Kinesiology Commons^™

The Effects Of An Imagery Intervention On Self-Efficacy During Athletic Injury Rehabilitation, Peyton Ann Bilo

WWU Graduate School Collection

The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of a multiple script imagery intervention on athletes’ task and coping self-efficacy during injury rehabilitation. A multiple baseline design was used to assess for changes in rehabilitation self-efficacy over time. After completing a baseline phase, five adult (M_age = 29.4; SD = 9.6), competitive athletes engaged in a single guided imagery session with the lead researcher. Afterwards, participants were given four imagery audio recordings pertaining to healing, rehabilitation process, motivational, and pain management, and were instructed to listen to them 4 times per week for a range …

Slope Of The Torque-Velocity Relationship Between Males And Females, Robert Bromen

WWU Graduate School Collection

The purpose of this study was to explore potential sex-specific differences in the torque-velocity relationship of the quadriceps and hamstrings. Sixteen male and 10 female recreationally active college students participated in the study. Concentric and eccentric peak torque was measured on a Biodex System 4 Pro at 60, 120, 180 and 240 °/s along with isometric peak torque at a knee angle of 60° (0° = full extension). Peak torque was then normalized to lean body mass as determined by hydrostatic weighing. The rate of change in peak torque as movement velocity increases was then analyzed for differences between sexes. …

Investigate Effects Of Different Step Lengths At A Preferred Walking Speed On Forefoot And Hindfoot Motion, Emily Lovekin

WWU Graduate School Collection

Hindfoot and forefoot motion during the stance phase of walking provide insights into the forward progression of the body over the feet via the rocker mechanisms. These segmental motions are affected by walking speed. Increases in walking speed are accomplished by increasing step length, cadence, or both. It is unknown if taking short, medium, and long steps at the same speed would also increase hindfoot and forefoot motion similarly to walking speed. We examined effects of different step lengths at the same preferred walking speed on peak forefoot and hindfoot motions related to the foot rocker mechanisms. Twelve young healthy …

An Examination Of The Mental Health Symptoms Of Former Adolescent Athletes Who Experienced Either Forced Or Expected Athletic Retirement, Lindsay Ahmann

WWU Graduate School Collection

Forced athletic retirement has been associated with negative mental health symptoms within intercollegiate and elite populations (Blakelock et al., 2016; Wippert & Wippert, 2010), yet less is known about adolescent athletes who retire. The purpose of the current study was to assess the mental health symptoms and flourishing of former non-elite adolescent athletes to determine if there were any group differences based on reasons for retirement, gender, or perceptions of control. Using random stratified sampling, 347 former adolescent athletes (M_age = 19.94) were recruited from colleges across the United States. Of the sample, 43% of participants retired for …

Stress And Flourishing During First Year College Transition: A Comparison Of Former High School Athletes, Recreational Athletes, And Non-Athletes, Becca Pierce

WWU Graduate School Collection

The effects of transitioning to college have been reported, but little is known about how levels of high school athletic identity (AI; Taylor & Ogilvie, 1994), athletic satisfaction (AS; Park et al., 2013), and current recreational sport participation relate to the transition to college. The purpose of this study was to compare the psychological well-being of first-year college students based on previous and current athletic participation. Random stratified and snowball sampling of U.S. universities yielded a sample of 347 first-year college students. Mean differences (p = .007, ɳ² = .035) in flourishing were found between continued (M …

An Exploration Of How Peer Servant Leadership And Basic Psychological Needs Relate To The Intrinsic Motivation And Athletic Coping Skills Of Intercollegiate Athletes, Claire Grace Marie Henninger

WWU Graduate School Collection

In servant leadership (SL), a leader’s primary objective is to fulfill their followers’ needs. Sport-specific research has shown that coach SL is positively related to athletes’ motivation and athletic coping skills (e.g., Hammermeister et al., 2008), but it is unknown if athlete SL has similar relationships to these variables. The aim of this study was to examine how peer SL and basic psychological needs (BPN) related to intrinsic motivation and athletic coping skills and to determine if perceived SL varied between co-acting and interacting sports. Participants were 75 collegiate athletes. Multiple linear regressions indicated that SL and BPN accounted for …

A Comparison Of Dietary Intake In Female College Volleyball Players Before And During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Justine Nuckols

WWU Graduate School Collection

Context: There is little evidence on the comparison of dietary intake in female college volleyball players before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Because of the pressures athletes face to perform, it is important to monitor how athletes respond to adversity. Diet is important to consider when analyzing the overall health of athletes.

Objective: To investigate the effects of a global pandemic on kilocalorie intake and macronutrient consumption in collegiate female volleyball players.

Design: Subjects were invited to provide two diet health questionnaires about dietary intake before and during the pandemic. The questionnaires were the same.

Setting: An internet link to …

A State-Of-The-Art Review On The Underlying Mechanisms Of Running Economy, Paul Allen Sage

WWU Graduate School Collection

Running economy is determined by multiple physiological, biomechanical, and neuromuscular variables. Lower extremity stiffness has been identified as a primary factor in the determination of running economy due to its role in the utilization of elastic energy. Recent research exploring fascia has uncovered new insights into the underlying mechanisms driving the storage and utilization of elastic energy during running. New insights coupled with improvements in musculoskeletal modeling techniques and in instrumentation, allowing for accurate non-invasive quantification of passive stiffness, has opened the door for further exploration of running economy. The intention of this state-of-the-art review is to summarize the established …

A Comparison Of The Actual And Recommended Diving Profiles Of Dominican Republic Diver Fishermen, Kasey Mallon Andrews

WWU Graduate School Collection

Decompression stops upon ascent of a dive help to decrease the likelihood of developing decompression sickness in divers. The purpose of this study was to compare the actual versus the recommended dive profiles of compressor fishermen in the Dominican Republic to explore the occupational risk associated with decompression sickness that these fishermen endure. For this study, 10 male diver fishermen from Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic self-reported their diving profiles including the dive depth, the time spent at that specific depth, the duration of ascent, and the surface interval between repeat dives, for each dive conducted in a single workday. The …

Exploration Of Dancers' Post-Injury Psychological Experiences, MaríSa Kelly Rose Fernandez

WWU Graduate School Collection

Approximately 95% of dancers suffer from musculoskeletal pain, and rates of musculoskeletal injury in professional dancers range between 20% to 84% (Hincapié et al., 2008). In addition to the mechanical disturbances that injuries have on physical functioning, athletic injuries often trigger psychological and emotional distress (Anderson et al., 2004; Wiese-Bjornstal et al., 1998). Sport athletes have reported emotions including frustration, depression, fear, and anger post-injury, among other psychological responses (Johnston & Carroll, 1998; Macchi & Crossman, 1996; Tracey, 2003). Dancers, like sport athletes, face inherent risks for injury due to the artistry and physicality of dancing (Hincapié et al., 2008), …

Training Patterns Of Tactical Athletes, Emily Elliott

WWU Graduate School Collection

An online survey was administered to determine what physical fitness training tactical athletes are currently participating in and determine training patterns among the tactical athlete community. One hundred two participants from law enforcement (n = 35), firefighting (n = 11), and military (n =54) were all accepted for this study. The first portion of the survey determined the occupational requirements for physical fitness training. The second portion of the survey determined the frequency, type, and duration of participants’ training within the last six months. This study demonstrated a heavy focus on cardiorespiratory, muscular strength, and muscular endurance in tactical athletes. …

Exploring Social Physique Anxiety, Ethnic Identity, And Gender Identity In Exercisers, Kelly M. Zwicker

WWU Graduate School Collection

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships and predictability of ethnic identity, race/ethnicity, and gender identity of social physique anxiety (SPA) in exercisers. Random stratified sampling of two popular exercise chains in the U.S. and snowball sampling resulted in 1,765 regular exerciser participants, including nine different races/ethnicities and eight gender identities. There was a small, negative correlation between SPA and total ethnic identity for the entire sample (r_s = -.063, p= .008). For White/European American exercisers, there was a small, negative correlation (r_s = -.093, p = .001), and for Black/African American …

Qualitative Analysis Of The Career Transition Experiences Of Intercollegiate Athletes With High Athletic Identity: A Comparison Of Athletes With High Or Low Religiosity, Zachary Willis

WWU Graduate School Collection

There is some evidence that athletes with high athletic identity experience psychological difficulties with organizing their life following competitive athletic retirement (Erpič et al., 2004). The purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand the transition experiences of intercollegiate athletes with above average athletic identity and to also compare transition experiences between athletes with high religious faith (HRF) and low religious faith (LRF). Participants included 72 former intercollegiate athletes (69.4% female; M_age = 22.6 years; 84.7% White), who completed online surveys of athletic identity and religious faith, as well as open-ended questions about athletic transition. Inductive thematic analysis …

The Effect Of Emg Biofeedback Training On Muscle Activation In An Impingement Population, Eliot Mackay

WWU Graduate School Collection

Background: The shoulder is injury prone and subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS) is one of the most diagnosed causes of pain in the region.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle activity between healthy and SAIS shoulders on the same subject and to understand the effectiveness of EMG biofeedback (EBFB) on bilateral overhead movements.

Design: Ten participants (7 male), that tested positive for 2/3 SAIS clinical tests, volunteered for the study. Bilateral muscle activity was measured via electrodes on the Upper Trapezius (UT), Lower Trapezius (LT), Serratus Anterior (SA), and Lumbar Paraspinals (LP). Kinematic testing involved 3 continuous …

The Effects Of Different String Positions Of The Bow On Right Scapular Kinematics In Experienced Violin Players, Shannon Stein, Jun San Juan, Sarah Pine, Stephanie Hall

WWU Honors College Senior Projects

Shoulder health is vital to the ability of violinists to play their instruments, but poor posture is considered a major risk of injury to violin players. For those who perform professionally, shoulder injuries endanger their careers. Therefore, finding shoulder postures that promote shoulder endurance and health are important. To this aim, the purpose of this study is to examine the scapular kinematics involved in playing on different strings of the violin. Five college-aged experienced violin players (male=1, female=4) with no recent history of shoulder surgery or severe shoulder pain volunteered to participate in this study. Kinematic sensors were placed on …

The Effects Of Hip Position On Scapular Kinematics And Muscle Activation In The Oblique Sling: A Simulated Study, Sarah Elizabeth Pine

WWU Graduate School Collection

The purpose of this study was to measure differences in scapular kinematics and muscular activation, associated with shoulder stabilization and the oblique sling, as a result of changes in hip position. Scapular kinematics and muscular activation of the latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and the contralateral gluteus maximus were measured during scapular plane humeral elevation. Subjects (n=25 male and female) were required to elevate the dominant arm up to 120º while remaining in the scapular plane and performed the following conditions in randomized order: standing bilateral hip extension, seated bilateral hip flexion, and seated unilateral …

The Effects Of 6 Weeks Of Hip-Strengthening Exercises On Drop Jump Performance In Middle School Students, Blake Corl-Baietti

WWU Graduate School Collection

The anterior cruciate ligament is the most frequently injured ligament in youth ages 8-14 (years) in the United States. This injury is often observed with abnormal valgus knee posture during dynamic landing tasks. Improvement of hip muscle function has positive associations with increasing lower extremity dynamic task competency. Much remains unknown with respect to the merit of integrating hip muscle-specific exercise programs in the aged 8-14 population for improving knee posture during jump landing. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to quantify the effects of 6-weeks of hip strengthening exercises on frontal plane knee position in the drop jump …

Active And Passive Joint Position Sense On Healthy Hips, Julianna J. Johnson

WWU Graduate School Collection

Hip proprioception has been tested on various populations, but there is limited research on healthy young adults. Primary assessments of proprioception for hip have been on joint position sense (JPS), but fewer studies have accomplished this in an unconstraint testing apparatus with angular repositioning tasks. Purpose of this study was to examine effects of active and passive repositioning on hip JPS in healthy young adults. It was hypothesized that active JPS error scores would be lower compared to passive JPS error scores. There was a total of 15 subjects in the study. Digitization of anatomical landmarks were used to create …

The Effects Of Hallux Valgus And Walking Speed On Dynamic Balance In Older Adults, Carolyn E. Barbee

WWU Graduate School Collection

Hallux valgus (HV) contributes to deficits in static balance and increased fall risk in older adults. Very limited research has examined dynamic balance deficits in walking in this population. These individuals generally walk slowly, as balance challenge is lesser at slow speeds. The purpose of this study was to examine dynamic balance in older adults with HV compared to healthy controls at controlled slow and fast speeds. Nineteen older adults with HV and 13 healthy controls completed 5 continuous walking trials at 1.0 and 1.3 m·s^-1 as whole body marker position and ground reaction force data were captured. Dynamic …

Occam's Razor Vol. 9 - Full (2019)

Occam's Razor

No abstract provided.

Fascia Thickness And Mechanical Demand At The Ankle Joint During Dance Jumps In Classically Trained Ballet Dancers, Sarah Perry

WWU Graduate School Collection

Ballet is an athletic activity that combines aesthetics and artistry with power and ­­­­­skill. One of the most athletic aspects of dance is observed during jumps. Many jumps in ballet involve takeoff from a single leg, but differ in propulsion direction. To assess differences in mechanical demand, two single leg jumps commonly trained in ballet were compared; a saut de chat (SDC) and a temp levé from a step (SLSJ). Fifteen female classically trained dancers with similar number of years of training (13.9 ± 5.0 years) were instrumented with lower body reflective markers and performed each jump three times on …

The Effect Of A Brief Mindfulness Intervention On Free-Throw Shooting Performance Under Pressure, Nathan J. Wolch

WWU Graduate School Collection

Pressure situations in sport can be a source of anxiety for athletes (Craft, Magyar, Becker, & Feltz, 2003). Research indicates that a brief mindfulness training can improve math performance under pressure (Brunye et al., 2013); however, no known studies have examined the effects of mindfulness practice on an athletic performance under pressure. Therefore, this experiment investigated the effects of a brief mindfulness training on basketball free-throw shooting under pressure. Participants were 32 college-aged (M_age = 21.29), male competitive basketball players. Participants shot 20 free-throws in a low-pressure phase, then were pair-matched by free-throws made and randomly assigned to …

Effects Of Deep Slow Breath Training On Performance And Recovery During High Intensity Interval Cycling, Andrew D. (Andrew David) Brown

WWU Graduate School Collection

The present investigation sought to delineate the effects of a six-week deep slow breathing (DSB) program on measures of cycling performance (mean power: MP), recovery (heart rate recovery: HRR, and expired carbon dioxide: VCO₂), and pulmonary capacities (vital capacity: VC, forced expiratory volume: FEV₁, and maximum voluntary ventilation: MVV). Twenty male cyclists were divided into training (n=10) and control (n=10) groups, where the training group completed a six-week DSB program in addition to their own training while the control group completed no breathe training. Participants completed two testing sessions, one before and one after the six-week …

Exploring The Relationship Between Stress-Related Growth And Basic Psychological Needs Following Athletic Injuries, Samantha L. Macdonald

WWU Graduate School Collection

Approximately 8.6 million sport-related injuries occur yearly in the United States that cause a variety of physical and psychological outcomes. One positive psychological consequence after injury is stress-related growth (SRG), which is positive change experienced after undergoing something stressful. The aim of the present study was to investigate how the full model of basic psychological needs was related to SRG and explore sources of need satisfaction while injured. SRG and basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration was measured in 93 competitive adult athletes who suffered lower limb sport injuries within the past 5 years. Multiple regression analyses did not result …

Effect Of Pedal Stance Width Manipulation Via Pedal Spacers On Lower Limb Frontal Plane Kinematics During Cycling, Andrew Fife

WWU Graduate School Collection

Anecdotal evidence suggests that frontal plane kinematics of the lower extremity may be an important aspect of bicycle fit, however, frontal plane adjustments are often overlooked during common fit procedures. The purpose of this study was to manipulate pedal stance width through the use of pedal spacers to determine their influence on frontal plane kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle during cycling. Twenty-four young healthy subjects (12 female) recreational cyclists completed five minutes of pedaling at their preferred cadence and power output under three stance widths conditions: no spacer, 20 mm spacer, and 30 mm spacer. The pedaling cadence …

Effect Of Cupping Therapy On Respiratory Gas Exchange In Trained Endurance Runners, Maximilian Antush

WWU Graduate School Collection

The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of myofascial decompression through cupping therapy (CT) on running economy (RE) in well-trained runners. Five minutes of CT or placebo gel (PG) was applied to bilateral hip extensor muscles of 15 well-trained runners (n = 7 female, n = 8 male) after a 10-minute treadmill warm-up. Running economy was measured using two 6-minute steady-state treadmill runs, one at a standardized velocity (females = 3.93 m·s^-1; males = 4.47 m·s^-1) and the other at 10-km race velocity. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ max) test followed the RE …

Trunk, Hip And Knee Motions During A Step-Down Test And Running In Patellofemoral Pain Individuals, Katie Olinger

WWU Graduate School Collection

Context: A common knee injury in runners is patellofemoral femoral pain syndrome (PFPS). The step-down test (SDT) is used to analyze lower extremity motions in runners with PFPS because kinematics are similar for the SDT and running. Individuals with PFPS often experience altered kinematics when compared to healthy. However, there are no known studies that examine the relationship in kinematics between the SDT and running.

Objective: Examine the relationship between lower extremity kinematics of the knee, hip and trunk in runners with PFPS and healthy controls, during the midstance of running and during a SDT.

Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen …

Joint Motions Of The Knee, Hip, And Trunk During A Single-Leg Step-Down Test And Running, Cody J. Brocato

WWU Graduate School Collection

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between kinematic variables at the knee, hip, and trunk during a single-leg step-down test (SDT) and running. Twenty-five healthy subjects (12 male, 13 female) participated in the study; mean ± SD age, 32.8 ± 5.9 years; height, 173.9 ± 8.7 cm; body mass, 70.84 ± 11.3 kg; run volume, 59.5 ± 30.4 km/wk; cadence, 173.1 ± 11.5 steps/min). Dominant leg peak knee flexion was identified during the run (PKF-RUN) and used to find frontal plane knee and hip, and sagittal plane trunk angles. The same treadmill-matched knee flexion angle for …

Does Cycling Cadence Affect Interlimb Symmetry In Pedaling Power In Individuals With Parkinson's Disease?, Gary D. Wiley Jr.

WWU Graduate School Collection

Cycling at faster pedaling rates leads to symptomatic improvement in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, these patients show inter-limb asymmetry in pedaling power when cycling at their slow self-selected cadence. The effects of faster pedaling cadence on symmetry of effort between limbs is unknown. We compared the effect of pedaling cadence on symmetry of crank power output in individuals with PD versus healthy controls. In this case series, two participants with PD and two healthy controls performed 3-minute bouts of stationary cycling at three cadences (50, 65, 80 rpm) at 60W and self-selected workload. Power output contribution of each …

A Comparison Of The Effect Of Conditioning Activity Type On Post-Activation Potentiation, Alexander I. Grey

WWU Graduate School Collection

This study compared the effects of two conditioning exercise types on subsequent countermovement jump performance. Fifteen male collegiate rugby players (age 21.1 ± 2.3) completed two experimental protocols in a randomized order. The first protocol consisted of 3 sets of a 5 second maximal isometric half squat (ISO), with 1 minute rest intervals between sets. The second protocol consisted of 2 sets of 5 depth jumps (DJ) at a platform height which was determined by the athletes’ reactive strength index (RSI). These methods were each adapted from prior literature where post-activation potentiation (PAP) was achieved, in order to determine the …