reasoning process by master of occupational therapy students during level II fieldwork placement. The research team developed a survey including 7 demographic questions with 12 problem-solving strategy questions created around the concepts of: algorithm, heuristic, trial and error, and insight. The survey was created in SurveyMonkey and the link to the survey was sent to 3 master of occupational therapy programs. Only students who had completed level II fieldwork placement, prior to taking the national board certification exam, were included. Eleven …


The Role Of Occupational Therapy In School-Aged Youth Literacy: A Scoping Review, Beth Thomas, Kierstin Hensley, Rachel Nordmoe, Samantha Willis, Tanner Shepherd Dec 2022

The Role Of Occupational Therapy In School-Aged Youth Literacy: A Scoping Review, Beth Thomas, Kierstin Hensley, Rachel Nordmoe, Samantha Willis, Tanner Shepherd

Occupational Therapy Research Projects

Abstract

Since the passage of the IDEA Act in 1975, pediatric occupational therapists have been working to improve children’s literacy skills. From the sensory-based assessment and interventions of Ayres (1972) to the Occupations of Reading Practice Model created by Grajo and Chandler (2017), the field of occupational therapy has come a long way in understanding how to treat children with deficits in reading, writing, and other forms of communication. The goal of this study was to understand how occupational therapists are currently working with school-aged youth concerning their literacy skills. Six databases were searched using terms related to occupational therapy …


Mental Health And Education Staff Perspectives Of Occupational Functioning Of Court-Involved Youth With A History Of Substance Use, Mikel Stone, Otd, Otr/L, Adam Kantor, B.S., S/Ot, Bailey Bowen, B.S., S/Ot, Hope Moore, B.S., S/Ot, Jacob Dobrowolski, B.A., S/Ot, Morgan Delong, B.S., S/Ot Dec 2022

Mental Health And Education Staff Perspectives Of Occupational Functioning Of Court-Involved Youth With A History Of Substance Use, Mikel Stone, Otd, Otr/L, Adam Kantor, B.S., S/Ot, Bailey Bowen, B.S., S/Ot, Hope Moore, B.S., S/Ot, Jacob Dobrowolski, B.A., S/Ot, Morgan Delong, B.S., S/Ot

Occupational Therapy Research Projects

This mixed-methods descriptive survey study investigated the occupational functioning of court-involved youth with a history or risk of substance use, from the perspectives of mental health and education staff, within a rural, Mid-western county. Millions of Americans suffer from some form of substance use disorder (The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2017). According to The National Survey on Drug and Health, 23% of the youth population have reportedly tried and illicit drug (SAMHSA, 2016) and as little as 10% of the youth population are receiving treatment (NIDA, 2014). The purpose of this study was to implement a mixed-methods …


The Role Of Occupational Therapy In Adult Critical Care In Ohio, Taylor Stanford, Otr/L Dec 2022

The Role Of Occupational Therapy In Adult Critical Care In Ohio, Taylor Stanford, Otr/L

Occupational Therapy Research Projects

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the barriers and supports in the delivery of OT services, identify current OT-specific protocols, and explore opinions on critical care certification and OT-specific ICU best practice guidelines.

Methods: A non-experimental descriptive data collection study with the use of an online survey. The secure survey link was embedded via email and sent to 10,000 Ohio occupational therapy practitioners. Inclusion criteria were licensed therapists (OTR and COTA) with past or current experience in adult critical care. The primary researcher developed survey questions focused on practitioners’ perspectives and personal experiences with critical care …


Content Validity And Inter-Rater Reliability Of The Assessment Of Occupational Functioning- Collaborative Version, Joanna R. Deal, B.S., S/Ot, Anna E. Legge, B.A., S/Ot, Kimberly M.E. Martens, B.S., S/Ot, Kyla M. Rockwell, B.A., S/Ot, Jacob A. Russell, B.S., S/Ot, Christine Raber, Phd, Otr/L Dec 2022

Content Validity And Inter-Rater Reliability Of The Assessment Of Occupational Functioning- Collaborative Version, Joanna R. Deal, B.S., S/Ot, Anna E. Legge, B.A., S/Ot, Kimberly M.E. Martens, B.S., S/Ot, Kyla M. Rockwell, B.A., S/Ot, Jacob A. Russell, B.S., S/Ot, Christine Raber, Phd, Otr/L

Occupational Therapy Research Projects

Abstract

Purpose: This psychometric study examined the content validity and inter-rater reliability of the Assessment of Occupational Functioning-Collaborative Version (AOF-CV) through content validity index and percent agreement, to determine clinical usefulness and alignment with the current version of the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO). Method: Data was gathered in two phases over four months. The first phase gathered inter-rater reliability through administering the AOF-CV virtually to college students. Percent agreement was determined using AOF-CV ratings completed by two teams of two raters per team. The second phase gathered content validity data from a MOHO content expert using a content validity …


Comparison Of A Dynamic Ankle Orthosis To A Walking Boot For Preserving Ankle Joint Motion And Reducing Tibial Bone Load And Strain, Perri Johnson Jr. Dec 2022

Comparison Of A Dynamic Ankle Orthosis To A Walking Boot For Preserving Ankle Joint Motion And Reducing Tibial Bone Load And Strain, Perri Johnson Jr.

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Tibial stress fractures are a common overuse injury accounting for 21.9 – 69% of stress fractures among runners and 24 – 51.2% of stress fractures in military cadets. Current treatment involves wearing a walking boot for 3 – 12 weeks, which limits ankle motion and causes lower limb muscle atrophy. A Dynamic Ankle Orthosis (DAO) provided a distractive force that offloaded the ankle and retained sagittal ankle excursion during walking. It remains unclear how tibial loading is affected by a walking boot or the DAO. This thesis presents a feasibility study confirming the offloading effects of the DAO on tibial …


Evaluating Literacy Sensitive Client Education Materials For The Smmart Clinic, Mckenzie Brink, Kelsey L. Colvin, Kelsey Holmer, Rachel G. Kullas, Paige M. Loy, Alexander W. Manos, Gretta N. Obeid, Kelly O'Connor, Allison Park Dec 2022

Evaluating Literacy Sensitive Client Education Materials For The Smmart Clinic, Mckenzie Brink, Kelsey L. Colvin, Kelsey Holmer, Rachel G. Kullas, Paige M. Loy, Alexander W. Manos, Gretta N. Obeid, Kelly O'Connor, Allison Park

Graduate Projects & Research

This master’s project was completed in collaboration with the St. Mary’s Medical and Rehabilitative Therapies (SMMART) Clinic, located on the campus of St. Catherine University in St. Paul, Minnesota. Through the completion of literature reviews, a needs assessment, and project activities, nine graduate occupational therapy students analyzed the needs of this clinic and aimed to improve client care. The SMMART clinic serves primarily Spanish-speaking clients who are low-income, uninsured, or underinsured. This population often faces obstacles in accessing primary health care and rehabilitation, including language and literacy-related barriers. Occupational therapy can play an important role in addressing these barriers and …


Scuba Diving Social Identity, Type Of Experience, Sociopsychobio Health, Health-Related Quality Of Life, Self-Efficacy, Disability Level, And Personality Among People With Physical Impairments: A Mixed Methods Study, Tania Santiago Perez Dec 2022

Scuba Diving Social Identity, Type Of Experience, Sociopsychobio Health, Health-Related Quality Of Life, Self-Efficacy, Disability Level, And Personality Among People With Physical Impairments: A Mixed Methods Study, Tania Santiago Perez

All Dissertations

The most common type of disability in the US is mobility or physical impairment, occurring in one in seven adults. Globally, musculoskeletal and neurological conditions account for nearly two-thirds (65.6%) of total physical rehabilitation needs. Approaches that promote healthy community living, rehabilitation, and reduce relapse and rehospitalization among people with physical impairments are critical. Participation in recreational activities and identification with social recreational groups may promote the health, quality of life, and functional abilities of people with physical impairments, contributing to reducing their hospitalization and healthcare needs. This explanatory sequential mixed methods research study had two aims. Using the experience-type …


Work Performance And Participation Of Individuals During The Covid- 19 Pandemic: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Mckenzie Bohlig, Maggie Buechler, Kinsale Morrow, Sydney Sirek, Susan Strawhacker, Alison Tokkesdal, Hannah Zuengler Dec 2022

Work Performance And Participation Of Individuals During The Covid- 19 Pandemic: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Mckenzie Bohlig, Maggie Buechler, Kinsale Morrow, Sydney Sirek, Susan Strawhacker, Alison Tokkesdal, Hannah Zuengler

Graduate Occupational Therapy Research and Projects

No abstract provided.


The Practice Of Dry Needling In Physical Therapy, Sarah A. Robertson Dec 2022

The Practice Of Dry Needling In Physical Therapy, Sarah A. Robertson

University Honors Theses

This thesis is a systematic review that discusses the current state of the treatment modality of "Dry Needling" in the field of physical therapy. To do this, current studies of the patient outcomes associated with Dry Needling are analyzed and discussed, as well as legislation at both the state and national levels.


The Role Of Leisure Engagement In Fostering Cognition In Aging, Karen Wenzel Dec 2022

The Role Of Leisure Engagement In Fostering Cognition In Aging, Karen Wenzel

All Dissertations

Leisure activities are a major component of healthy aging, associated with reduced risk of cognitive decline and enhanced cognitive function. However, there is wide variation in the conceptualization and measurement of leisure. Specific leisure activities or domains have been studied in association with cognition in aging. More recently, researchers have noted that attributes of the activity, rather than the activity itself, may be significant. This study explored the current state of knowledge regarding attributes of leisure activities that foster cognition in aging. A literature review using PRISMA Scoping Review guidelines identified objectively and subjectively measured attributes of leisure engagement in …


High-Intensity Interval Training And Biological Age, Trevor Lohman Dec 2022

High-Intensity Interval Training And Biological Age, Trevor Lohman

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The emergence of valid predictors of biological age has enabled researchers to test the effects of various interventions on biological aging processes. The established virtues of exercise and its effects on health and longevity make it a suitable candidate for investigation. This dissertation reviews the current state of biological age prediction models and presents a trial in which a specific exercise protocol’s ability to modulate biological age is tested. The specific protocol used is a 10X1 high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol, 10X1 referring to the quantity and duration of high intensity exercise intervals in each exercise session. The specific biological …


Effectiveness Of Virtual And Technology-Based Learning Among Health Professional Students During Covid-19: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Abigail Cheng, Melanie Dinca, Taylor Hoeft, Summer Jack, Iida Lehto, Jo Nguyen, Valerie Parker, Julie D. Bass Dec 2022

Effectiveness Of Virtual And Technology-Based Learning Among Health Professional Students During Covid-19: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Abigail Cheng, Melanie Dinca, Taylor Hoeft, Summer Jack, Iida Lehto, Jo Nguyen, Valerie Parker, Julie D. Bass

Graduate Occupational Therapy Research and Projects

No abstract provided.


Telehealth Characteristics, Effectiveness, And Satisfaction During Covid-19: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Mariah Byl, Anna Ciliske, Claire Rau, Selena Som, Nikki Staffen, Amanda Stolle, Grace Tienter, Madeline Youngman, Amy Yule, Julie D. Bass Dec 2022

Telehealth Characteristics, Effectiveness, And Satisfaction During Covid-19: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Mariah Byl, Anna Ciliske, Claire Rau, Selena Som, Nikki Staffen, Amanda Stolle, Grace Tienter, Madeline Youngman, Amy Yule, Julie D. Bass

Graduate Occupational Therapy Research and Projects

No abstract provided.


Long Covid: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Sydney Beard, Haley Bender, Aubrey Lemon, Valerie Josephson, Lauren Mccaughtry, Grace Palubicki, Jordyn Tuchtenhagen, Taylor Wolff, Julie D. Bass Dec 2022

Long Covid: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Sydney Beard, Haley Bender, Aubrey Lemon, Valerie Josephson, Lauren Mccaughtry, Grace Palubicki, Jordyn Tuchtenhagen, Taylor Wolff, Julie D. Bass

Graduate Occupational Therapy Research and Projects

No abstract provided.


Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy And Its Applications And Usage In The Equine Industry, Delaney R. Rostad Dec 2022

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy And Its Applications And Usage In The Equine Industry, Delaney R. Rostad

Masters Theses

Therapeutic modalities in the equine industry are constantly progressing due to evolving needs of horse owners who desire to make their horse perform at their best. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy is a lesser understood modality when it comes to its use in horse. Despite its widespread use, there is little research pertaining to how or if PEMF therapy affects performance of the equine athlete and influences various equine medical conditions; however, PEMF therapy use in humans improves delayed onset muscle soreness, and increases stride rate and length which could possibly be applied to the equine athlete. The objective of …


Arab American Muslims’ Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services: The Roles Of Acculturation, Religion, And Cultural Beliefs, Tharwah Alzoubi Dec 2022

Arab American Muslims’ Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services: The Roles Of Acculturation, Religion, And Cultural Beliefs, Tharwah Alzoubi

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between acculturation, religion, cultural beliefs, and attitudes toward seeking mental health services among Arab American Muslims. A total of 280 participants were surveyed for this study. Regression analysis was conducted to explore relationships among the variables; the alpha level was set at .05. The first research hypothesis was accepted as it showed statistical significance in the relationship between attitudes toward seeking mental health services and demographic variables. The standardized regression coefficients, or beta coefficients ranged from -.008 for gender to .24 for marital status, R=.31 (P<.05). Two variables were significant at the .05 level (marital status, and health insurance). The second hypothesis was also accepted as it showed relationship between attitudes toward mental health services and acculturation, religion and cultural beliefs; the standardized regression coefficients, or beta coefficients ranged from .05 for cultural beliefs to a -.25 for religion, R=.44 (P<.05). The variables of acculturation and religion were significant at the .01 level. Cultural beliefs were not significant at .05 level.


The Impact Of Supervisory Training And Workload Upon The Licensed Specialist In School Psychology Supervisors’ Perception Providing Field-Based Supervision To Interns In A Public-School Setting, Christopher L. King Dec 2022

The Impact Of Supervisory Training And Workload Upon The Licensed Specialist In School Psychology Supervisors’ Perception Providing Field-Based Supervision To Interns In A Public-School Setting, Christopher L. King

Theses and Dissertations

Quality supervision is essential for developing high-performing professionals in the mental health profession. Licensed Specialists in School Psychology (LSSP) in Texas can begin supervising LSSP Interns after three years of unsupervised field experience. Workloads for LSSP supervisors can be highly diverse, and LSSP supervision training can be limited. The present study explored the impact of workload and lack of supervision training on the supervisors’ perceived ability to supervise Licensed Specialist in School Psychology (LSSP) interns in Texas public school settings. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, 146 LSSP supervisors with at least three years of unsupervised field experience, and one …


Examination Of The Attitudes Towards Substance Use Treatment Approaches By Substance Use Professionals, Cameron Lacy Ortega Dec 2022

Examination Of The Attitudes Towards Substance Use Treatment Approaches By Substance Use Professionals, Cameron Lacy Ortega

Theses and Dissertations

This quantitative study focuses on substance use professionals and students who are seeking employment in substance use treatment or support services. The substance use treatment profession started as a group of people who were supporting each other in recovery through abstinence based practices and has developed in to a recognized profession with multiple methods of treatment approaches. Abstinence based treatment has been and continues to be the primary method of treatment preferred in the United States. Since the 1980, harm reduction increased in application in the profession, but remains a less popular method of treatment. This study examines substance use …