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Articles 1 - 30 of 67
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Investigation To Examine The Profile Of Auditory Brainstem And Hearing Thresholds Using Tone Burst Audiometry Brainstem Response In A Preclinical Migraine Model, Megan Huelsing
MSU Graduate Theses
Migraine is a disabling neurological disease that is characterized by prominent auditory symptoms, including hyperacusis, which is defined as extreme sensitivity to sounds. The goal of this study was to investigate changes in hearing sensitivity and neural changes in the brainstem by measuring neural activity of the auditory brainstem in an established preclinical model of chronic migraine. To induce a chronic migraine state within the trigeminal system, male and female Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to three known human risk factors including neck muscle tension and REM sleep deprivation that promote latent sensitization, and exposure to a pungent odor, which …
Distribution Of Erm Proteins In The Stomach Mucosa Of Normal And Diabetic Rats, Asmaa Salem Al Sereidi
Distribution Of Erm Proteins In The Stomach Mucosa Of Normal And Diabetic Rats, Asmaa Salem Al Sereidi
Theses
Diabetes mellitus (DM), or simply diabetes, refers to a group of metabolic disorders that include a variety of diseases that disrupt our body's metabolism. The long-term uncontrolled disease can lead to stomach complications such as gastroparesis, as well as disruption in several proteins, such as ERM (Ezrin, radixin, moesin) proteins. ERM proteins are three proteins that are structurally and functionally related. ERM proteins have molecular masses of 82, 80, and 75 kDa, respectively. Ezrin is highly expressed in the stomach, especially in parietal cells that secrete gastric acid. ERM proteins function as scaffolding proteins in lipid rafts and granule trafficking …
Assessing The Impact Of Lipopolysaccharide On Learning And Memory In Rats, Anahat Luthra
Assessing The Impact Of Lipopolysaccharide On Learning And Memory In Rats, Anahat Luthra
Undergraduate Student Research Internships Conference
The immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) have a bi-direction relationship, modulating one another.4 Proinflammatory cytokines released from CNS immune cells have an impact on cognitive processes such as learning and memory.1 Liposaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, which is used to activate proinflammatory cytokine release has been found to impact learning and memory processes, such as in the anticipatory nausea paradigm (ANP).2 Anticipatory nausea and vomiting is that which may occur before a chemotherapy treatment session begins in a patient who has had chemotherapy before. It is caused by triggers like …
Pathological And Immunohistochemical Changes In The Liver Of Monocrotaline-Treated Rats, Şevket Soylu, Aydin Çevi̇k, Necati̇ Ti̇murkaan
Pathological And Immunohistochemical Changes In The Liver Of Monocrotaline-Treated Rats, Şevket Soylu, Aydin Çevi̇k, Necati̇ Ti̇murkaan
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
Pathological and immunohistochemical changes in livers were investigated in monocrotaline-treated rats. Eighty adult-male Wistar rats were distributed in 5 groups, each containing 16 animals according to monocrotaline dose (Group I: 50 mg/kg, Group II: 100 mg/kg, Group III: 150 mg/kg, and Group IV: 200 mg/kg). The control group was administered with physiological saline. Half of the animals in each group were euthanized at the 18th hour while the remaining half at the 6th week postinoculation. At the end of the 18th hour, the most prominent lesion was hepatocytic apoptosis which was dose-dependent. Apoptotic cells were mostly located in periportal and …
Assessment Of Executive Function Using A Series Of Operant Conditioning Based Tasks In T1dm Rodents, Kevin T. Murphy
Assessment Of Executive Function Using A Series Of Operant Conditioning Based Tasks In T1dm Rodents, Kevin T. Murphy
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
This study examined the impact of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) on executive function using a series of operant conditioning based tasks in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to either non-diabetic (n = 12; 6 male) or diabetic (n = 14; 6 male) groups. Diabetes was induced using multiple low-dose streptozotocin injections. All diabetic rodents were insulin-treated using subcutaneous insulin pellet implants. At week 14 of the study, rats were placed on a food restricted diet to induce 5 - 10% weight loss. Rodents were familiarized and tested on a series of tasks that required continuous adjustments to novel …
Lipocalin-2 Ameliorates The Signs And Outcomes Of Diabetes Mellitus In An Animal Model, Saeeda Mohammed Al Jaberi
Lipocalin-2 Ameliorates The Signs And Outcomes Of Diabetes Mellitus In An Animal Model, Saeeda Mohammed Al Jaberi
Theses
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a new adipocytokine consisting of 198 amino acids. It is also referred to as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, siderocalin, uterocalin, α1-microglobulin related protein, or 24p3. LCN2 belongs to a large group of transport proteins that are capable of carrying small and lipid-soluble molecules in blood circulation. It has two membrane receptors, megalin/glycoprotein GP330, which binds human LCN2 and SLC22A17 or 24p3R, which forms complexes with mouse Lcn2 protein. LCN2 is encoded by a gene located at chromosome locus 9q34.11. LCN2 was initially isolated from neutrophil granules released at the site of infection and inflammation in humans and from …
Effects Of Acute And Chronic Nicotine Administration On Choice Of Probabilistic Outcomes, Katya A. Nolder
Effects Of Acute And Chronic Nicotine Administration On Choice Of Probabilistic Outcomes, Katya A. Nolder
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports
Risky choice can be operationally defined as the choice for a larger, uncertain reinforcer over a smaller, certain reinforcer. Research suggests smokers engage in more risky or maladaptive decisions when compared to nonsmokers. The relation between nicotine and risky choice could benefit from further investigation, since nicotine is the active substance of tobacco products that maintains tobacco addiction. Acute nicotine administration has shown to alter risky choice; however, since the everyday smoker uses nicotine repeatedly, more research on chronic administration is warranted and would allow for assessment of tolerance or sensitization of these effects. The present study investigated effects of …
Chemical Castration Using An Intratesticular Injection Of Mannitol: A Preliminary Studyin A Rat Model, Mohammad-Ali Maadi, Mehdi Behfar, Amir Rasaei, Ali Shalizar-Jalali, Gholamreza Najafi, Vahid Mohammadi
Chemical Castration Using An Intratesticular Injection Of Mannitol: A Preliminary Studyin A Rat Model, Mohammad-Ali Maadi, Mehdi Behfar, Amir Rasaei, Ali Shalizar-Jalali, Gholamreza Najafi, Vahid Mohammadi
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
This study was aimed to evaluated chemical sterilization using an intra-testicular injection of mannitol 20% in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups, including 1) intact, 2) surgical castration and, 3 to 5) intra-testicular injections of normal saline, hypertonic saline, and mannitol, respectively. The baseline testosterone levels were measured. Surgical castration was performed in group 2. Intra-testicular injections were performed in groups 3, 4, and 5. On day 60, the testosterone level was evaluated. Then, sperm count, viability, motility, morphological abnormalities and DNA damage were studied. Gonadosomatic index was recorded on day 60. Serum testosterone level was …
The Effect Of The Metabolic Syndrome On The Histological Structure Of The Testes Tissue And The Sperm Morphology In The Rats, Ayşe Alkandurur, Şadi̇ye Kum
The Effect Of The Metabolic Syndrome On The Histological Structure Of The Testes Tissue And The Sperm Morphology In The Rats, Ayşe Alkandurur, Şadi̇ye Kum
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of metabolic syndrome on spermatozoon morphology and histological, histochemical, histomorphometric changes in the testes. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats (60 day-olds) were used for this purpose. The rats in the control group were fed only water and rat food, while the rats in the experimental group were fed with water containing 20% D-fructose and rats food for 16 weeks with ad libitum. At the end of the experimental period, the testes and epididymis of the rats were removed. The testes were embedded in paraffin by performing the necessary histological procedure. In …
Evaluation Of The Effects Of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 On The Healing Of Bonecalvarial Defects In Ovariectomized Rats, Ela Tules Kadi̇roğlu, Fati̇h Karayürek, Mehmet Erdem Akbalik
Evaluation Of The Effects Of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 On The Healing Of Bonecalvarial Defects In Ovariectomized Rats, Ela Tules Kadi̇roğlu, Fati̇h Karayürek, Mehmet Erdem Akbalik
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are often used with bone grafts for bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts and externally applied rhBMP-2 on bone healing in experimentally generated defects in the calvarium of ovariectomized and nonovariectomized rats via histological and immunohistochemical assays. The current study was carried out on 42 female Wistar rats. After ovariectomy was performed in half of the rats, the rats were divided into three groups: control, allograft, and allograft + BMP. An experimental defect with a diameter of 4 mm was created unilaterally in the parietal …
The Effects Of Different Doses Of Diclofenac Sodium On Newborn Rat Hippocampus Exposed During The Third Trimester, Ebru Eli̇bol, Süleyman Kaplan, Gamze Altun, Abdurrahman Aksoy, Berri̇n Zuhal Altunkaynak
The Effects Of Different Doses Of Diclofenac Sodium On Newborn Rat Hippocampus Exposed During The Third Trimester, Ebru Eli̇bol, Süleyman Kaplan, Gamze Altun, Abdurrahman Aksoy, Berri̇n Zuhal Altunkaynak
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The main aim of the present study was to examine the neurotoxic effects of prenatal exposure to varying doses of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the rat hippocampus. Twenty-eight Wistar albino adult female rats weighing 280-300 g were initially used for pregnancy. When vaginal plaques were seen in female rats, it was accepted as the 0th day of pregnancy. Female rats were divided into five main groups; pure control, saline, low dose DS (3.6 mg/kg), moderate dose DS (9 mg/kg), and high dose DS (18 mg/kg). They were exposed to these treatments during their gestation. After birth, all newborn male rats …
Evaluation Of The Early Term Healing Effects Of Resveratrol On Corneal Wounds In Rats, Hati̇ce Çi̇lem Perçi̇n, Zülfükar Kadi̇r Saritaş
Evaluation Of The Early Term Healing Effects Of Resveratrol On Corneal Wounds In Rats, Hati̇ce Çi̇lem Perçi̇n, Zülfükar Kadi̇r Saritaş
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of resveratrol (RES) treatment on corneal wound healing. Randomly divided into 2 groups were 26-week-old male Wistar albino rats. Group 1 was the control group (C) and group 2 was the RES group. A 2-3-mm-long vertical incision was made centrally in the right cornea of each rat to the descemet membrane using loupe magnification (2.5X) and the wounds were sutured using 10/0 nylon material. In the RES group, the rats were fed 30 mg/kg/day RES via oral gavage; the C and RES groups were provided food and water ad libitum …
A Review Of Rat Lungworm Infection And Recent Data On Its Definitive Hosts In Hawaii, Chris Niebuhr, Susan I. Jarvi, Shane R. Siers
A Review Of Rat Lungworm Infection And Recent Data On Its Definitive Hosts In Hawaii, Chris Niebuhr, Susan I. Jarvi, Shane R. Siers
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) is a zoonotic nematode that causes rat lungworm disease (angiostrongyliasis), a potentially debilitating form of meningitis, in humans worldwide. The definitive hosts for rat lungworm are primarily members of the genus Rattus, with gastropods as intermediate hosts. This parasite has emerged as an important public health concern in the United States, especially in Hawaii, where the number of human cases has increased in the last decade. Here we discuss the current knowledge of the rat lungworm, including information on the life cycle and host species, as well as updates on known infection levels. Three species of …
Whole Egg Consumption Impairs Insulin Sensitivity In Rat Model Of Obesity And Type 2 Diabetes, Cassondra J. Saande, Megan A. Steffes, Joseph L. Webb, Rudy J. Valentine, Matthew J. Rowling, Kevin Schalinske
Whole Egg Consumption Impairs Insulin Sensitivity In Rat Model Of Obesity And Type 2 Diabetes, Cassondra J. Saande, Megan A. Steffes, Joseph L. Webb, Rudy J. Valentine, Matthew J. Rowling, Kevin Schalinske
Rudy Valentine
Background: The literature regarding the relation between egg consumption and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is inconsistent and there is limited evidence pertaining to the impact of egg consumption on measures of insulin sensitivity. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary whole egg on metabolic biomarkers of insulin resistance in T2D rats. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/cdn/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/cdn/nzz015/5374517 by Iowa State University user on 28 March 2019 Methods: Male Zucker diabetic fatty rats (n=12; 6 wk of age) and their lean controls (n=12; 6 wk of age) were randomly assigned to a casein- or whole egg-based diet. At …
A Review Of Rat Lungworm Infection And Recent Data On Its Definitive Hosts In Hawaii, Chris N. Niebuhr, Susan I. Jarvi, Shane R. Siers
A Review Of Rat Lungworm Infection And Recent Data On Its Definitive Hosts In Hawaii, Chris N. Niebuhr, Susan I. Jarvi, Shane R. Siers
Human–Wildlife Interactions
Rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) is a zoonotic nematode that causes rat lungworm disease (angiostrongyliasis), a potentially debilitating form of meningitis, in humans worldwide. The definitive hosts for rat lungworm are primarily members of the genus Rattus, with gastropods as intermediate hosts. This parasite has emerged as an important public health concern in the United States, especially in Hawaii, where the number of human cases has increased in the last decade. Here we discuss the current knowledge of the rat lungworm, including information on the life cycle and host species, as well as updates on known infection levels. Three …
Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonist Jwh-133 Deteriorates The Liver Toxicity Induced By Cypermethrin*, Hi̇dayet Tutun, Emi̇ne Baydan
Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonist Jwh-133 Deteriorates The Liver Toxicity Induced By Cypermethrin*, Hi̇dayet Tutun, Emi̇ne Baydan
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) has a role in the pathology of some liver diseases. Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used commonly for the control of pests and vectors, and for protection of foodstuffs. In this study, the involvement of CB2 in CYP-induced liver damage in rats was investigated. CYP was applied to rats orally at a dose of 125 mg/kg bw per day for 14 days. CB2 agonist JWH-133 was administered by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 3 mg/kg bw per day for the last 4 days of CYP toxicity. JWH-133 deteriorated the liver damage induced by …
The Effect Of Caffeine On Neuron Number Of Rats Exposedto 900-Mhz Electromagnetic Field, Aydin Him, Nimet Burcu Deniz, Mehmet Emi̇n Önger
The Effect Of Caffeine On Neuron Number Of Rats Exposedto 900-Mhz Electromagnetic Field, Aydin Him, Nimet Burcu Deniz, Mehmet Emi̇n Önger
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
Previous studies have shown that the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by cell phones decreased the number of neurons in some parts of the brain. It was also shown that caffeine protects the nerve cells. This study examines if caffeine has any effects on preventing neuron loss in rats exposed to EMF. Rats were exposed to a 900-MHz EMF for 60 min a day for 28 days. The rats that were exposed to EMF were fed 1 mg/L caffeinated water instead of tap water. The rats in the sham group were put inside the exposure chamber but were not exposed to …
Immunohistochemical Expression Of Secretory Proteins In Pneumonic Rat Lungs, Enver Beytut
Immunohistochemical Expression Of Secretory Proteins In Pneumonic Rat Lungs, Enver Beytut
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The present study evaluated the expression of secretory proteins involving surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, proSP-C), Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), and thyroid transcription factor-I (TTF-I), together with lambda light chain IgG (λ-IgG), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and lymphocytic phenotypes (T and B cells) in the pneumonic rat lungs. The most prominent gross lesion was severe pulmonary abscession. The lungs showed severe parenchymal destruction and necrosis encapsulated by fibrous tissue. Immunostaining for SPs displayed evident hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes. Immunoreaction to SP-A and SP-B occurred strongly on the luminal surface of type II cells, and to proSP-C in the …
Subcutaneous Neurotophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps Or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles, Richard D. Andreatta, Joseph C. Stemple, Tanya S. Seward, Colleen A. Mcmullen
Subcutaneous Neurotophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps Or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles, Richard D. Andreatta, Joseph C. Stemple, Tanya S. Seward, Colleen A. Mcmullen
Physical Therapy Faculty Publications
Laryngeal dysfunction in the elderly is a major cause of disability, from voice disorders to dysphagia and loss of airway protective reflexes. Few, if any, therapies exist that target age-related laryngeal muscle dysfunction. Neurotrophins are involved in muscle innervation and differentiation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). It is thought that neurotrophins enhance neuromuscular transmission by increasing neurotransmitter release. The neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) become smaller and less abundant in aging rat laryngeal muscles, with evidence of functional denervation. We explored the effects of NTF4 for future clinical use as a therapeutic to improve function in aging human laryngeal muscles. Here, we provide …
Bk Channels Mediate Synaptic Plasticity Underlying Habituation In Rats, Tariq Zaman, Cleusa De Oliveira, Mahabba Smoka, Chakravarthi Narla, Michael O. Poulter, Susanne Schmid
Bk Channels Mediate Synaptic Plasticity Underlying Habituation In Rats, Tariq Zaman, Cleusa De Oliveira, Mahabba Smoka, Chakravarthi Narla, Michael O. Poulter, Susanne Schmid
Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications
Habituation is a basic form of implicit learning and represents a sensory filter that is disrupted in autism, schizophrenia, and several other mental disorders. Despite extensive research in the past decades on habituation of startle and other escape responses, the underlying neural mechanisms are still not fully understood. There is evidence from previous studies indicating that BK channels might play a critical role in habituation. We here used a wide array of approaches to test this hypothesis. We show that BK channel activation and subsequent phosphorylation of these channels are essential for synaptic depression presumably underlying startle habituation in rats, …
Effects Of Nigella Sativa And Hypericum Perforatum On Wound Healing, Mehmet Cengi̇z Han, Ali̇ Sai̇d Durmuş, Aydin Sağliyan, Ci̇han Günay, Mustafa Özkaraca, Fati̇h Mehmet Kandemi̇r, Seli̇m Çomakli, Di̇cle Firat Öztopalan
Effects Of Nigella Sativa And Hypericum Perforatum On Wound Healing, Mehmet Cengi̇z Han, Ali̇ Sai̇d Durmuş, Aydin Sağliyan, Ci̇han Günay, Mustafa Özkaraca, Fati̇h Mehmet Kandemi̇r, Seli̇m Çomakli, Di̇cle Firat Öztopalan
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
In this study, it was aimed to determine the influence of applying Nigella sativa (NS) and Hypericum perforatum (HP) on wound healing. A total of 42 female albino 2-month-old Wistar rats were randomly separated into 3 main groups. Each of these main groups was separated into two subgroups for 7- and 14-day postoperative follow-ups. A total of 84 excisional skin wounds, 5 mm in diameter, were created on the backs of the rats. Placebo cream (control group), 50% NS oil cream, and 50% HP oil cream were applied topically for the first, second, and third group, respectively. The wounds were …
Investigation Of Effects Of Fucoidan Polysaccharides Extracted From Twospecies Of Padina On The Wound-Healing Process In The Rat, Moazameh Kordjazi, Bahareh Shabanpour, Ebrahim Zabihi, Mohammad Ali Faramarzi, Hassan Ahmadi Gavlighi, Seyed Mohammad Amin Feghhi, Seyed Abbas Hosseini
Investigation Of Effects Of Fucoidan Polysaccharides Extracted From Twospecies Of Padina On The Wound-Healing Process In The Rat, Moazameh Kordjazi, Bahareh Shabanpour, Ebrahim Zabihi, Mohammad Ali Faramarzi, Hassan Ahmadi Gavlighi, Seyed Mohammad Amin Feghhi, Seyed Abbas Hosseini
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
Seaweeds contains different types of polysaccharides with high abilities. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of fucoidan polysaccharides for wound-healing properties. Fucoidans of two species of Padina (P. tetrastromatica and P. boergesenii), collected from the Persian Gulf northern coastal area, were extracted and analyzed using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Purified fucoidans were used to prepare a 2% topical ointment. Under aseptic conditions, two identical paravertebral full-thickness skin wounds (either by burn or excision) were made in 40 anesthetized male rats allocated into 4 groups. Either fucoidan ointments or the vehicle (ointment base) were applied to rats' wounds …
Effects Of Ketamine On Monoamine Neurotransmittersand Gaba In Embryonic Neurocytes From Fetal Rat, Xinran Li, Mo Liu, Yue Li, Cen Guo, Lina Li, Yanan Li, Yuxin Wang, Yiming Zhang, Li Gao
Effects Of Ketamine On Monoamine Neurotransmittersand Gaba In Embryonic Neurocytes From Fetal Rat, Xinran Li, Mo Liu, Yue Li, Cen Guo, Lina Li, Yanan Li, Yuxin Wang, Yiming Zhang, Li Gao
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The effect of ketamine, a drug commonly used as an anesthetic, on monoaminergic neurotransmitters and GABA in neurocytes from fetal rats has not yet been elucidated. We thus decided to investigate these effects by first evaluating ketamine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography. We thus determined the concentrations of GABA, DA, NE, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA following the addition of four different concentrations of ketamine at day 7 of nerve cell culture. GABA, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA levels were increased after an initial decrease: they showed the lowest levels at 10-15 min and the highest peaks at 45-90 min, …
Ultrastructure Of Rat Umbilical Cord Stroma-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Ahmet Ceylan, Özge Özgenç, Korhan Altunbaş, Petek Korkusuz, Asuman Özen
Ultrastructure Of Rat Umbilical Cord Stroma-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Ahmet Ceylan, Özge Özgenç, Korhan Altunbaş, Petek Korkusuz, Asuman Özen
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
Being multipotent progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells continue to attract attention as a promising tool for cell-based therapy and tissue engineering. However, research on the ultrastructure of these cells is rather scarce. This study was aimed at the investigation of the transmission electron microscopic ultrastructure and morphology of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the stroma of rat umbilical cord using the explant culture method. At the end of the third passage, some of the cells isolated from the stroma of the umbilical cord were harvested for electron microscopic examination. The remaining cells were induced for osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation. …
Predicting Human Drug Toxicity And Safety Via Animal Tests: Can Any One Species Predict Drug Toxicity In Any Other, And Do Monkeys Help?, Jarrod Bailey, Michelle Thew, Michael Balls
Predicting Human Drug Toxicity And Safety Via Animal Tests: Can Any One Species Predict Drug Toxicity In Any Other, And Do Monkeys Help?, Jarrod Bailey, Michelle Thew, Michael Balls
Jarrod Bailey, PhD
Animals are still widely used in drug development and safety tests, despite evidence for their lack of predictive value. In this regard, we recently showed, by producing Likelihood Ratios (LRs) for an extensive data set of over 3,000 drugs with both animal and human data, that the absence of toxicity in animals provides little or virtually no evidential weight that adverse drug reactions will also be absent in humans. While our analyses suggest that the presence of toxicity in one species may sometimes add evidential weight for risk of toxicity in another, the LRs are extremely inconsistent, varying substantially for …
An Analysis Of The Use Of Animal Models In Predicting Human Toxicology And Drug Safety, Jarrod Bailey, Michelle Thew, Michael Balls
An Analysis Of The Use Of Animal Models In Predicting Human Toxicology And Drug Safety, Jarrod Bailey, Michelle Thew, Michael Balls
Jarrod Bailey, PhD
Animal use continues to be central to preclinical drug development, in spite of a lack of its demonstrable validity. The current nadir of new drug approvals and the drying-up of pipelines may be a direct consequence of this. To estimate the evidential weight given by animal data to the probability that a new drug may be toxic to humans, we have calculated Likelihood Ratios (LRs) for an extensive data set of 2,366 drugs, for which both animal and human data are available, including tissue-level effects and MedDRA Level 1–4 biomedical observations. This was done for three preclinical species (rat, mouse …
An In Vivo Study Of The Effects Of Perinatal Caffeine Exposure On Synaptic Efficacy In The Hippocampus Of Freely Moving Adult Rats, Jee Eun Park
Senior Theses and Projects
The synapse from the perforant path to the dentate gyrus has been widely used successfully to demonstrate long-term potentiation, a cellular model underlying learning and memory. Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive stimulants in the world. Caffeine consumption increases in alertness, improvements in motor skills, and neurological functions, and these effects have promoted its use throughout history. Although the many short term cognitive benefits of caffeine intake are well understood, the long term effects of caffeine exposure have been widely disputed. Despite this, it is estimated that over 80% of women continue to consume caffeine throughout pregnancy. …
A Model Of Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, And Vaso-Vagal Responses Produced By Vestibulo-Sympathetic Activation, Theodore Raphan, Bernard Cohen, Yongqing Xiang, Sergei B. Yakushin
A Model Of Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, And Vaso-Vagal Responses Produced By Vestibulo-Sympathetic Activation, Theodore Raphan, Bernard Cohen, Yongqing Xiang, Sergei B. Yakushin
Publications and Research
Blood Pressure (BP), comprised of recurrent systoles and diastoles, is controlled by central mechanisms to maintain blood flow. Periodic behavior of BP was modeled to study how peak amplitudes and frequencies of the systoles are modulated by vestibular activation. The model was implemented as a relaxation oscillator, driven by a central signal related to Desired BP. Relaxation oscillations were maintained by a second order system comprising two integrators and a threshold element in the feedback loop. The output signal related to BP was generated as a nonlinear function of the derivative of the first state variable, which is a summation …
Motor And Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning And Reference Memory Assessment In A Transgenic Rat Model Of Alzheimer's Disease With Stroke, Jennifer L. Au, Nina Weishaupt, Hayley J. Nell, Shawn N. Whitehead, David F. Cechetto
Motor And Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning And Reference Memory Assessment In A Transgenic Rat Model Of Alzheimer's Disease With Stroke, Jennifer L. Au, Nina Weishaupt, Hayley J. Nell, Shawn N. Whitehead, David F. Cechetto
Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk factor for AD, stroke has also been implicated as a risk factor and an exacerbating factor. The co-morbidity of stroke and AD results in worsened stroke-related motor control and AD-related cognitive deficits when compared to each condition alone. To model the combined condition of stroke and AD, a novel transgenic rat model of AD, with a mutated form of amyloid precursor protein (a key protein involved in the development of AD) incorporated into its DNA, is given a small …
Chronic Stress Potentiates The Response To Intra-Bed Nucleus Of The Stria Terminalis (Bnst) Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide (Pacap) Infusion., Steven Bradley King
Chronic Stress Potentiates The Response To Intra-Bed Nucleus Of The Stria Terminalis (Bnst) Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide (Pacap) Infusion., Steven Bradley King
Graduate College Dissertations and Theses
Chronic or repeated exposure to stressful stimuli can result in several maladaptive consequences, including increased anxiety-like behaviors and altered peptide expression in brain structures involved in emotion. Among these structures, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) has been implicated in emotional behaviors as well as regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. In rodents, chronic variate stress (CVS) has been shown to increase BNST pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its cognate PAC1 receptor transcript, and BNST PACAP signaling may mediate the maladaptive changes associated with chronic stress. In order to determine whether chronic stress would potentiate the …