Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Medicine and Health Sciences Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Nursing

Hospital

Institution
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 1 - 30 of 112

Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

The Impact A Nurse Recruiter Has On Nursing Staff Shortages And Nurse Manager Satisfaction In An Acute Psychiatric Facility, Johna Arnett Jan 2024

The Impact A Nurse Recruiter Has On Nursing Staff Shortages And Nurse Manager Satisfaction In An Acute Psychiatric Facility, Johna Arnett

DNP Projects

Abstract

Background: Nursing staff shortages have persisted for the last few decades. Strategies to resolve this enduring challenge continue to drive the creative efforts to attract and retain new staff. These shortages not only affect patient care but can also impact the satisfaction of nurse managers. Little information is available on the effects of a nurse recruiter role on nursing staff shortages as well as nurse manager satisfaction.

Purpose: The purpose of this project is to assess how implementing a designated nurse recruiter impacts nursing staff shortages and nurse manager satisfaction in an acute psychiatric facility. This project examines two …


Association Between Patient Safety Culture And Missed Nursing Care Among Nurses At A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital In Karachi, Pakistan, Zaifullah Khan Nov 2023

Association Between Patient Safety Culture And Missed Nursing Care Among Nurses At A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital In Karachi, Pakistan, Zaifullah Khan

Theses & Dissertations

Background: This study seeks to investigate the relationship between Patient Safety Culture (PSC) and Missed Nursing Care (MNC) in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. It stands out for its focus on healthcare setting in a developing country, addressing a significant gap in existing literature.
Purpose: The aim is to assess PSC, determine the prevalence of MNC among nurses, investigate their correlation, and examine the impact of demographic factors, including identifying the most frequent missed nursing care and their underlying reasons, providing valuable insights for healthcare systems in developing countries.
Methods: A cross-sectional analytical approach was adopted, involving …


Camera Assisted Monitoring Device As A Tool To Reduce Falls In Inpatient Adults: An Integrative Review, Pamela Oriaifo Oct 2023

Camera Assisted Monitoring Device As A Tool To Reduce Falls In Inpatient Adults: An Integrative Review, Pamela Oriaifo

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Background: Adult inpatient falls remain a significant challenge in many hospitals, resulting in poor quality of life and severe financial burden. There have been tremendous efforts to curb the number of falls ranging from environmental modification, clinician education, review of medications, and use of assistive devices. One such assistive device is the use of camera monitoring systems. This systemic review scopes camera/video-assisted fall prevention programs in hospitals. It was hypothesized that camera/video-assisted fall prevention programs would reduce adult inpatient fall and costs significantly. The outcomes of camera or video-assisted fall prevention programs were considered in some hospital settings. Method: The …


Promoting Wellness With Medical-Surgical Nurses In An Urban Medical Center Through Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Shemeka Leonard Jul 2023

Promoting Wellness With Medical-Surgical Nurses In An Urban Medical Center Through Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Shemeka Leonard

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Background: Due to their position on the forefront lines of the healthcare system, nurses are more likely to experience stress at work. Job-related stress can cause increased anxiety, emotional turmoil, depression, and other mental issues. Nurses commonly deal with elevated distress due to workload demands such as passing medication, checking for errors, ensuring patient safety, and charting—mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a useful means of reducing psychological distress.

Purpose: The DNP project objectives were to reduce stress, encourage well-being, and show how effective an MBSR program works in a hospital setting. The aim is to reduce stress/improve wellness.

Methods …


Effect Of A Community Hospital’S Sustainable And Enhanced Fall Prevention Quality Improvement Program On Inpatient Falls And Falls With Injury: A Before And After Study, Anne Catino Jun 2023

Effect Of A Community Hospital’S Sustainable And Enhanced Fall Prevention Quality Improvement Program On Inpatient Falls And Falls With Injury: A Before And After Study, Anne Catino

DNP Scholarly Projects

The frequency of hospital falls is a significant clinical problem and directly related to patient safety. Failure to identify potential risk factors and to implement individualized measures for fall prevention can threaten patients’ safety and lead to increased hospital length of stay, increased hospital cost, and reduced quality of life for patients. The purpose of this project was to enhance an evidence-based, fall prevention program to effect a reduction in falls and falls injury. The project is supported by a multidisciplinary hospital team and builds on a community hospital’s fall reduction program. Falls and falls with injury frequencies for 6 …


Promoting Safety Through Advocacy And Practice: Nurse Input And Beliefs Regarding Hospital Fall Prevention Policies In The Inpatient Setting, Jimmy Milano May 2023

Promoting Safety Through Advocacy And Practice: Nurse Input And Beliefs Regarding Hospital Fall Prevention Policies In The Inpatient Setting, Jimmy Milano

Doctor of Nursing Practice Scholarly Project

Throughout the evolving healthcare system, many issues in the hospital setting pose significant risk to patient safety and outcomes. Falls occur at detrimental rates that inevitably impact both the patient and the nurse. Of the several reasons one would choose to join the profession, nurses often seek the satisfaction of knowing the care they have provided impacted a patient, physically and spiritually. The healthcare system has allotted for variables in patient safety to promote safe outcomes and the reduction of fall risk, such as evidence-based practices and tools like cameras and assessments. However, the lack of nursing involvement in these …


Caring For The Adult Patient With Autism: Development Of Staff Education And An Online Toolkit For Healthcare Providers, Kristen Conkle May 2023

Caring For The Adult Patient With Autism: Development Of Staff Education And An Online Toolkit For Healthcare Providers, Kristen Conkle

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

There are disparities in knowledge among healthcare workers when caring for adult patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Lack of knowledge about the characteristics of this population and strategies to enhance care pose a barrier to treatment during hospitalization. A computer based educational module was developed and assigned to staff at a community hospital. An online toolkit for healthcare providers was developed to aid staff in recognition of triggers and supplied adjunct methods for communication. A pre and posttest of healthcare provider knowledge and stigma regarding autism was performed. Achievement of the training was robust among staff; of the one …


Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative’S Benefits, Effectiveness, And Relevance To Internship At A Women’S Hospital, Katherine Locke May 2023

Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative’S Benefits, Effectiveness, And Relevance To Internship At A Women’S Hospital, Katherine Locke

The Eleanor Mann School of Nursing Undergraduate Honors Theses

Background: This review was conducted to analyze the benefits and effectiveness of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative and compare it to my internship at a Baby-Friendly designated women’s hospital.

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to compile and compare existing research on Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative to determine its benefits, effectiveness, and relevance to my internship.

Method: Two databases, CINAHL Complete and MEDLINE, were used to find a total of 18 peer-reviewed journal articles on Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative benefits and effectiveness. Key words consisted of “baby friendly,” “hospital,” and “benefits or advantages.”

Results: The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative …


Reducing Urinary Catheter Usage In The Intensive Care Unit Setting And Education Related To Preventing Cautis: A Qi Project, Kristina Diurno May 2023

Reducing Urinary Catheter Usage In The Intensive Care Unit Setting And Education Related To Preventing Cautis: A Qi Project, Kristina Diurno

DNP Projects

Significance and Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common but preventable hospital-associated infections. The inappropriate and prolonged use of indwelling urinary catheters can pose a significant risk for patients and healthcare organizations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified that the most important factor related to an increased risk of CAUTI is the length of time an indwelling catheter remains in place. This DNP (Doctor of Nursing Practice) project assessed the barriers to removing indwelling catheters in the intensive care unit (ICU) while providing encouragement of prompt removal.

Purpose: Three aims were developed for this quality improvement project: …


Efficacy Of Utilizing A Discharge Checklist At A Northern California Hospital, Becky Le Jan 2023

Efficacy Of Utilizing A Discharge Checklist At A Northern California Hospital, Becky Le

Master's Projects

Standardization of patient discharges by utilizing a discharge checklist would address discharge barriers, improve discharge times, enhance communication among the multidisciplinary team, and improve efficiency of care. A 5-week pilot, which was a quality improvement study, explored whether the utilization of a discharge checklist would improve discharge times and communication among the multidisciplinary team. This study was conducted in a northern California county hospital, on 2 medical- surgical units, with a participating physician team, case managers, and approximately 150 medical- surgical registered nurses. The study yielded results of improved discharge times by 1 hour, and improved efficiency of care by …


Best Strategies To Address Burnout Among Healthcare Professionals: An Integrative Review, Kimberly Ann Delbo Dec 2022

Best Strategies To Address Burnout Among Healthcare Professionals: An Integrative Review, Kimberly Ann Delbo

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this integrative literature review (ILR) is to provide a comprehensive summary and analysis of past empirical and theoretical literature related to the phenomenon of burnout while sharing a synthesis of literature. This ILR explores, critiques, summarizes, and analyzes best practices and interventions to address burnout and promote engagement and well-being among health care workers within acute care hospitals. The scientific basis for this ILR was the premise that a relationship exists between burnout interventions and organizational cultures which can be positively influenced by relational and social leadership styles that reduce work-related stressors and create positive, professional, healthy …


Reducing Suicide Reattempts With A Telephone Follow Up Program, Bailey Breaux Dec 2022

Reducing Suicide Reattempts With A Telephone Follow Up Program, Bailey Breaux

MSN Capstone Projects

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Most people can say they know at least one person who has committed suicide or has considered suicide. The number of deaths continues to rise, and they aren’t stopping anytime soon. Many of these patients visit emergency rooms around the country seeking help for their depression and suicidal ideation. Some are brought into the emergency department following a suicide attempt and their visit only predicts another one happening in the near future. Some hospitals around the globe has tried to stop this recurrence of suicide reattempts by …


Hospital Nursing Factors Associated With Decreased Odds Of Mortality In Older Adult Medicare Surgical Patients With Depression, Aparna Kumar, Douglas Sloane, Linda Aiken, Matthew Mchugh Aug 2022

Hospital Nursing Factors Associated With Decreased Odds Of Mortality In Older Adult Medicare Surgical Patients With Depression, Aparna Kumar, Douglas Sloane, Linda Aiken, Matthew Mchugh

College of Nursing Faculty Papers & Presentations

Background: Depression is common, costly, and has deleterious effects in older adult surgical patients. Little research exists examining older adult surgical patient outcomes and depression and the potential for nursing factors to affect these outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hospital nursing resources, 30-day mortality; and the impact of depression on this relationship.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study employing a national nurse survey, hospital data, and Medicare claims data from 2006-2007. The sample included: 296,561 older adult patients, aged 65-90, who had general, orthopedic, or vascular surgery in acute care general hospitals …


Decreasing Hospital Readmission With Post-Hospital Discharge Primary Care Clinic Appointments, David Snodgrass May 2022

Decreasing Hospital Readmission With Post-Hospital Discharge Primary Care Clinic Appointments, David Snodgrass

Doctoral Projects

ABSTRACT

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) continue to apply costly financial penalties for hospital readmission. Hospital readmission can stem from multiple causes which can lead to poor health outcomes or increased healthcare financial costs. However, with the use of an implemented 14-day post-hospital follow-up appointment with a primary care provider, hospital readmission could be reduced, and patient care improved. The multiple factors that can lead to hospital readmission include non-adherence to medication, socioeconomic factors, patient-related factors, condition-related factors, or health system-related factors. Through the implementation of post-hospital discharge follow-up visits within 14 days of discharge, hospital readmissions …


Domestic Violence And Abuse In The Healthcare Setting, Madison Garrett, Michaela Franklin, Tiffany Gragg, Nicholas Stuckwish Apr 2022

Domestic Violence And Abuse In The Healthcare Setting, Madison Garrett, Michaela Franklin, Tiffany Gragg, Nicholas Stuckwish

Epsilon Sigma at-Large Research Conference

Introduction and Background: Domestic violence and abuse (DVA) is a growing global concern that affects patients encountered by nurses. DVA is defined as anything that is used to establish and maintain control over another person. The occurrence of DVA has ongoing negative consequences for patients related to their safety, especially if nurses are not properly trained to detect and control the situation.

Purpose Statement: For all registered nurses, does ongoing training opportunities and implemented universal screening processes on DVA, as compared to inadequate training and generalized screening processes, lead to effectively detecting DVA and providing better emotional, physical, and safety …


Knowledge And Practices Regarding Standard Precautions For Infection Control Among Nurses Working At A Public, Tertiary Care Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan, Samina Yasmeen, Tazeen Saeed Ali, Wardah Khalid, Zohra Kurji, Shair Muhammad Hazara, Shahzad Bashir Apr 2022

Knowledge And Practices Regarding Standard Precautions For Infection Control Among Nurses Working At A Public, Tertiary Care Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan, Samina Yasmeen, Tazeen Saeed Ali, Wardah Khalid, Zohra Kurji, Shair Muhammad Hazara, Shahzad Bashir

School of Nursing & Midwifery

Introduction: To protect patients and healthcare providers from healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), standard precautions have been promoted universally. Nurses are the forefront force in patient care; therefore, evidence-based and up to date knowledge and practices can play a vital role in helping nurses apply standard precautions (SPs).
Methods: The analytical cross-sectional study design was used. Through purposive sampling, the data were collected from 320 nurses, via, a self-administered questionnaire, from April to May 2017, from a public tertiary level hospital in Islamabad. The validity and reliability of each section was established. Mean and standard deviation were computed for continuous variables’ whereas; …


Basal-Plus Insulin Regimen: Helping Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 To Maintain Blood Glucose Levels During Hospitalization, Marcia Watts Hammons Apr 2022

Basal-Plus Insulin Regimen: Helping Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 To Maintain Blood Glucose Levels During Hospitalization, Marcia Watts Hammons

Cohort X

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) patients are at risk of episodes of fluctuating blood glucose levels when in the hospital. On admission at the target practice site, the home dose of oral hypoglycemic medication is typically stopped and replaced with sliding-scale insulin therapy. Hyperglycemia among the hospital population of DM2 patients is common, causing delayed healing times, increased length of stay, increased costs, and other medical detrimental factors. A doctor of nursing practice project was based on the findings from a randomized controlled trial of a basal-plus insulin protocol that lowered the mean blood glucose level for noncritically ill hospitalized …


Sleep Disruptions Within The Hospital, Faith Walls Apr 2022

Sleep Disruptions Within The Hospital, Faith Walls

Senior Honors Theses

The circadian rhythm is a complex and interwoven system within each human being that creates an internal clock each day. However, patients in all hospital settings continue to have their sleep disrupted by many factors. Seep being disrupted in the hospital patients can develop serious complications. To this day, the issues causing have not been adequately assessed and therapeutically intervened with consistency within nursing practice. Using the Whittemore and Knalf Framework, this integrative review will examine the literature on aspects of inpatient care that contribute to circadian disruptions within hospitals. By doing so, the research can be built upon with …


Policies That Support Emergency Department Staff In Providing Behavioral Health Care, Lizabeth Lepp Hennig Jan 2022

Policies That Support Emergency Department Staff In Providing Behavioral Health Care, Lizabeth Lepp Hennig

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A significant portion of individuals with a behavioral health (BH) condition return to emergency departments (ED) seeking care, resulting in reduced quality of care, and contributing to disproportionate healthcare costs. Care can be improved and return visits to the ED reduced where behavioral health care and follow-up care planning are provided as part of their treatment. However, policies expected to create declines in ED use for behavioral conditions are typically in short duration or are difficult to use given other funding and policy constraints. With little known about how policy is supporting the engagement of ED staff who are critical …


Reducing Hospital Noise Levels Through Nursing Staff Education, Althea Sanders Jan 2022

Reducing Hospital Noise Levels Through Nursing Staff Education, Althea Sanders

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractNoise levels can negatively affect a patient’s hospital experience. Increased noise levels in the hospital can trigger sleep disturbance and affect the length of recovery for patients; the increased noise levels can also cause increased anxiety and exhaustion for nursing staff members. Due to a gap in nursing practice related to nurses’ knowledge to safely reduce noise levels, this project addressed if nursing staff education on noise reduction could increase the knowledge among nursing staff members to use specific strategies to reduce noise levels in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting. The purpose of this project was to educate eight …


Exploring Orthopaedic Patients’ Experiences Of Hospital Discharge: Implications For Nursing Care, Rosemary Saunders, David Dineen, Karen Gullick, Karla Seaman, Renee Graham, Sandra Finlay Jan 2022

Exploring Orthopaedic Patients’ Experiences Of Hospital Discharge: Implications For Nursing Care, Rosemary Saunders, David Dineen, Karen Gullick, Karla Seaman, Renee Graham, Sandra Finlay

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background

Nurses play a key role in providing discharge education. With the increased demand for orthopaedic surgery and subsequent fast‐track surgical programmes resulting in reduction in hospital length of stay, obtaining patient feedback about discharge is important to inform nursing practice of discharge.

Aim

To explore patients’ experiences of discharge from hospital following orthopaedic surgery.

Methods

A descriptive qualitative study was undertaken with a sample of 34 patients discharged following orthopaedic surgery at a private acute Australian hospital. Individual semistructured telephone interviews were conducted and analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

Findings

From the analysis, patient experiences have been described in …


Increasing Lactation Consultant Support To The Mch Unit, Daniella Grace Mcclendon Dec 2021

Increasing Lactation Consultant Support To The Mch Unit, Daniella Grace Mcclendon

Master's Projects and Capstones

Problem: Breastfeeding is the most beneficial feeding choice for newborns and one of the best ways for mothers to bond with their newborns. In the current Maternal Child Health (MCH) unit, exclusive breastfeeding rates have fallen lower than the unit’s goal of 82%.

Context: Exclusive breastfeeding, when a newborn consumes only human breastmilk, is not always an easy process to initiate immediately after birth and in the early postpartum period. On this specific unit, there is not enough lactation consultant support to provide all patients on the unit.

Interventions: This project considers adding additional lactation consultants to support the MCH …


Decreasing Patient Fall Rates In The Microsystem, Kevin Dwayne Sanchez Camaya Dec 2021

Decreasing Patient Fall Rates In The Microsystem, Kevin Dwayne Sanchez Camaya

Master's Projects and Capstones

Abstract

Problem: Falls are considered never events, yet continuously occur in the inpatient setting. Falls,

especially falls with injuries, impact the patients, the staff, and the hospital. Falls cause extended lengths of stay, affect the morale of the patients and the staff, and are non-reimbursable events.

Context: There have been an increased rate of falls within a medical/surgical/telemetry unit

microsystem at a Northern California hospital despite standardized screening and prevention tools. The unit can house up to 52 patients and is the designated Covid unit of the hospital at the time of this project.

Interventions: The interventions include optimizing the …


Evidence-Based Change Benchmark: Implementing Intervention Strategies Aimed At Reducing Patient Falls, Victoria Nix Nov 2021

Evidence-Based Change Benchmark: Implementing Intervention Strategies Aimed At Reducing Patient Falls, Victoria Nix

MSN Capstone Projects

This paper provides an overview of an evidence-based change project that arose from the following PICOT: In patients at risk for falls [P], how does implementing fall risk prevention [I] compared to no fall risk prevention [C] affect fall rates [O] within 3 months of implementation [T]? A comprehensive review of primary sources dealing in clinical studies was found to support the case that fall prevention measures, specifically patient-specific bedside tools, have shown to be instrumental in reducing patient falls. The development and implementation of a robust Fall Prevention Program designed around the latest research was the goal; however, the …


Code Gray Response Team, Charlie A. Brizzee Oct 2021

Code Gray Response Team, Charlie A. Brizzee

IPS/BAS 495 Undergraduate Capstone Projects

This video presentation addresses the declining feeling of safety by frontline clinical staff due to the recent escalation of combative patients and workplace violence in the healthcare setting, identified through Emotional intelligence and the approach created to address it. This project was crafted as an innovative and creative approach to addressing the issue in the clinical setting without adding additional staff or additional expense to the organization. Additionally, the approach had to be innovative and creative as the author does not own the current process, and knowing to receive stakeholder acceptance, the ownership had to remain with the current stakeholder. …


The Right Premtm: Rasch Analysis Of A New Patient Reported Experience Measure For Use By Older People In Hospital, Louise Heuzenroeder, Jyoti Khadka, Alison Kitson Aug 2021

The Right Premtm: Rasch Analysis Of A New Patient Reported Experience Measure For Use By Older People In Hospital, Louise Heuzenroeder, Jyoti Khadka, Alison Kitson

Patient Experience Journal

Healthcare rights exist to protect older people from harm and to empower older people to participate in their care with independence, choice and control. Multiple investigations revealing abuse provide evidence that older people’s rights are being breached. Older people must have the opportunity to report on their experience of care against their rights. The Right PREMTM is a new instrument designed to measure older people’s experience of care against their healthcare rights. The objective of this cross-sectional validation study was to assess the psychometric properties of a new instrument to measure the experience of care consistent with the healthcare …


Fall Prevention: Remote Video Monitoring, Shawna Moser Apr 2021

Fall Prevention: Remote Video Monitoring, Shawna Moser

MSN Capstone Projects

Patient safety is a top priority for all healthcare organizations, but as a healthcare facility, is everything, within the means of the facility, being done to ensure patient safety? Challenges exist for all healthcare organizations when faced with patient safety, but there it is a necessity for these healthcare organizations to overcome these challenges and protect their patient population. A common challenge within the acute care setting is the prevention of falls. “Falls during hospitalization harbor both clinical and financial outcomes” (Gringauz et al., 2017, p. 1). Research on fall interventions has shown that a multifocal approach is most effective …


Developing Organizational Support And Leadership Structures For Advanced Practice Nurses In The Hospital Setting, Andrea L. Childress Apr 2021

Developing Organizational Support And Leadership Structures For Advanced Practice Nurses In The Hospital Setting, Andrea L. Childress

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Background: Hospitals are increasing utilization of advanced practice nurses (APNs). APNs do not fit within the traditional nursing or medicine department structures. They are often hired by organizations without full evaluation and assessment of management issues and structures to support them.

Problem: APNs are employed to work throughout an acute care hospital. They report to medical leadership but have no voting rights or representation on medical committees. They lack connection to nursing staff and existing structures which impairs their ability to exhibit leadership and advance nursing practice.

Purpose: This project seeks to answer: What organizational support and leadership structures are …


Barriers To Healthy Births At Nigerian Hospitals, Caroline Johnston Apr 2021

Barriers To Healthy Births At Nigerian Hospitals, Caroline Johnston

Senior Theses

Maternal mortality is a problem everywhere, but it is especially dangerous in Nigeria where the average woman experiences pregnancy six times during her lifetime (Population Reference Bureau, 2001). Many researchers focus on the medical complications associated with labor, such as hemorrhage, eclampsia, or infection. Although these birth complications are the direct sources of maternal death, it is also important to recognize how maternal mortality is a multifaceted issue influenced by local cultural groups, religions, politics, poverty level and the absence of basic infrastructures. Although maternal mortality is interconnected with social and geographical elements, my paper concentrates on Nigerian hospitals and …


Mentoring Program For New Graduate Nurses, Kathryn Palermo Mar 2021

Mentoring Program For New Graduate Nurses, Kathryn Palermo

Student Scholarly Projects

Practice Problem: The high turnover rate among newly licensed nurses has a negative impact on organizational costs, healthcare spending and patient outcomes. The turnover rate among newly licensed nurses, within their first year of practice, at the designated facility was 50%.

PICOT: The PICOT question that guided this project was “In new graduate nurses, how does a formal mentorship program, compared to no formal mentorship, affect the intent to leave within six weeks?”

Evidence: The scientific evidence supported both one-on-one and group mentoring. Retention and/or turnover was shown to be a positive outcome of formal mentor programs.

Intervention: The …