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The Unfolded Protein Response Increases Production Of Pro-Angiogenic Factors By Tumor Cell Lines, Nan Liao

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

The rapid growth and proliferation of tumor cells will be limited at a stage when they encounter inadequate levels of oxygen and nutrient supply within the poorly vascularized tumor mass. These severe conditions negatively affect the proper folding of nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lead to accumulation of unfolded protein within ER which is referred to as ER stress. Consequently, it will trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR) signal pathway through ER membrane stress sensor proteins including activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol-requiring 1 (IRE1) and PKR-like ER localized kinase (PERK). The UPR is largely a cytoprotective …