Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
- Publication
- Publication Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 90
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Tobacco Smoke Exposure And Levels Of Urinary Metals In The U.S. Youth And Adult Population: The National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (Nhanes) 1999–2004, Patricia A. Richter, Ellen E. Bishop, Jiantong Wang, Monica H. Swahn
Tobacco Smoke Exposure And Levels Of Urinary Metals In The U.S. Youth And Adult Population: The National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (Nhanes) 1999–2004, Patricia A. Richter, Ellen E. Bishop, Jiantong Wang, Monica H. Swahn
Public Health Faculty Publications
We assessed 12 urine metals in tobacco smoke-exposed and not exposed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. Our analysis included age, race/ethnicity, and poverty status. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in cadmium and lead and creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted data for group comparisons are presented. Smokers' had higher cadmium, lead, antimony, and barium levels than nonsmokers. Highest lead levels were in the youngest subjects. Lead levels among adults with high second-hand smoke exposure equaled smokers. Older smokers had cadmium levels signaling the potential for cadmium-related toxicity. Given the potential toxicity of metals, our findings complement existing research on exposure to chemicals …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Honduras 2005, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Honduras 2005, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Honduras 2005” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
Youth Reproductive Health: Investing In The Future, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Youth Reproductive Health: Investing In The Future, Frontiers In Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health
Youth—young people aged 10–24—constitute about a quarter of the world's population. Nearly three-quarters of these young people live in the developing world, and they suffer a disproportionate share of unplanned pregnancies, STIs including HIV, and other reproductive health (RH) problems. Research undertaken by FRONTIERS has shed light on numerous aspects of youth RH, including the information needs of young people, married adolescents, and parents and guardians. Findings from over 20 studies on youth RH provide important lessons about which interventions are effective, what kind of impact is possible, and what approaches have limited impact. This paper focuses on engaging all …
Formative Evaluation: Presidential Initiative On Aids Strategy For Communication To Youth, Netsayi N. Mudege, Chi-Chi Undie
Formative Evaluation: Presidential Initiative On Aids Strategy For Communication To Youth, Netsayi N. Mudege, Chi-Chi Undie
HIV and AIDS
HIV prevention programming is increasingly taking place in school settings, which provide an expansive population of young people and offer immense potential for impact on the lives of this target group. The Presidential Initiative on AIDS Strategy for Communication to Youth (PIASCY) is a school-based program that has sought to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Uganda in a holistic manner since 2002, targeting young people, school personnel, parents, and the wider community. A formative evaluation was conducted by the African Population and Health Research Center in February 2009 to provide an understanding of: the extent to which PIASCY is achieving …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Turkey 2003, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Turkey 2003, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Turkey 2003” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
La Industria Tabaquera Y La Promoción Del Tabaquismo Entre Los Menores Y Jóvenes: Una Revisión Internacional, Francisco Soto Mas
La Industria Tabaquera Y La Promoción Del Tabaquismo Entre Los Menores Y Jóvenes: Una Revisión Internacional, Francisco Soto Mas
Francisco Soto Mas
Objetivos: Recopilar documentación científica que evidencia el interés histórico de las compañías tabaqueras por los menores y jóvenes. Métodos: Revisión electrónica de la literatura en bases de datos científicas y búsqueda electrónica de informes técnicos y artículos científicos posteriores a 1999. Resultados: Se recopilaron y resumieron 13 informes y 30 artículos de revistas y publicaciones científicas de todo el mundo. La mayoría de los informes y artículos estaban centrados en las tácticas propagandísticas y de mercado. Conclusiones: La información recopilada evidencia los esfuerzos de las grandes tabaqueras para estimular el uso de tabaco entre los menores y jóvenes en todo …
A Community-School District-University Partnership For Assessing Physical Activity Of “Tweens”, Robert J. Mcdermott, Jen Nickelson, Julie A. Baldwin, Carol A. Bryant, Moya L. Alfonso, Leah M. Phillips, Rita D. Debate
A Community-School District-University Partnership For Assessing Physical Activity Of “Tweens”, Robert J. Mcdermott, Jen Nickelson, Julie A. Baldwin, Carol A. Bryant, Moya L. Alfonso, Leah M. Phillips, Rita D. Debate
Moya L. Alfonso
Introduction: Obesity among youth is related to a decline in physical activity, and data on physical activity levels among children in elementary and middle schools are limited.
Methods: We leveraged a community–school district–university partnership in Sarasota County, Florida, in May of 2005 to assess physical activity levels among tweens (youth aged 9-13 years) and to measure the relationship between tweens’ awareness of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s VERB program and participation in physical activity, using a minimally obtrusive survey. After surveying participating schools (4 elementary schools and 3 middle schools), we obtained 1,407 responses from children in grades …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Cambodia 2005, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Cambodia 2005, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Cambodia 2005” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
Étude Approfondie Sur Les Adolescents : Exploiter Les Données Pour Identifier Et Atteindre Les Jeunes Les Plus Vulnérables—Bénin 2006, Population Council
Étude Approfondie Sur Les Adolescents : Exploiter Les Données Pour Identifier Et Atteindre Les Jeunes Les Plus Vulnérables—Bénin 2006, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
«Étude Approndie sur les adolescents—Exploiter les données pour identifier et atteindre les jeunes les plus vulnérables: Bénin 2006» fait partie d'une série de guides du Population Council, qui se basent essentiellement sur les données des Enquêtes démographiques et de santé, pour fournir aux décideurs à tous les niveaux—des gouvernements, des organisations non gouvernementales et des groupes de plaidoyer—des données sur la situation des adolescentes, des garçons et des jeunes femmes âgées de 10–24 ans. Les données sont présentées sous forme de graphiques, de tableaux et de cartes (dans la mesure du possible), soit de nombreux formats pour rendre l'information accessible …
Education And Transition To Work Among Youth In Tamil Nadu, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Education And Transition To Work Among Youth In Tamil Nadu, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
The extent to which India will be able to successfully harness its demographic dividend depends significantly on the situation of its youth, notably on the levels of education and market-oriented skills they attain. Youth in Tamil Nadu have made considerable strides in terms of educational attainment, yet it is not clear whether they are prepared for the challenges they will face in a globalized world. For example, are opportunities available that enable them to complete secondary education, increasingly a prerequisite for participating in the labor market in the context of globalization. Are opportunities available that enable youth to overcome skill …
Youth Participation In Civil Society And Political Life In Jharkhand, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Youth Participation In Civil Society And Political Life In Jharkhand, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
Youth participation in civil society and political life is increasingly recognized as an important development objective. The opportunities for participation that young people experience in their communities may influence their development and the kind of transitions they make to adulthood. Behaviors and attitudes relating to community participation that individuals adopt as young people predict their lifelong civic affiliations and perspectives. In India, the National Youth Policy 2003 has underscored the role of India’s youth in political decision-making, and has argued for greater representation of youth in appropriate bodies as well as more extensive youth participation in the design and implementation …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Uganda 2006, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Uganda 2006, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Uganda 2006” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
Romance And Sex Before Marriage Among Young Women And Men In Bihar, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Romance And Sex Before Marriage Among Young Women And Men In Bihar, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
Premarital partnerships among youth, including those that do not involve sexual relations, are widely discouraged in India. There is a widespread perception that youth do not find opportunities to mix and form romantic relationships and that premarital sex is negligible. These kinds of perceptions are often cited to argue against the provision of sex or family life education and sexual and reproductive health services to unmarried young people. While several small and unrepresentative studies have noted that sizable proportions of young people, particularly young men, are sexually active before marriage, the lack of rigorous and representative evidence on the levels …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Ghana 2003, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Ghana 2003, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Ghana 2003” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Namibia 2006/07, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Namibia 2006/07, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Namibia 2006/07” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Nicaragua 2001, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Nicaragua 2001, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Nicaragua 2001” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Pakistan 2006/07, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Pakistan 2006/07, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Pakistan 2006/07” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Philippines 2003, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Philippines 2003, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Philippines 2003” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
Transition To Marriage And Parenthood Among Youth In Jharkhand, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Transition To Marriage And Parenthood Among Youth In Jharkhand, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
Delaying the transition to marriage and parenthood among young people has been a policy and program priority for a number of years in India. For example, several national-level policies formulated since 2000 have advocated special program attention to delay age at marriage and age at first birth. Despite these commitments, substantial proportions of girls continue to marry in adolescence. As recently as in 2005–06, more than two-fifths of women aged 20–24 were married by 18 years nationally. Likewise, over one-fifth of women aged 20–24 had given birth before age 18 and two-fifths before age 20. While the magnitude of early …
Youth In India: Situation And Needs 2006-2007, Executive Summary, Bihar, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Youth In India: Situation And Needs 2006-2007, Executive Summary, Bihar, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
This executive summary presents, in brief, findings on the situation of youth in Bihar, part of a subnational study undertaken by the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, and the Population Council, New Delhi, as part of a project to collect information on key transitions experienced by youth in India. Transitions include those related to education, workforce participation, sexual activity, marriage, health and civic participation, the magnitude and patterns of young people’s sexual and reproductive practices before, within, and outside of marriage, as well as related knowledge, decision-making, and attitudes. The project was implemented in six states of India, namely, …
Youth Participation In Civil Society And Political Life In Bihar, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Youth Participation In Civil Society And Political Life In Bihar, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
Youth participation in civil society and political life is increasingly recognized as an important development objective. The opportunities for participation that young people experience in their communities may influence their development and the kind of transitions they make to adulthood. Moreover, behaviors and attitudes relating to community participation that individuals adopt as young people predict their lifelong civic affiliations and perspectives. In India, the National Youth Policy 2003 underscored the role of India’s youth in political decision-making and argued for greater representation of youth in appropriate bodies as well as more extensive youth participation in the design and implementation of …
Youth In India: Situation And Needs 2006-2007, Executive Summary, Rajasthan, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Youth In India: Situation And Needs 2006-2007, Executive Summary, Rajasthan, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
This executive summary presents, in brief, findings on the situation of youth in Rajasthan, part of a subnational study undertaken by the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, and the Population Council, New Delhi, as part of a project to collect information on key transitions experienced by youth in India. Transitions include those related to education, workforce participation, sexual activity, marriage, health and civic participation, the magnitude and patterns of young people’s sexual and reproductive practices before, within, and outside of marriage, as well as related knowledge, decision-making, and attitudes. The project was implemented in six states of India, namely, …
Sexuality Education Matters: Experiences Of Youth In Tamil Nadu, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Sexuality Education Matters: Experiences Of Youth In Tamil Nadu, International Institute For Population Sciences (Iips), Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
Serious reservations have been expressed about providing family life or sex education for school-going youth in India. Tamil Nadu is a state in India that had introduced the School AIDS Education Programme in 1997. Data from the “Youth in India: Situation and Needs” study conducted in Tamil Nadu permit an exploration of whether or not exposure to family life or sex education is associated with safe and healthy behaviors among young people. This policy brief documents the extent of exposure to family life or sex education among youth in Tamil Nadu and the extent to which sexual and reproductive health …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Malawi 2004, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Malawi 2004, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Malawi 2004” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—India 2005/06, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—India 2005/06, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: India 2005/06” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Burkina Faso 2003, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Burkina Faso 2003, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Burkina Faso 2003” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Cameroon 2004, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Cameroon 2004, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Cameroon 2004” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Chad 2004, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Chad 2004, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Chad 2004” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Congo 2005, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Congo 2005, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Congo 2005” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief technical notes specific …
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Democratic Republic Of Congo 2007, Population Council
The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data To Identify And Reach The Most Vulnerable Young People—Democratic Republic Of Congo 2007, Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
“The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Democratic Republic of Congo 2007” is part of a series of Population Council guides that draw principally on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to provide decisionmakers at all levels—from governments, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy groups—with evidence on the situation of adolescent girls and boys and young women aged 10–24 years. The data are presented in graphs, tables, and maps (wherever possible), providing multiple formats to make the information accessible to a range of audiences. Section I is the Foreword. Section II offers brief …