Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Surveillance For Waterborne-Disease Outbreaks--United States, 1999-2000, Sherline H. Lee, Deborah A. Levy, Gunther F. Craun, Michael J. Beach, Rebecca L. Calderon

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Since 1971, CDC, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for the occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs).This surveillance system is the primary source of data concerning the scope and effects of waterborne diseases on persons in the United States.

REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This summary includes data regarding outbreaks occurring during January 1999-December 2000 and previously unreported outbreaks occurring in 1995 and 1997.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The surveillance system includes data for outbreaks associated with drinking water and recreational water. State, territorial, and …

Associations Between Water-Treatment Methods And Diarrhoea In Hiv-Positive Individuals, J. N. S. Eisenberg, T. J. Wade, A. Hubbard, D. I. Abrams, R. J. Leiser, S. Charles, M. Vu, S. Saha, C. C. Wright, Deborah A. Levy, P. Jensen, J. M. Colford

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

This manuscript extends our previously published work (based on data from one clinic) on the association between three drinking water-treatment modalities (boiling, filtering, and bottling) and diarrhoeal disease in HIV-positive persons by incorporating data from two additional clinics collected in the following year. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of drinking water patterns, medication usage, and episodes of diarrhoea among HIV-positive persons attending clinics associated with the San Francisco Community Consortium. We present combined results from our previously published work in one clinic (n = 226) with data from these two additional clinics (n = 458). In this combined analysis we …

Risk Factors In Hiv-Associated Diarrhoeal Disease: The Role Of Drinking Water, Medication And Immune Status, J. N. S. Eisenberg, T. J. Wade, S. Charles, M. Vu, A. Hubbard, C. C. Wright, Deborah A. Levy, P. Jensen, J. M. Colford

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

In a cross-sectional survey of 226 HIV-infected men, we examined the occurrence of diarrhoea and its relationship to drinking water consumption patterns, risk behaviours, immune status and medication use. Diarrhoea was reported by 47% of the respondents. Neither drinking boiled nor filtered water was significantly associated with diarrhoea (OR = 0.5 [0.2, 1.6], 1.2 [0.6, 2.5] respectively), whereas those that drank bottled water were at risk for diarrhoea (OR = 3.0 [1.1, 7.8]). Overall, 47% always or often used at least one water treatment. Of the 37% who were very concerned about drinking water, 62% had diarrhoea, 70% always or …

Participant Blinding And Gastrointestinal Illness In A Randomized, Controlled Trial Of An In-Home Drinking Water Intervention, John M. Colford, Judy R. Rees, Timothy J. Wade, Asheena Khalakdina, Joan F. Hilton, Isaac J. Ergas, Susan Burns, Anne Benker, Catherine Ma, Cliff Bowen, Daniel C. Mills, Duc J. Vugia, Dennis D. Juranek, Deborah A. Levy

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

We conducted a randomized, triple-blinded home drinking water intervention trial to determine if a large study could be undertaken while successfully blinding participants. Households were randomized 50:50 to use externally identical active or sham treatment devices. We measured the effectiveness of blinding of participants by using a published blinding index in which values >0.5 indicate successful blinding. The principal health outcome measured was "highly credible gastrointestinal illness" (HCGI). Participants (n=236) from 77 households were successfully blinded to their treatment assignment. At the end of the study, the blinding index was 0.64 (95% confidence interval 0.51-0.78). There were 103 episodes of …