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Articles 1 - 10 of 10
Full-Text Articles in Developmental Neuroscience
Associations Between Early Childhood Sleep, Memory Function, And Brain Development Across The Nap Transition, Sanna Lokhandwala
Associations Between Early Childhood Sleep, Memory Function, And Brain Development Across The Nap Transition, Sanna Lokhandwala
Doctoral Dissertations
Preschool-age children often distribute their sleep across a midday nap and overnight sleep. Skipping the nap is suggested to increase the duration and depth of deep sleep (i.e., slow wave activity; SWA). Moreover, missing the midday nap has been shown to impair learning processes. This may be because children’s brains at this point in development are immature, necessitating the intervening nap period to strengthen memories before they are forgotten. Nonetheless, at some point during the preschool years, many children begin transitioning naturally out of napping. It is unclear whether the memory benefits of overnight SWA after a skipped nap depend …
Effects Of A Circadian Mutation On Adult Neurogenesis, Michael Bahiru
Effects Of A Circadian Mutation On Adult Neurogenesis, Michael Bahiru
Masters Theses
Rotating shift work, irregular sleep patterns and jetlag disrupt circadian rhythms, induce or aggravate disease, and produce deficits in cognitive function. Internal misalignment, a state in which abnormal phase relationships prevail between and within organs, is widely proposed to account for these adverse effects of circadian disruption. This hypothesis has been difficult to test because phase shifts of the entraining environmental cycle lead to transient desynchrony. Thus, it remains possible that phase shifts, regardless of internal desynchrony, account for adverse effects of circadian disruption. I have used the duper mutant hamster, whose locomotor activity rhythms re-entrain 5-fold faster than wild …
The Role Of Sleep On Inhibitory Control In Young Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd), Amanda Cremone
The Role Of Sleep On Inhibitory Control In Young Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd), Amanda Cremone
Doctoral Dissertations
Alongside the hallmark symptoms of hyperactivity and inattention, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often report having sleep problems. Although sleep deficits are consistently found when evaluated subjectively, impairments in sleep physiology are inconsistent. Compared to typically developing (TD) children, children with ADHD have greater spectral power in the delta (0.5 to 4 Hz) and theta frequency bands (4 to 7 Hz). Moreover, activity in these bands is differentially related to cognitive outcomes in ADHD and TD populations. As such, this dissertation sought to examine relations between sleep physiology and inhibitory control, a primary deficit of ADHD, in young children with …
Estradiol Enhances Inflammation During Pubertal Development In Female Mice, Amarylis Velez-Perez
Estradiol Enhances Inflammation During Pubertal Development In Female Mice, Amarylis Velez-Perez
Doctoral Dissertations
There is a dynamic interaction between the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. The main function of the immune system is to protect the organism from pathogens by engaging a network of organs, cells and signaling molecules. Recently, the resident-immune cells of the brain have been found to be critical in supporting the full development of neural circuits during sensitive periods of development. However, over-activation of the immune system during this period can alter the typical trajectory of maturing neural circuits. LPS (lipopolysaccharide) administration decreases hormone-induced adult sexual behavior in mice when administered during puberty, but not when it is …
Effects Of Adolescent Alcohol Binge Drinking On Prefrontal Myelin, Wanette M. Vargas-Rodriguez
Effects Of Adolescent Alcohol Binge Drinking On Prefrontal Myelin, Wanette M. Vargas-Rodriguez
Doctoral Dissertations
Alcohol binge drinking is highly prevalent in teenagers and is associated with various harmful health effects and social problems. During adolescence, brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are still undergoing active development, characterized by increases in white matter volume. While the morphological details and the cellular and molecular sequences governing adolescent white matter development are not fully known, it is known that this development process is sensitive and can be disrupted. Although consumption of alcohol in a binge drinking pattern has been linked to lower white matter integrity in humans, it is important to determine if alcohol is …
Behavioral And Neural Mechanisms Of Impulsive Choice, Jesse Mcclure
Behavioral And Neural Mechanisms Of Impulsive Choice, Jesse Mcclure
Doctoral Dissertations
Impulsive choice is defined as the preference for a small immediate reward over a larger delayed reward. Individual variablity in impulsive choice correlates with many socially relevant behaviors. Although forms of impulsive choice have been studied in both behavioral ecology and psychology, the exchange of knowledge between these fields is just beginning. Drawing from both of these fields will improve our research methods allowing for a more detailed understanding of this complex behavior. Existing tasks to measure impulsive choice conflate the delay and quantity of the reward. To address this, I have drawn from foraging research to establish a method …
Estrogen-Sensitive Learning Is Not Affected By Combination Ethinyl Estradiol And Levonorgestrel Oral Contraceptive Use, Darlene F. Ficco
Estrogen-Sensitive Learning Is Not Affected By Combination Ethinyl Estradiol And Levonorgestrel Oral Contraceptive Use, Darlene F. Ficco
Doctoral Dissertations
Two studies were conducted to explore the cognitive effects of combination ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel contraceptive use during late adolescence and young adulthood. Three groups of females, naturally cycling, active pill phase, and hormone-free interval phase, were tested on a battery of estrogen-sensitive, i.e., place learning and word generation, and estrogen-insensitive, i.e., map drawing, mental rotation, digit span, story recall, and object recall, tasks. Study 2 was conducted as a means to replicate the findings observed in Study 1 and to manipulate task difficulty and sensitivity. Two measures of mood were administered, and salivary estradiol levels at time of testing …
Increased Body Weight In Adulthood Following A Peripubertal Stressor And Proposed Mechanism For Effects Of Increased Adiposity On Estrogen-Dependent Behaviors, Christina F. Gagliardi
Increased Body Weight In Adulthood Following A Peripubertal Stressor And Proposed Mechanism For Effects Of Increased Adiposity On Estrogen-Dependent Behaviors, Christina F. Gagliardi
Masters Theses
Exposure to certain stressors during a sensitive period around puberty can lead to enduring effects on an animal’s response to estradiol. In estradiol-influenced behaviors, such as sexual receptivity, hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, depression-like behavior, and anxiety-like behaviors, exposure to a peripubertal stressor such as shipping stress or an injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can eliminate or even reverse the normal response to estradiol. In addition to regulating these behaviors, estradiol play a role in the regulation of body weight. While some of the previous studies touched on short-term effects on body weight, no systemic long-term study of the effects of a …
Sex Difference In Calbindin Cell Number In The Mouse Preoptic Area: Effects Of Neonatal Estradiol And Bax Gene Deletion, Richard F. Gilmore Iii
Sex Difference In Calbindin Cell Number In The Mouse Preoptic Area: Effects Of Neonatal Estradiol And Bax Gene Deletion, Richard F. Gilmore Iii
Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014
The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) was first discovered in rats and is one of the most famous and best studied sex differences in the field of neuroscience. Though well documented in rats (larger in males than females), this sex difference was only recently able to be observed in mice due to the discovery of the protein calbindin-D28k as a marker. Recent studies have shown a larger, more distinct calbindin-immunoreactive (ir) cell cluster in male mice compared to females. However, the exact location of the cluster and whether the sex difference is one of total cell number …
Early Rearing Experience, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (Hpa) Activity, And Serotonin Transporter Genotype: Influences On The Development Of Anxiety In Infant Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta), Amanda Dettmer
Open Access Dissertations
A gene x environment interaction exists in the expression of anxiety for both human and nonhuman primates, such that individuals who are carriers of the (s) allele of the serotonin transporter genotype ( 5-HTT LPR) and exposed to early life stress are more at risk for exhibiting anxiety. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has also been implicated in anxiety disorders but the relationship between early life/genotype, HPA activity, and anxiety is not well understood. Further, studies linking the HPA axis to anxiety have relied on "point" samples (blood and salivary cortisol) which reflect moments in time rather than long-term activity. The …