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Enhancing Nurse Awareness Of A Stroke Patient Satisfaction Survey And Their Significance In Practice, Amanda Dao May 2024

Enhancing Nurse Awareness Of A Stroke Patient Satisfaction Survey And Their Significance In Practice, Amanda Dao

Master's Projects and Capstones

Problem As a leading cause of death and disability in the US, strokes often require complex, multifaceted care. Often ignored, patient satisfaction is a crucial aspect of this care and is positively linked to key health indicators. Regulatory guidelines underscore the need for stroke-specific patient satisfaction survey (SSPS) utilization in post-stroke care. Context Hospital X is a large Comprehensive Stroke Center in the Bay Area, serving patients with various stroke etiologies and complexities. At present, its Neuro Observational Unit (NOU) does not administer a SSPS. InterventionTo address this gap in care, an educational presentation using literature evidence in support …


Discharge Lounge Utilization, Jessica Goneh, Areo Comonal May 2024

Discharge Lounge Utilization, Jessica Goneh, Areo Comonal

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Efficient hospital throughput is crucial for maintaining quality patient care and managing healthcare resources effectively. This project examines the relationship between hospital throughput, measured by discharge lounge utilization, and the National Emergency Department Overcrowding Scale (NEDOCS) score. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative analysis of discharge lounge utilization data with qualitative assessment of staff perceptions and operational challenges. The project was conducted over nine months in a large urban hospital. Results indicate a significant correlation between discharge lounge utilization rates and NEDOCS scores, suggesting that higher levels of discharge lounge utilization are associated with NEDOCS score improvement. Furthermore, qualitative …


Evaluating Nurses’ Turnover Intention And Organizational Commitment Following Stroke Unit Staffing Changes: An Evidence-Based Quality Initiative, Heather Tatusko Apr 2024

Evaluating Nurses’ Turnover Intention And Organizational Commitment Following Stroke Unit Staffing Changes: An Evidence-Based Quality Initiative, Heather Tatusko

Doctor of Nursing Practice Scholarly Projects

Nurses are known to be overworked, overwhelmed, undervalued, and understaffed at dangerous levels throughout various inpatient hospital units across the United States (U.S.). Hospital registered nurse (RN) turnover is a significant issue that has accelerated since the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in economic impacts and other burdens for organizations, individuals, and communities. Evidence suggests that evaluating Registered Nurses’ Turnover intention (NTI) and Organizational Commitment (OC) can help maintain a ready and capable team of skilled RNs; however, most healthcare organizations (HCOs) do not collect or analyze NTI and OC data and focus on staffing numbers and monetary incentives to get adequate …


Adaptive Leadership: Nurse Executives Building Organizational Adaptive Capacity During Times Of Crisis, Challenge, And Change, Kristian Poitier Apr 2024

Adaptive Leadership: Nurse Executives Building Organizational Adaptive Capacity During Times Of Crisis, Challenge, And Change, Kristian Poitier

Dissertations

Purpose: The purpose of this exploratory phenomenological study was to identify and describe the strategies used by nurse executives in acute care hospitals to build an adaptive capacity based on the five key characteristics of adaptive leadership identified by Heifetz et al. (2009).

Methodology: This qualitative phenomenological study identified and described the perceived impact of adaptive leadership on building an organization’s adaptive capacity as perceived by nurse executives in acute care hospitals, for-profit and not-for-profit, with the title of chief nursing officer (CNO) or chief nurse executive (CNE) in Southeast, West, and North Florida. The researcher was part of a …


Student Veterans’ Transition To Nursing Education: Barriers And Facilitators, Bruce P. Hunter, Steven Busby Dr., Jeannie Giese Dr., David Phillippi Dr. Apr 2024

Student Veterans’ Transition To Nursing Education: Barriers And Facilitators, Bruce P. Hunter, Steven Busby Dr., Jeannie Giese Dr., David Phillippi Dr.

DNP Scholarly Projects

Student Veterans’ Transition to Nursing Education: Barriers and Facilitators

Abstract

The transition for student veterans from military service to higher education can be a challenging endeavor, especially for those pursuing an education in nursing. While the experiences and perspectives of each student veteran is unique, their successful integration into an academic environment can be influenced by a complex array of barriers and facilitators. This mixed-methods study aims to explore the themes and concepts that can be found in the transition experiences of student veterans in nursing education, with a focus on identifying the barriers they face and the facilitators that …


Promoting Mental Health And Well-Being Among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Practice Guideline, Armen Mailyan Apr 2024

Promoting Mental Health And Well-Being Among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Practice Guideline, Armen Mailyan

DNP Scholarly Projects

Poor mental health and well-being among undergraduate nursing students negatively affects social dynamics, communication, decision making, and stress management, thus compromising the quality of healthcare delivery and patient care outcomes. It is imperative that nursing programs support students to develop positive self-care, resilience, and mental health skills while in school to foster their well-being, enhance their academic success, and to promote high-quality, patient-centered care in their future practice. The purpose of this Doctor of Nurse Practice (DNP) project was to develop a mental health and well-being practice guideline with a comprehensive set of evidence-based interventions for academic nursing programs to …


The Correlational Effects Of Academic And Demographic Factors On Nursing Students’ Attrition, Progression, And Completion At A University College Of Nursing, Adebusola A. Obafemi Apr 2024

The Correlational Effects Of Academic And Demographic Factors On Nursing Students’ Attrition, Progression, And Completion At A University College Of Nursing, Adebusola A. Obafemi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

High United States nursing student attrition rates have attracted political, organizational, and social interest for numerous reasons. This attrition places financial burdens on the students, results in revenue loss for the college, and exacerbates the existing nursing shortage. Students' success in a nursing program is crucial for nurses to practice nursing. The purpose of this retrospective study was to explore the effects of academic performance and demographic/categorical factors on nursing students' progression and completion at a University College of Nursing in the Southern United States. The target population consisted of students enrolled at the University College of Nursing from January …


Coping Strategies And Stress Of The Undergraduate Nursing Student In The Clinical Setting: An Evidence Based Practice Quantitative Study, Ashley Calverley Mar 2024

Coping Strategies And Stress Of The Undergraduate Nursing Student In The Clinical Setting: An Evidence Based Practice Quantitative Study, Ashley Calverley

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The assessment of perceived stress and coping behaviors related to first-semester clinical might benefit students in nursing education. The assessment of most common coping behaviors and perceived stress related to the clinical setting is essential due to difference in personalities, learning abilities, and coping behaviors among nursing students today. Previous research has suggested the initial clinical period results in adverse outcomes, such as poor academic performance, elevated burnout levels, and diminished personal well-being. These factors are detrimental to academic success in nursing programs. Evidence supports that helping students develop positive stress/coping abilities will aid in adapting in both the academic …


Effectiveness Of Antibiotic Stewardship For Healthcare Providers At Urgent Care Clinics, Helen T. Adewole Feb 2024

Effectiveness Of Antibiotic Stewardship For Healthcare Providers At Urgent Care Clinics, Helen T. Adewole

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine; however, the overuse in urgent care and primary care significantly contributes to the global burden of infections resistant to available antimicrobial medicines. Approximately 30% of the antimicrobials prescribed in acute care settings are unnecessary. Patient demand for antibiotics has seemingly skyrocketed following the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Practitioners must be knowledgeable about antibiotic stewardship initiatives, such as the wait-and-see approach, to reduce antibiotic overuse and improve the trajectory of antibiotic resistance and patient health outcomes. The gap in practice was the limited awareness of scientific evidence-based tools to partner with patients and improve antibiotic prescription patterns. …


Knowing The Patient As A Person: Social Media Listening And Gadamerian Analysis Of Nurses’ Expressions Shared During The Covid-19 Global Health Pandemic, Janusz A. Kaleta Feb 2024

Knowing The Patient As A Person: Social Media Listening And Gadamerian Analysis Of Nurses’ Expressions Shared During The Covid-19 Global Health Pandemic, Janusz A. Kaleta

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Background: COVID-19 has dramatically changed human-to-human interactions from in-person to the nonhuman domain of virtual space. In January 2021, every 28 seconds one person died of COVID-19 in the United States. An average of 3,100 Americans died each day during the deadliest month of the pandemic. As of January 2023, the number of COVID-19 deaths in the USA surpassed 1.000.000 people. In hospitals, human-to-human interactions were often limited to seeing one’s eyes behind the face shields, and respirator masks, and hearing a muffled voice, or sounds of the ventilators. In New York State 452 nurses died during the pandemic.

Research …


The Impact A Nurse Recruiter Has On Nursing Staff Shortages And Nurse Manager Satisfaction In An Acute Psychiatric Facility, Johna Arnett Jan 2024

The Impact A Nurse Recruiter Has On Nursing Staff Shortages And Nurse Manager Satisfaction In An Acute Psychiatric Facility, Johna Arnett

DNP Projects

Abstract

Background: Nursing staff shortages have persisted for the last few decades. Strategies to resolve this enduring challenge continue to drive the creative efforts to attract and retain new staff. These shortages not only affect patient care but can also impact the satisfaction of nurse managers. Little information is available on the effects of a nurse recruiter role on nursing staff shortages as well as nurse manager satisfaction.

Purpose: The purpose of this project is to assess how implementing a designated nurse recruiter impacts nursing staff shortages and nurse manager satisfaction in an acute psychiatric facility. This project examines two …


Reducing Nursing Documentation Burden: Evaluation Of An Electronic Health Record Optimization Plan, Jessica Collins Jan 2024

Reducing Nursing Documentation Burden: Evaluation Of An Electronic Health Record Optimization Plan, Jessica Collins

DNP Projects

Background: UK HealthCare transitioned to a new enterprise electronic health record (EHR) system, offered by Epic Systems Corporation, in June 2021. Approximately 2,000 inpatient nurses use the EpicCare Inpatient Module in the 1,086 licensed bed facilities. Compared to other academic medical centers, UK HealthCare nurses take more time documenting in this EHR inpatient module’s Basic Assessment Flowsheet (documentation burden) and have a longer delay between assessment and documentation (timeliness) potentially contributing to nursing dissatisfaction with using this new EHR.

Purpose: The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of a phase of the Epic Nurse Well-Being Project, a …


New Crew Nights: The Impact Of A Nurse Leader Led Mentorship Series On Perceived Competency In The Novice Nurse, Taylor C. Bergman Jan 2024

New Crew Nights: The Impact Of A Nurse Leader Led Mentorship Series On Perceived Competency In The Novice Nurse, Taylor C. Bergman

DNP Projects

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Nursing leaders across the United States are seeking to recruit and retain new graduate nurses as a national nursing shortage widens at an alarming pace. Healthcare systems are tasked to strengthen the skill set of novice nurses as they seek to meet the care needs of acutely ill patients and rebuild a skilled workforce for future years. This study evaluated the impact of a four-part mentorship series for novice nurses on perceived strengths in competency, communication, wellbeing, and teamwork.

Methods: In this quality improvement project with pre-intervention/post-intervention assessment, a sample (n=14) of medical surgical nurses with …


Veterans Direct Admission Reassessment Tool Validation For The Reduction Of Rapid Response Code Blue, And Code Stroke Team Activations In Newly Arrived Direct Admission Veterans, Joshua Monroe Wells Jan 2024

Veterans Direct Admission Reassessment Tool Validation For The Reduction Of Rapid Response Code Blue, And Code Stroke Team Activations In Newly Arrived Direct Admission Veterans, Joshua Monroe Wells

DNP Projects

Abstract

Purpose: Rapid clinical assessment of newly arriving direct admission veteran patients to the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System (VAHCS) Lexington is of the utmost importance to determine current patient condition, alteration from previously known condition at time of provider acceptance or time of report, and appropriate level of care for these veterans. The facility has seen an increase in the number of unexpected patient declines by direct admission patients presenting to medical surgical units at the VA Health Care System Lexington KY. This recurrent decline resulted in the facility performing a Root Cause Analysis (RCA), which identified …


Mentoring Nurses After Specialty Training Or Orientation In Labor And Delivery, Benjamin Jlopleh Worji Dec 2023

Mentoring Nurses After Specialty Training Or Orientation In Labor And Delivery, Benjamin Jlopleh Worji

Master's Projects and Capstones

Mentoring Nurses After Specialty Training or Orientation in Labor and Delivery

Abstract

Background: The setting for this project was a northern California hospital-based healthcare system referred to as “Hospital KV.” Hospital KV is a non-profit, integrated hospital that operates to improve the community’s health. Hospital KV’s maternal child health (MCH) department comprises a labor and delivery(L&D) unit, a mother and baby unit (MBU), also referred to as a postpartum unit, and an intermediate nursery (IMN).

Problem: The hospital KV MCH department faced the challenge of a nursing shortage. The nursing shortage was associated with substantial challenges to Hospital KV, its …


Non-Clinical Perspectives On Sepsis: A Project For Enhanced Awareness, Anjali Kumari Singh Dec 2023

Non-Clinical Perspectives On Sepsis: A Project For Enhanced Awareness, Anjali Kumari Singh

Master's Projects and Capstones

Problem: This project aimed to enhance non-clinical staff knowledge of sepsis through a targeted awareness campaign, while also seeking to uphold or enhance the organization's sepsis-related performance.

Context: Clinical Nurse Leader students conducted a microsystem assessment in five crucial non-clinical departments of an urban Bay Area hospital, each playing a vital role in the organization's efficiency at different levels.

Intervention: During Sepsis Awareness Month, a sepsis awareness campaign was implemented. This involved a concise presentation on sepsis, its consequences, and the significance of awareness in each department. Additionally, informational fliers detailing sepsis signs and symptoms were distributed.

Measures: A pre-and …


The Leadership Experience Of Academic Chief Nurse Administrators In The State Of Georgia During The Covid-19 Pandemic Upon Return To Campus After Full Virtual Instruction: A Qualitative Study, Susie Jonassen Dec 2023

The Leadership Experience Of Academic Chief Nurse Administrators In The State Of Georgia During The Covid-19 Pandemic Upon Return To Campus After Full Virtual Instruction: A Qualitative Study, Susie Jonassen

Dissertations

The impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic has been rated as the highest factor of intent to leave the profession in nurses serving in a leadership role. During the pandemic, crisis leadership swept across academia partly because nursing academia was not prepared for the rapid transition to virtual instruction. The reopening of nursing programs, while pandemic restrictions were still required, caused unprecedented disruptions and stress for academic leaders. One-third of nursing faculty anticipate retirement within the next two years. With the present burnout and shortage of nursing academia leaders, there was a need to explore the lived experience of academic …


Nurse Initiated Standing Orders: A Process Improvement At An Emergency Department In Interior Alaska, Justin D. Melberg Dec 2023

Nurse Initiated Standing Orders: A Process Improvement At An Emergency Department In Interior Alaska, Justin D. Melberg

Capstone Experience

Emergency Departments (EDs) are a valuable and limited public health resource. In addition to treating acute medical emergencies, EDs bridge the gaps in urgent care and primary care accessibility, operating twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, providing care regardless of an individual’s ability to pay. EDs across the country operate at or above capacity regularly, and overcrowding is projected to increase due to decreased facilities and available inpatient beds. Innovative measures are necessary to increase patient throughput and decrease length of stay while maintaining quality care. Nurse initiated standing orders, also known as nurse driven protocols, standing orders, …


The Relationship Between Job Challenge And Leadership Aspiration From The Perspective Of The Entry Level Nurse Leader, Rose M. Johnson Dec 2023

The Relationship Between Job Challenge And Leadership Aspiration From The Perspective Of The Entry Level Nurse Leader, Rose M. Johnson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

While the nurse leader plays an important and integral role in the success of healthcare organizations, the nurse leader pipeline has experienced a troubling and downward trajectory for several years. The lack of leadership aspiration among direct care nurses has been noted as one of several reasons for the downward trajectory. In addition, researchers identified the lack of understanding of perspectives of the various nurse leader roles and the lack of understanding of the effectiveness of experiential learning in the nurse leader role as potential contributions to the problem. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational research was to examine the …


Project: Mhealth Applications For Educating Community Nurses, Nkemdilim Stacy Egbo Dec 2023

Project: Mhealth Applications For Educating Community Nurses, Nkemdilim Stacy Egbo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Hypertension is a chronic health condition linked to high morbidity and mortality rates in America and around the world. Hypertension care in developing and underdeveloped countries requires quick intervention. The proliferation of smart technologies and mobile health applications offer some leverage for the alternative management of hypertension, but evidence related to effectiveness in Nigeria are limited. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of m-Health apps on hypertension self-management through nurses’ education in Southern region of Nigeria, as well as their self-confidence or efficacy using the Hypertension Evaluation of Lifestyle Management assessment. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was …


Early Discharge Planning To Improve Throughput, Alan Chhith Nov 2023

Early Discharge Planning To Improve Throughput, Alan Chhith

Student Scholarly Projects

Early discharge planning can improve the safety and outcomes of hospitalized patients. The aim of the multidisciplinary team early discharge rounds was to manage patient flow by removing discharge barriers to reduce the length of stay in the medical/surgical unit. The overall goal of the process improvement project was to make inpatient beds available to admit patients from the emergency department, reducing long ED boarding, and decrease the hours of diversion. The PICOT question for this project was: in the Veteran population (P) in the VA medical/surgical unit, early discharge planning with an interdisciplinary team (I) compared to regular discharge …


Integrative Review: Job Satisfaction Among Nurse Leaders, Meghan Wheeler, Sharrissa Beckford, Chelsey Smith Nov 2023

Integrative Review: Job Satisfaction Among Nurse Leaders, Meghan Wheeler, Sharrissa Beckford, Chelsey Smith

Master of Science in Nursing Final Projects

The intention behind this research was to identify trends and factors that impact the job satisfaction of nurse leaders in the healthcare setting in America today. The organizational support provided to nursing leaders was consistently found to be a key part of job satisfaction. Mental health and well-being were also identified as integral pieces to ensure nurse leaders were confident in their role and decrease intent to leave. Work/life balance was also found to be an important factor in ensuring nurse leaders experienced high levels of job satisfaction. The burnout of nurse leaders can happen for a variety of reasons …


Psychological Safety And Conflict Management Among Nurse Practitioners In Interprofessional Teams, Scott Faust Nov 2023

Psychological Safety And Conflict Management Among Nurse Practitioners In Interprofessional Teams, Scott Faust

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This quantitative correlational study explored the relationships between perceived psychological safety, conflict management styles, and perceived conflict management success among nurse practitioners (NPs) operating in interprofessional acute or critical care teams in the United States. Despite existing literature on conflict management and psychological safety, there is a noticeable gap concerning the interplay of these factors, specifically among NPs. A multi-item survey was developed from validated measures to assess psychological safety, conflict management success, and conflict management style. The final sample included 944 NPs. The findings revealed a statistically significant difference in the scores of perceived psychological safety, depending on the …


Enhancing A Pressure Injury Prevention Bundle In A Skilled Nursing Facility, Lorillie Soleta Oct 2023

Enhancing A Pressure Injury Prevention Bundle In A Skilled Nursing Facility, Lorillie Soleta

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Scholarly Project

Problem: The purpose of the project was to address the increase in pressure injuries in a skilled nursing facility, which had risen from 6% to 10% despite the implementation of a prevention bundle. The project aimed to evaluate and enhance the effectiveness of existing interventions.

Aim of the Project: The aim was to add evidence-based interventions to the existing pressure injury prevention bundle. The desired outcome was to decrease the number of acquired pressure injuries.

Review of the Evidence: Research indicated that pressure injury prevention bundles were more successful when incorporating offloading interventions. These offloading measures, including frequent turning and …


Unit-Based Onboarding Program For New Graduates On A Medical-Surgical Unit, Racquel A. Brewster Sep 2023

Unit-Based Onboarding Program For New Graduates On A Medical-Surgical Unit, Racquel A. Brewster

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Nurse turnover is prevalent among new graduate nurses. Many new graduate nurses feel unsupported by their peers, lack self-confidence, or feel overburdened due to the workload assigned to them. New graduate nurses with support systems are more likely to stay with an organization. Research suggests the creation of a supportive environment for new graduate nurses to help increase nurse retention in this demographic. A unit-based transition onboarding program was launched to create a supportive environment to help retain new graduate nurses on a medical-surgical unit. New graduate nurses with at least 1 to 3 years of experience completed a Likert-type …


Implementation Of A Wellness Program For Nurse Leaders, Ericson A. Fernando Aug 2023

Implementation Of A Wellness Program For Nurse Leaders, Ericson A. Fernando

Master's Projects and Capstones

Background: The setting for this study is the implementation of a wellness program for nurse leaders at Hospital A, a healthcare organization servicing the South Sacramento area in California. Healthcare is a challenging and high-demand profession, and the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated an issue of burnout and unwavering job-related stress for physicians and employees. This remains true for nurse leader professionals who take on the responsibility to ensure safety and quality always remains at ideal measures for any facility.

Problem: During the past several years of the pandemic, the nurse leader role has had to endure several unknowns, placing significant …


Emergency Department To Medical Telemetry Bed Flow Optimization, Anne Rochelle P. Taco Aug 2023

Emergency Department To Medical Telemetry Bed Flow Optimization, Anne Rochelle P. Taco

Master's Projects and Capstones

Abstract

Background: The setting for this quality improvement project is a 22-bed medical telemetry unit that receives approximately 85% of ED admissions. The capacity challenges are one of the major causes of ED admissions beyond the 60-minute benchmark. To create capacity, discharges should happen earlier on the day or before 1:00 p.m. to be able to admit patients within 60 minutes from when the physician writes an order to patient transfer to the telemetry unit.

Problem: Patients are being boarded in the ED for extended times while waiting for an inpatient bed assignment. Longer boarding time in the ED is …


Reduce Extended Length Of Stay By Reducing In-Hospital Falls, Norberto Benitez Aug 2023

Reduce Extended Length Of Stay By Reducing In-Hospital Falls, Norberto Benitez

Master's Projects and Capstones

Abstract

Problem: Every year, there are many in-hospital falls (IHFs). Nationally there are between 700,000 to 1 million falls recorded each year. Hospital falls financially burden our healthcare industry, costing approximately 34 billion annually. Context: In a local hospital in Northern California, Marin County, the microsystem has had an extraordinary number of in-hospital falls (IHFs). To date (June 2023), 13 falls have been recorded thus far; the microsystem is on track to beat the previous year's record number of 21 falls in a calendar year. Interventions: The MSN–CNL student proposed re-educating staff, resetting expectations, and reestablishing workflow. We also sought …


“One University’S Covid-19 Pandemic Mitigation Response And Anxiety Construct: A Summative Program Evaluation”, Ann Hodgin Aug 2023

“One University’S Covid-19 Pandemic Mitigation Response And Anxiety Construct: A Summative Program Evaluation”, Ann Hodgin

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Manuscripts

Abstract

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to ripple through everyday life. In December 2019, an outbreak occurred in China. Subsequently, the World Health Organization identified SARS-CoV-2 as a new type of coronavirus that quickly spread around the globe (Nazario, 2022). As of May 31, 2023, there were 6,938,353 confirmed deaths worldwide from COVID-19 (WHO, 2023).

A needs assessment completed by the University identified that a program evaluation of the university’s COVID-19 response was warranted. Therefore, this program evaluation was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the policies and protocols implemented at a Catholic University in Southwestern Pennsylvania to …


A Practice-Based Inquiry Into The Correlation Between Nursing Retention Rates And Resiliency, Kelly J. Watson Aug 2023

A Practice-Based Inquiry Into The Correlation Between Nursing Retention Rates And Resiliency, Kelly J. Watson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Nurses are the frontline in the security of the United States. Their wellbeing and retention in the workforce is of the utmost of importance. Nurses are leaving at increasing levels with just over 27% turnover rates across the nation in 2021. Organizations are experiencing increasing fiscal losses and the average loss for a nurse leaving is just over $46,000. The prioritization of nurses’ wellbeing and taking steps to address policy that promotes the sustainability of this very valuable workforce has the potential to pay high dividends for nurses individually, the security of the nation, and the good of the organization. …