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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Development And Use Of Performance Composite Scores In Dispatch Teams, Christopher R. Bearden, Michael B. Hein, Glenn E. Littlepage
Development And Use Of Performance Composite Scores In Dispatch Teams, Christopher R. Bearden, Michael B. Hein, Glenn E. Littlepage
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Teams perform a variety of functions within organizations and should therefore be evaluated on multiple criteria. This paper argues for the use of a single value. We review the literature on team performance composites and briefly describe two approaches to developing evaluative performance composites in an academic setting by combining performance indicator data: A qualitative approach for performance feedback as well as an empirical approach for research purposes.
Examining Pilot Decision Making In Information-Rich Cockpits, Meredith Carroll, Donna Forsyth Wilt, Paige Sanchez, Deborah Carstens
Examining Pilot Decision Making In Information-Rich Cockpits, Meredith Carroll, Donna Forsyth Wilt, Paige Sanchez, Deborah Carstens
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Pilots are faced with making decisions based on a range of different information sources. One challenge pilots often face is the presentation of conflicting information between sources. This effort examined pilot decision making with conflicting information by conducting structured interviews with 13 pilots, including seven airline, three corporate, and three GA pilots. Pilots were asked questions regarding their experience with conflicting sources of weather, traffic, and navigation information on the flight deck or cockpit. Further, they were asked to describe how they responded to the information conflict, including which source they trusted, which source they ultimately acted on, and why …
Understanding Current Ways Of Reporting Runway Incursion Incidents At Towered Airports, Divya Bhargava, Karen Marais
Understanding Current Ways Of Reporting Runway Incursion Incidents At Towered Airports, Divya Bhargava, Karen Marais
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Runway incursions occur when an unauthorized aircraft, vehicle or pedestrian operates on a runway. While most incursions are near-misses, they have the potential of turning into fatal accidents such as the Tenerife accident. Despite various efforts to reduce runway incursions, the number of incursions has been increasing. Learning from past incidents can help us develop effective preventive strategies but lack of in-depth investigations limits our understanding of the causes of incursions. At towered airports, the controller on duty reports the incident to the FAA using a form asking them to describe the incident in their own words. Our research question …
Individualized Landing Flare Training Using Both Flight Performance And Psychophysiological Measures, Jorg Onno Entzinger
Individualized Landing Flare Training Using Both Flight Performance And Psychophysiological Measures, Jorg Onno Entzinger
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
In this paper, we propose the analysis of various measures of eye and heart-rate data in addition to the flown trajectories and landing result, to get a better understanding of a trainee’s learning phase and optimize the time spent on and exercises used for the flare training. A problem often experienced is that the trainee knows what to do and tries to a level that (s)he even believes to be doing just that, without actually doing it. Objective, visual feedback can be used to provide the trainee with tangible points to focus on, instead of the often heard comments like …
Lost Of Situation Awareness During Commercial Flight Over Colombian Mountains, Oscar Sarmiento Mejia
Lost Of Situation Awareness During Commercial Flight Over Colombian Mountains, Oscar Sarmiento Mejia
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
According to the report received by the commander of the aircraft, the 48 hours prior to the event were instructional flights with high workloads, as they were aspirants who expected to be linked to the company, the assignment of the flight began in Medellin(Colombia) under the condition of additional crew member ( tripadi) to the city of Cali, there he made his first flight covering the Cali-Bogota route, without any novelty with the student, they had a stopover in Bogota of approximately three (3) hours and departed to Cali in order to perform an initial operational training (IOT) for the …
Assessing Human-System Resilience Potential Throughout The Development Lifecycle*, Amy L. Alexander, Dan Herschler
Assessing Human-System Resilience Potential Throughout The Development Lifecycle*, Amy L. Alexander, Dan Herschler
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
We worked with subject matter experts to create a human-system resilience checklist that can be utilized during Independent Operational Assessments (IOAs) of air traffic control systems as part of the system acquisition process. The checklist focuses on four key areas for evaluating human-system resilience characteristics: procedures, system use, workload, and training. A resilience scoring method indicates areas where a human-machine system under consideration does or does not have resilient characteristics. Overall resilience scores can be compared among design alternatives, or across different points in system development for a particular design. The ultimate intent is to provide guidance and metrics that …
The Nasa Matb-Ii Predicts Prospective Memory Performance During Complex Simulated Flight, Kathleen Van Benthem, Caitlin Shanahan, Chunyun Ma, Adam Fraser, Chris M. Herman
The Nasa Matb-Ii Predicts Prospective Memory Performance During Complex Simulated Flight, Kathleen Van Benthem, Caitlin Shanahan, Chunyun Ma, Adam Fraser, Chris M. Herman
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Prospective memory is essential for flight, where failures can result in incorrect flight control settings, leading to loss of life and equipment. Furthermore, prospective memory is highly-sensitive to pilot age, cognition, and experience. This research reports on the relation of the NASA Multi-Attribute Test Battery-II (MATB-II) to prospective memory during simulated VFR flight (N=51). Prospective memory was indexed with specialized radio calls that were associated with non-focal visual cues. Linear regression models examined the relative association of MATB-II variables to prospective memory in low and high workloads. System monitoring, psychomotor tracking, and resource management, generally at higher difficulty levels, were …
Design Of Air Traffic Control Weather Related Training Program, Emma Pierson, Chen Ling, Ali Alshaqah, Joseph James, Shengyong Wang
Design Of Air Traffic Control Weather Related Training Program, Emma Pierson, Chen Ling, Ali Alshaqah, Joseph James, Shengyong Wang
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Essential components of a new scenario-based air traffic control (ATC) training platform whose effectiveness is being analyzed are outlined with respect to its use in the decision-making skills of trainees when confronted with emergency situations. The custom designed platform allows the trainee to interact with the program such that the 10-minute ramification of a proposed aircraft redirection can be explored visually before a decision is made. Actual previous extreme weather incidences are used. Testing of the platform is ongoing with ATC students from Kent State University. Data from subjective pre- and postquestionnaires as well as objective decision parameters are currently …
Resilience And Safety For In-Time Monitoring, Prediction, And Mitigation Of Emergent Risks In Commercial Aviation, Jon Holbrook, Lawrence J. Prinzell Iii, Michael J. Stewart, Brian E. Smith, Bryan L. Matthews
Resilience And Safety For In-Time Monitoring, Prediction, And Mitigation Of Emergent Risks In Commercial Aviation, Jon Holbrook, Lawrence J. Prinzell Iii, Michael J. Stewart, Brian E. Smith, Bryan L. Matthews
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Safety in aviation has been historically defined in terms of the occurrence of accidents or recognized risks; that is, safety is typically defined in terms of things that go wrong. An alternative and complementary approach is to focus on what goes right, and identify how to make that happen again. Focusing on the rare cases of failures attributed to “human error” provides little information about why human performance almost always goes right. Similarly, focusing on the lack of safety provides limited information about how to improve safety. This work builds upon a growing literature on resilience engineering and new approaches …
Traffic Flow Management For Trajectory Based Operations: Supporting Effective Predeparture Reroutes, Philip J. Smith, Mark Evans, Amy Spencer
Traffic Flow Management For Trajectory Based Operations: Supporting Effective Predeparture Reroutes, Philip J. Smith, Mark Evans, Amy Spencer
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
There are a number of tools and procedures identified as applicable to initial Trajectory Based Operations (iTBO). This includes Strategic Planning and Traffic Flow Management such as the use of Ground Delay Programs, Airspace Flow Programs and Collaborative Trajectory Operations Program initiatives (CTOPs). It also includes a focus on route management (including the Pre-Departure ReRoute (PDRR) and AirBorne ReRoute (ABRR) tools and airport surface management (as part of the Tower Flight Data Management program or TFDM). This paper focuses on enhancements to support the effective use of the Pre- Departure ReRoute tool (PDRR). These enhancements emphasize the importance of integration …
Pilot Wellbeing & Work Related Stress (Wrs), Joan Cahill, Paul Cullen, Keith Gaynor
Pilot Wellbeing & Work Related Stress (Wrs), Joan Cahill, Paul Cullen, Keith Gaynor
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
This paper presents the preliminary findings of an anonymous web-based survey addresing pilot work related stress (WRS) and wellbeing. The initial analysis indicates that pilots are under stress and experiencing wellbeing problems. Specific features of the job can result in wellbeing problems, spanning the three pillars of wellbeing. Critically, sources of WRS can increase a pilot’s risk in terms of developing a mental health (MH) issue. Further, sources of WRS can impact on performance and safety. Considerable barriers still remain in relation to reporting MH issues at work. Coping mechanisms addressing sleep/fatigue, diet, exercise and communication/reporting, enable some pilots to …
Towards A Meta-Model To Specify And Design Human-Agent Teams, Michael F. Schneider, Michael E. Miller, John M. Mcguirl
Towards A Meta-Model To Specify And Design Human-Agent Teams, Michael F. Schneider, Michael E. Miller, John M. Mcguirl
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
This paper describes work towards developing a meta-model useful in the design and specification of Human-Agent Teams. The meta-model adapts components from the cognitive systems, human factors, software and systems engineering literature to form a model and language which can be applied early in the system design process. The resulting model provides a description of desired system behavior. More importantly, the model produces artifacts useful in deriving requirements for both the human and the artificial agents, as well as for the software/hardware human interface. Insight is also provided for manpower, training, and personnel requirements; as well as, requirements for agent …
Development Of An Integrated Unmanned Aerial Systems Validation Center, Austin G. Decker, John H. Mott, Robert J. Connor, Ayman Habib, Darcy M. Bullock
Development Of An Integrated Unmanned Aerial Systems Validation Center, Austin G. Decker, John H. Mott, Robert J. Connor, Ayman Habib, Darcy M. Bullock
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have the potential to drastically change how civil infrastructure is inspected, monitored, and managed. Deployment of UAS in areas such as bridge inspection and accident reconstruction will likely have far-reaching impacts and evolve over time, with new uses and users emerging as technology matures. However, with any new technology, limitations exist until new protocols are established, and industry must move forward with an appropriate level of caution. For example, statements regarding the ability of a UAS to replace a human bridge inspector are frequently observed in trade magazines, presentations, and in the literature, though no objective …
Evaluating Team Dynamics For Collaborative Communication Alignment Tasks, Adam Jones, Nia S. Peters
Evaluating Team Dynamics For Collaborative Communication Alignment Tasks, Adam Jones, Nia S. Peters
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
The primary focus of this work is in exploring human teaming dynamics within goal-oriented communication alignments tasks. A communication alignment task within the context of this work is one in which two teammates have the exact same target information, but from differing perspectives and must communicate in an effort to align their knowledge and agree on the target output. Such an interaction within aviation could occur between a pilot and air traffic controller or ground troop personnel and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) controller. The goal is to compare the task performance and time of completion of a communication alignment task …
Communicating Data-Driven Risk Information To Pilots, Nicoletta Fala, Karen Marais
Communicating Data-Driven Risk Information To Pilots, Nicoletta Fala, Karen Marais
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
General Aviation safety is a pressing concern. In this research, we consider the factor that appears most often in accidents: the pilot. Newly-licensed pilots can fly without their instructor, potentially as the only or most experienced pilot in the aircraft. Commercial debrief products use technology in the flight deck to collect data and provide post-flight visualizations for performance reviews, but do not discuss flight safety. To manage risk, though, pilots need to perceive the risk associated with a situation before deciding whether they are willing to accept it. Safety-driven post-flight feedback may help address performance. However, it is not clear …
Feedback On The Use Of Matb-Ii Task For Modeling Of Cognitive Control Levels Through Psycho-Physiological Biosignals, Yannick Daviaux, Christophe Bey, Laurent Arsac, Olivier Morellec, Sami Lini
Feedback On The Use Of Matb-Ii Task For Modeling Of Cognitive Control Levels Through Psycho-Physiological Biosignals, Yannick Daviaux, Christophe Bey, Laurent Arsac, Olivier Morellec, Sami Lini
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Modeling individuals’ cognitive control levels in operational situations is a major challenge for safety in aeronautical industry. Standardized experimental tasks - as the Multi-Attribute Task Battery II (MATB-II) - are dedicated to such a challenge that can be faced using psycho-physiological biosignals. These biosignals are known to be sensitive to cognitive workload, performance, and expertise that are intricate features of MATB-II subtasks. Thus, it remained necessary to investigate whether these features could be set to ensure controlled experimental conditions. Two groups (15 experts in time-pressured decision making and 13 novices) completed 3 MATB-II sub-tasks (tracking, monitoring, and resource management tasks). …
Aviation English Listening And Repeating Task For Native English Speaker And Non-Native English Speaker Pilots, Julia Trippe
Aviation English Listening And Repeating Task For Native English Speaker And Non-Native English Speaker Pilots, Julia Trippe
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Aviation English, based on a coded jargon from World War II, is a mandatory form of communication for pilots and controllers in international airspace. The International Civil Aviation Organization also requires proficiency in Conversational English, for use in non-standard communication. However, our past research indicates that Aviation English and Conversational English are distinct varieties of English, suggesting that assumptions about native English speaker proficiency and additive learning for non-native English speakers may be false. To establish how different these language varieties are, we present a study of Aviation English intelligibility for non-native and native English speaking pilots. Results suggest that …
Evaluation Of Uas Operator Training During Search And Surveillance Tasks, Pratusha Reddy, Dale Richards, Hurtulus Izzetoglu
Evaluation Of Uas Operator Training During Search And Surveillance Tasks, Pratusha Reddy, Dale Richards, Hurtulus Izzetoglu
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) sensor operators are typically required to execute search and surveillance tasks. Brain-in-the-loop measures during such tasks can help evaluate expertise development and cognitive capacities of the operator, which can be an important asset in designing adaptive and personalized training systems. Emergence of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has enabled monitoring of operators’ prefrontal cortex (PFC) area, which is associated with higher level cognitive functioning such as decisionmaking, problem-solving, working memory and attention in everyday working environments. In a previous sensor operator training study, we investigated and reported preliminary evidence suggesting that fNIRS measures acquired from the …
The Joint Tactical Air Controller: Cognitive Modeling And Augmented Reality Hmd Design., Christopher D. Wickens, Gaia Dempsey, Andrew Pringle, Lucas Kazansky, Stefanie Hutka
The Joint Tactical Air Controller: Cognitive Modeling And Augmented Reality Hmd Design., Christopher D. Wickens, Gaia Dempsey, Andrew Pringle, Lucas Kazansky, Stefanie Hutka
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
This paper describes the design and model based evaluation of DARSAD, an augmented reality head mounted display for the joint tactical air controller (JTAC), who manages and directs fire from air assets near the battlefield. Designs, based on 6 principles of attention, memory and information processing are produced for various phases of JTAC operations including target identification and airspace management. The different design candidates are evaluated and compared based on how they “scored” in adhering to model predictions, when those models were based on the above principles. Display designs, principles, models and the evaluation process are all described here.
Controller-Pilot Communication As An Index Of Human Performance In The National Airspace System, Mustafa Demir, Sarah Ligda, Nancy Cooke, Megan Seeds, Mariah Harris, Mary Niemczyk
Controller-Pilot Communication As An Index Of Human Performance In The National Airspace System, Mustafa Demir, Sarah Ligda, Nancy Cooke, Megan Seeds, Mariah Harris, Mary Niemczyk
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
New capabilities to modernize the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) include support of real-time information streams derived from many data sources across the NAS. This provision allows for system risk prognostics originating from sets of diagnostic health information. The current exploratory paper presents how to model human performance with the larger purpose of developing NAS risk prognostics. We explore ways in which human performance relates to communication and coordination among controllers and pilots in the context of their objectives, technologies, and environment. A literature review shows communication is often associated with controller performance in both experimental simulations and safety reviews. …
Learning From The Past: Airline Accidents & The Icao Language Proficiency Program, Simon Cookson
Learning From The Past: Airline Accidents & The Icao Language Proficiency Program, Simon Cookson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
In response to multiple airline accidents involving pilot-ATC communication breakdowns, ICAO implemented a worldwide language proficiency program in 2011. The official guide to the program, Document 9835, cites four accidents in which insufficient English proficiency of pilots or air traffic controllers was a contributing factor. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relevance of the four accidents to current airline operations. A survey was distributed to UK-based pilots using BALPA online discussion forums. The survey explored: respondents’ awareness of the accidents cited by ICAO; sources of information; and the role played by English proficiency in the accidents. This …
What Is Safety Data?, Julia Pounds, Paul Krois
What Is Safety Data?, Julia Pounds, Paul Krois
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
This paper reports on our efforts to determine if the ubiquitous term safety data can be more specifically defined. That is, whether data can be categorized as safety data based on some unique characteristics such that other data not having these would be categorized as not safety data. FAA analysts rely on multiple sources of objective data for virtually all analyses supporting FAA’s decision making. While profuse amounts of data are continuously collected twenty-four hours a day, only subsets are deemed useful for any particular purpose, such as assessing how well an organization conducts its safety or efficiency or security …
Using Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (Efvs) For Low-Visibility Taxi In Transport Category Aircraft, Denise B. Beringer, Andrea L. Sparko, Joseph M. Jaworski
Using Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (Efvs) For Low-Visibility Taxi In Transport Category Aircraft, Denise B. Beringer, Andrea L. Sparko, Joseph M. Jaworski
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Two studies (using Boeing 777 and 737 simulators) examined flight crews’ use of an Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS) for low-visibility taxi operations. Twenty-five flight crews completed 21 short taxi scenarios under combinations of the following: Runway visual range (RVR: 300, 500, and 1000 ft); EFVS on head-up display (on/off); Airport infrastructure - 3 levels. The use of EFVS produced fewer route deviations, most at 300 feet RVR with edge lights and standard centerline or routes with LVO/SMGCS “enhancements” (without centerline lights). Larger turn angles and lower visibilities were associated with slower rates of travel. Crews detected the obstacle on …
Collaboration Interface Supporting Human-Autonomy Teaming For Unmanned Vehicle Management, Elizabeth Frost, Gloria Calhoun, Heath Ruff, Jessica Bartik, Kyle Behymer, Sarah Springs, Adam Buchanan
Collaboration Interface Supporting Human-Autonomy Teaming For Unmanned Vehicle Management, Elizabeth Frost, Gloria Calhoun, Heath Ruff, Jessica Bartik, Kyle Behymer, Sarah Springs, Adam Buchanan
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Advances in technology are leading to envisioned operational concepts that team a single operator with autonomy to manage multiple heterogeneous unmanned vehicles (UxVs). Several autonomy decision aids have been integrated into a prototype control station with innovative human-autonomy interfaces that allow multiple UxV management via high-level commands called “plays”. Each play defines the actions of one or more UxVs, often in response to a mission event or task. This paper describes recent enhancements made to a Task Manager tool to better support operator-autonomy collaboration. After mission events are signaled in chat, corresponding tasks are communicated by an intelligent agent via …
Safety Attitude And Risk Perception Among Air Passengers: A Cross-Regional Study, Abaid Ur Rehman, You Xuqun
Safety Attitude And Risk Perception Among Air Passengers: A Cross-Regional Study, Abaid Ur Rehman, You Xuqun
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
The present study examined the safety attitude and risk perception among Air passengers at cross-regional levels. Moreover, the study also examined the differences in terms of safety briefing in the cabin. Although the Federal Aviation Administration and The international Air transport association has done much work on safety in cabin regarding air passengers, there is still the challenge to know to how to gain safety behavior of air passengers, particularly when they represent multicultural backgrounds. A sample of 700 air passengers with an average age of 26.5 was collected from three international airports in China. In this research, we used …
Erickson’S Practice For Crews: What About Coping To The Situation With Zen?, Marielle Plat-Robain
Erickson’S Practice For Crews: What About Coping To The Situation With Zen?, Marielle Plat-Robain
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Hypnosis has already been used in very long flights by Bertrand Piccard, one of the two Solar Impulse pilots, to manage fatigue and rest periods. It is also used by navigators like Armel Le Cléac’h during solo races. For this reason we consider it is worth to look at such technics to cope with the constraints of long flights. A study was done in order to explore what kind of benefits hypnosis could bring to cope better with multitask activities constraints like time pressure, good performance demands... We used Multi- Attribute Task Battery II (MATB-II) software to induce different workloads, …
An Empirical Test Of An Enhanced Airspeed Indicator, Julia Trippe, Robert Mauro
An Empirical Test Of An Enhanced Airspeed Indicator, Julia Trippe, Robert Mauro
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Analysis of airliner accidents and incidents identified a class of events in which structurally, mechanically, and electronically sound aircraft decelerated through the minimum safe operating speed to the stick-shaker activation speed. For a subset of these events the automation was no longer actively controlling to the airspeed target, a condition which the Primary Flight Display does not explicitly indicate. Increasing the salience of critical automation information may enhance the ability of the flight crew to detect, recognize, and diagnose when an aircraft will inappropriately decelerate, prior to a speed deviation. In the current study, we designed and tested a modification …
Pilot Evaluations Of A Non-Verbal Startle And Surprise Management Method, Tested During Airline Recurrent Simulator Training, Annemarie Landman, Eric L. Groen, Marc Frank, Gunnar Steinhardt, M M. Van Paassen, Adelbert W. Bronkhorst, Max Mulder
Pilot Evaluations Of A Non-Verbal Startle And Surprise Management Method, Tested During Airline Recurrent Simulator Training, Annemarie Landman, Eric L. Groen, Marc Frank, Gunnar Steinhardt, M M. Van Paassen, Adelbert W. Bronkhorst, Max Mulder
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Aviation safety organizations have recommended that airline pilots are trained for startle and surprise. However, little information is available on useful training interventions. Therefore, a training intervention trial was executed during airline recurrent simulator training. The method consisted of a slow visual scan from the side-window, over the instruments, ending with facing the other pilot. Following a recorded video instruction, 38 airline pilots in two-pilot crews performed a training scenario in which they could apply the method. Data on application and evaluation of the method were obtained from each pilot. Few pilots actually applied the method (18.4%), and many gave …
From Crewed To Single-Pilot Operations: Pilot Performance And Workload Management, Anja K. Faulhaber
From Crewed To Single-Pilot Operations: Pilot Performance And Workload Management, Anja K. Faulhaber
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Higher levels of automation have come to replace human roles in the cockpit. Therefore, a further reduction of the crew size from two pilots to one has become an option. Such single-pilot operations (SPO) need to provide at least the same safety standards as today’s two-crew operations (TCO). The present study aims at identifying potential issues in pilot performance and workload during SPO as opposed to TCO. Fourteen pilots flew short ILS approach and landing scenarios in a fixed-base A320 flight simulator. A 2x3 factorial design was used with the factors crew configuration (TCO and SPO) and scenario (baseline, turbulence …
Mission-Ready Adaptive Decision Aids: The New Performance Model For Crew Station Design, Kevin M. Smith
Mission-Ready Adaptive Decision Aids: The New Performance Model For Crew Station Design, Kevin M. Smith
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Discussed are three theories: 1) Baysian probability theory, 2) signal detection theory, and 3) operational decision theory. To combine the three is to come to an understanding of how one can operate effectively in complex environments. Complex environments present unique challenges from a human performance perspective. They require applying uncommon skill sets to allow for optimization of performance. Applying analytic methods to clarify and respond to mission critical events is most urgent. The analytics of uncertainty is presented. Three mission critical decisions are discussed: to continue or abandon the mission, to perform the approach go-around maneuver, and to determine the …