Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Piscine Myocarditis Virus (Pmcv) In Wild Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar, Torstein Tengs Dr.

Dr. Torstein Tengs

Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) is a severe cardiac disease of sea-farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., but CMS-like lesions have also been found in wild Atlantic salmon. In 2010 a double-stranded RNA virus of the Totiviridae family, provisionally named piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV), was described as the causative agent of CMS. In the present paper we report the first detection of PMCV in wild Atlantic salmon. The study is based on screening of 797 wild Atlantic salmon by real-time RT-PCR. The samples were collected from 35 different rivers along the coast of Norway, and all individuals included in the study were …

Intrinsic Rhinitis, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Intrinsic rhinitis is defined as a non infective and non allergic condition characterised by nasal block, rhinorrhoea and hyposmia. This is purely a medical condition. Awareness of this condition will help us to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures on patients suffering from this disorder. Surgery should be reserved only for cases that are intractable to medical management. This article discusses the complete gamut of this disorder.

Relaxation Thyroplasty – A Classical Surgical Approach For Puberphonia, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Karthikeyan Arjunan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Abstract: The persistence of adolescent voice even after puberty in the absence of organic cause is known as puberphonia. 1,2,3 The condition is commonly seen in males.1-7 . This case report illustrates a novel surgical method “Retrusion thyroplasty” in the management of puberphonia. Introduction: The persistence of adolescent voice even after puberty in the absence of organic cause is known as puberphonia. 1,2,3 The condition is commonly seen in males.1-7 Normally adolescent males undergo voice changes due to sudden increase in length of vocal cords due to enlargement of thyroid prominence (Adam’s apple). This is uncommon in females because their …

Role Of X-Rays In Rhinology, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

X-rays in the present day context is considered to be outdated by Rhinologists. CT scan images have replaced conventional x-ray imaging. Current concensus is that still x-rays have a role in the field of rhinology. Its inherent advantages like easy availability, cost effectiveness makes this investigation still relevant in the present day scenario. Bony lesions involving nose and sinuses, can be evalutated with reasonable degree of accuracy by performing conventional radiographs. Air present inside the paranasal sinuses serve as excellent contrast medium for plain x-ray evaluation. Pathologies involving paranasal sinuses encroach upon these air spaces causing alterations in their translucency.

Effect Of Paired Apertures In A Periodic Hole Array On Higher Order Plasmon Modes, Fang-Tzu Chuang

Fang-Tzu Chuang

We demonstrate that the transmission of higherorder surface plasmon modes in the mid-infrared range can be enhanced through rectangular hole array on the basis of paired apertures. Experiments prove that enhanced high-order transmission can be generated by either identical shapes or combinations of different hole shapes in pairs. The structure factor is adopted to explain the observed intensity of enhanced transmission. Numerical simulations of the enhanced secondorder mode verify a significant field enhancement in a unit cell of pairs. It is clarified that the separation between the paired apertures and the paired resonance is the key to determine certain higher-order …

The Return Of The Strangler? Case Report Of A Fatal Case Of Diphtheria, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Srikamakshi Kothandaraman, Seethalakshmi Narashiman

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

This article is a case report of a case of diphtheria which presented as diphtheritic tonsillitis in stridor and finally succumbed to diphtheritic myocarditis. Here we describe the case presentation, the treatment modalities undertaken, and the fatal course of events followed by an elaborate discussion on diphtheria.

Two Infrared Emission Modes With Different Wavelengths And Orthogonal Polarization In A Waveguide Thermal Emitter, Fang-Tzu Chuang

Fang-Tzu Chuang

This study investigates a Au/SiO2/Au waveguide thermal emitter incorporating a metallic grating embedded in the SiO2 layer. The metal grating acts as a beam splitter, dividing the device into two waveguide structures determined by the polarization of the waveguide modes. The thermal radiation spectrum exhibits two peaks with orthogonal polarization. The emitted wavelengths of the two waveguide modes can be adjusted by controlling the thickness of the SiO2 layers on both sides of the metallic grating during the fabrication process. The emission peaks have ratios of the full width at half maximum to the peak wavelength of 0.057 and 0.05 …

A Pooled Analysis Of Smoking And Colorectal Cancer: Timing Of Exposure And Interactions With Environmental Factors

Shuo Jiao

Background:Considerable evidence suggests that cigarette smoking is associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer. What is unclear, however, is the impact of quitting smoking on risk attenuation and whether other risk factors for colorectal cancer modify this association. Methods:We performed a pooled analysis of 8 studies, including 6,796 colorectal cancer cases and 7,770 controls to evaluate the association between cigarette smoking history and colorectal cancer risk, and to investigate potential effect modification by other risk factors. Results:Current smokers (OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.11-1.43) and former smokers (OR=1.18, 95% CI=1.09-1.27), relative to never smokers, showed higher risks of colorectal cancer. Former smokers …

Advanced Anatomy Of Lateral Nasal Wall For The Endoscopic Sinus Surgeon, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Introduction: Anatomy of the lateral nasal wall is highly complex and variable. With the popularity of endoscopic sinus surgery a through knowledge of this complex anatomy is very vital. Highly variable anatomy and paucity of standard landmark makes this region vulnerable for complications during endoscopic sinus surgery. The learning curve for endoscopic sinus surgery is made rather steep by this highly variable anatomy . Study of anatomy of lateral nasal wall dates back to Galen (AD 130-201). He described the porosity of bones in the head. Davinci in his classical anatomical drawings has illustrated maxillary sinus antrum. He also described …

Evaluation Of Lacrimal Apparatus, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Currently otolaryngologists have started doing dacryocystorhinostomy using nasal endoscopes. This procedure done by an otolaryngologist has its own obvious advantages. The first and foremost being the need for external incision has been dispensed with. On the flip side otolaryngologist is not conversant with the examination techniques involving this area. Even the standard text books of otolaryngology are woefully inadequate in details regarding this subject. This e book discusses the examination techniques and investigations pertaining to rhinolacrimal system

Reducing Bleeding During Fess, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

This article discusses the importance of anesthesia in endoscopic sinus surgery. Major aim of anesthetist in FESS should be to reduce blood pressure to such a level that bleeding is minimized. It also discusses the various steps that should be followed by surgeons to reduced intra operative bleeding during the procedure. Introduction: Bleeding is one complication that could increase the risk of complication during endoscopic sinus surgery. Considerable amount of attention should be paid to reduce bleeding on the table during the surgical procedure. Dry surgical field not only improves visibility during endoscopic sinus surgery, it also shortens the duration …

Choanal Atresia, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Choana is also known as posterior nasal aperture. Nasal airway continues with that of posterior nares. Air from nasal cavity finds its way into the lungs via the choanal apertures. In some children the choana may be congenitally closed. This causes either total (bilateral choanal atresia) or partial (unilateral choanal atreisa) nasal obstruction. Child being obligate nasal breathers, find it rather difficult to breathe when there is bilateral choanal atresia. This is more so during the first 6 weeks of life. Hence bilateral choanal atresia should be considered as an emergency in paediatric age group. This article attempts to discuss …

Prevalence Of Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus In Tick Nymphs In Relation To Climatic Factors On The Southern Coast Of Norway, Torstein Tengs Dr.

Dr. Torstein Tengs

BACKGROUND

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is among the most important vector borne diseases of humans in Europe and is currently identified as a major health problem in many countries. TBE endemic zones have expanded over the past two decades, as well as the number of reported cases within endemic areas. Multiple factors are ascribed for the increased incidence of TBE, including climatic change. The number of TBE cases has also increased in Norway over the past decade, and the human cases cluster along the southern coast of Norway. In Norway the distribution and prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) in tick populations …

Rhinophyma, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

This is a disfigurement of the skin lining the nose. This condition is commonly seen in elderly males. This condition is characterised by slow and progressive hypertrophy of sebaceous glands and connective tissue over the lower portion of dorsum of the nose. The term rhinophyma originates from the Greek word “Rhis” which means nose and “phyma” which means growth. This article attempts to review the hitherto published literature on this subject.

Are Left Handed Surgeons Left Out?, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Srikamakshi Kothandaraman

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

“ If by chance I touched a pencil, a pen or a needle, I was bitterly rebuked, and more than once I have been beaten for being awkward and wanting a graceful manner.” These were the words of Benjamin Franklin, noted left-handed American inventor, scientist, printer, statesman and philosopher, who had a miserable childhood. His words reflect the exact state of affairs and consequently, the state of mind of the lonely left-hander in this right-dominated world. Studies have revealed that left-handers are generally more inhibited and anxious, and this doesn’t go without reason. The scientific reason is that, in left-handers …

Role Of Tissue Adhesive In Otorhinolaryngology, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Karthikeyan Arjunan, Seethalakshmi Narashiman

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

This paper summarises the effectiveness of tissue adhesives in otorhinolaryngology. Although the adhesion system cannot and should not replace surgical suture, it provides valuable assistance in tissue synthesis and in local haemostasis, particularly in cases where conventional suture methods are especially difficult to apply. In addition to good adhesion, an elastic consistency, and good tissue compatibility, the adhesive is completely absorbed. The system has been used successfully in myringoplasty, laryngectomy during pharyngeal closure, repair of CSF leak, laryngocele, and ossiculoplasty.

A Strain Of Piscine Myocarditis Virus (Pmcv) Infecting Argentina Silus (Ascanius), Torstein Tengs Dr.

Dr. Torstein Tengs

No abstract.

Nasal Myasis An Analysis, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

This article discusses Nasal myasis, its common causes and treatment modalities followed to remove the same. Myasis Narium is also commonly known as Peenash in India. Maggots are larvae hatched from eggs laid inside the nasal cavity by certain flies. The commonest fly implicated being Sarcophagia Georginia. These flies gets attracted by stench emanating from the nasal cavity of patients. They manage to lay eggs inside the nasal cavity. These flies are capable of laying more than 200 eggs at a time. These eggs take just a day to hatch.

Acute Otitis Media An Overview And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Definition: Acute otitis media is defined as middle ear infection of 3 weeks duration. In acute otitis media there is evidence of acute illness along with symptoms like pain, fullness of ear. On examination the ear drum appears to be bulging and under high tension. If there is associated accumulation of fluid in the middle ear cavity then it is termed as otitis media with effusion (OME). In otitis media with effusion there is absence of these dramatic signs and symptoms. Only positive history being ear block, Introduction: Inorder to decide on the optimal management modality it is vital to …

Comparing Years Of Healthy Life, Measured In 16 Ways, For Normal Weight And Overweight Older Adults, Paula Diehr

Paula Diehr

Introduction. The traditional definitions of overweight and obesity are not age specific, even though the relationship of weight to mortality is different for older adults. Effects of adiposity on aspects of health beside mortality have not been well investigated. Methods. We calculated the number of years of healthy life (YHL) in the 10 years after baseline, for 5,747 older adults. YHL was defined in 16 different ways. We compared Normal and Overweight persons, classified either by bodymass index (BMI) or by waist circumference (WC). Findings. YHL for Normal and Overweight persons differed significantly in 25% of the comparisons, of which …

Nanoprojection Lithography Using Self-Assembled Interference Modules For Manufacturing Plasmonic Gratings, Fang-Tzu Chuang

Fang-Tzu Chuang

Abstract—A new nanoprojection lithography (NPL) is proposed to manufacture plasmonic nanogratings. Here, low-cost self-assembly elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane wavy structures are used as the interference modules, with their periods and amplitudes largely controlled by the applied mechanical strain in the synthesis process. Well defined plasmonic grating couplers with desired feature sizes and wavelengths of operation were obtained. This NPL may enable large-area and flash manufacturing of plasmonic nanogratings with tunable array periods.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhoea An Overview, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

This article discusses etiopathogenesis, clinical features and management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea is the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space into the nasal cavity due to defect in both dura and bone. Various causes of CSF rhinorrhoea include: 1. Traumatic 2. Iatrogenic 3. Idiopathic 4. Tumors

Huge Epiglottis Cyst Causing Upper Air Way Obstruction A Case Report And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Karthikeyan Arjunan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Cystic lesions involving larynx are fairly common. They constitute about 5% of benign laryngeal lesions. Majority of cysts arise from epiglottis. Lingual surface of epiglottis is commonly involved. These cysts have the potential to cause acute upper airway obstruction. This article discusses a patient who presented with a large epiglottic cyst with acute upper airway obstruction. This case is being reported not only for its rarity but also for management challenges it provides.

Quantification Of Piscine Reovirus (Prv) At Different Stages Of Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar Production, Torstein Tengs Dr.

Dr. Torstein Tengs

The newly described piscine reovirus (PRV) appears to be associated with the development of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. PRV seems to be ubiquitous among fish in Norwegian salmon farms, but high viral loads and tissue distribution support a causal relationship between virus and disease. In order to improve understanding of the distribution of PRV in the salmon production line, we quantified PRV by using real-time PCR on heart samples collected at different points in the life cycle from pre-smolts to fish ready for slaughter. PRV positive pre-smolts were found in about …

Huge Rhinolith Nasal Cavity An Interesting Case Report And A Review Of Literature, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Rhinoliths are calcareous deposits (stone like) inside the nasal cavity. These stone like structures are highly friable and may crumble when crushed. This interesting case report discusses a patient with a huge rhinolith inside the nasal cavity. Rhinoliths since they crumble easily can be removed after crushing with a luc’s forceps via the nasal cavity. Since the rhinolith in this patient was very large extending up to the choana it was removed via lateral rhinotomy approach in order to avoid excessive injury to nasal mucosa during the process of removal.

Blow Out Fracture Orbit Endoscopic Reduction A Novel Management Modality, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Blow out fracture of orbit involves fracture of orbital floor without fracture of infraorbital rim. This injury is common from frontal blow to orbit. Frontal blow to orbit causes increased intraorbital tension causing fracture of floor of the orbit (weak point) with prolapse of orbital content into the maxillary sinus cavity. This causes enophthalmos and diplopia. Infraorbital rim is not involved in pure blow out fracture, it is also involved then it should be considered as an impure blow out fracture 3. Entrapment of inferior rectus muscle between the fracture fragments will cause diplopia in these patients. This article discusses …

Ab Deposition In Idiopathic And Dup15q11.2-Q13 Autism Spectrum Disorders, J Wegiel, Janusz Frackowiak, Bozena Mazur-Kolecka, N Carolyn Schanen, Edwin H. Cook Jr, Marian Sigman, Ted Brown, Izabela Kuchna, Jarek Wegiel, Krzysztof Nowicki, Humi Imaki, Shuang Yong Ma, Abha Chauhan, Ved Chauhan, David L. Miller, Pankaj D. Mehta, Michael Flory, Ira L. Cohen, Eric London, Barry Reisberg, Mony J. De Leon, Thomas Wisnieski

N C Schanen

Background: It has been shown that amyloid ß (Ab), a product of proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid b precursor protein (APP), accumulates in neuronal cytoplasm in non-affected individuals in a cell type–specific amount.

Methodology/Principal Findings: In the present study, we found that the percentage of amyloid-positive neurons increases in subjects diagnosed with idiopathic autism and subjects diagnosed with duplication 15q11.2-q13 (dup15) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In spite of interindividual differences within each examined group, levels of intraneuronal Ab load were significantly greater in the dup(15) autism group than in either the control or the idiopathic autism group in 11 …

Mucocele Of Middle Turbinate An Interesting Case Report And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Concha involving middle turbinate is a common occurence1. Review of literature puts the incidence anywhere between 14 – 40%. This is an interesting case report of mucocele involving middle turbinate concha. Pneumatization of middle turbinate is known as concha bullosa4. Concha bullosa actually is a radiological diagnosis2 . Mucoceles can technically arise from a concha bullosa if its outflow channel is obstructed. This is ofcourse rather rare. This case report discusses a case of mucocele involving a pneumatized middle turbinate.

Identification And Characterisation Of The Early Differentiating Cells In Neural Differentiation Of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Thamil Selvee Ramasamy

Thamil Selvee Ramasamy

One of the challenges in studying early differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is being able to discriminate the initial differentiated cells from the original pluripotent stem cells and their committed progenies. It remains unclear how a pluripotent stem cell becomes a lineage-specific cell type during early development, and how, or if, pluripotent genes, such as Oct4 and Sox2, play a role in this transition. Here, by studying the dynamic changes in the expression of embryonic surface antigens, we identified the sequential loss of Tra-1-81 and SSEA4 during hESC neural differentiation and isolated a transient Tra-1-81(-)/SSEA4(+) (TR-/S4+) cell population …

Preventing Nerve Damage During Thyroid Surgery, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan

Thyroid sugery is a potential risk for vital nerves which include recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve. Out of these two damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve leaves the patient with a hoarse voice. Situation is more disastrous if recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged on both sides during total thyroidectomy. This leads to bilateral abductor paralysis condeming the patient to life long tracheostomy. This article discusses various preventive steps that can be taken while performing thyroidectomies to avoid injury to recurrent laryngeal nerves.