Water Law Commons^™

Center For Biological Diversity V. Jewell, Kirsa Shelkey

Public Land & Resources Law Review

Following years of pressure to list the upper Missouri River population of Arctic grayling as an endangered or threatened species, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service issued a 2014 Finding that listing the fish was “not warranted at this time.” The Service relied on voluntary Candidate Conservation Agreements with Assurances in the Big Hole River Basin to determine that listing criteria under the Endangered Species Act was not met and therefore listing was not necessary. Ultimately, the court deferred to agency expertise and found that the Service’s decision not to list the Arctic grayling was reasonable.

From Environmental Rights To Environmental Rule Of Law: A Proposal For Better Environmental Outcomes, Jessica Scott

Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law

With the recent lead contamination crisis in Flint, Michigan, the unfavorable United States country report of the former United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation seems prescient. The Special Rapporteur’s report highlighted the problem of drinking water contaminated from lead pipes and the disproportionate burdens Black Americans face in accessing safe drinking water. The report argues that the U.S. should address these issues by explicitly recognizing a human right to safe drinking water and sanitation under U.S. law.

Like the Special Rapporteur, much of the literature and some environmental advocates call for environmental …

Reducing Overdraft And Respecting Water Rights Under California's 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act: A View From The Kern County Farming Sector, Ashley Mettler

Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal

California groundwater is an invaluable drought reserve for agricultural farmers. With historically dry conditions affecting the annual water supply, precious groundwater has become one of the last water resources available to growers in the Central Valley. The devastating drought effects have necessitated the use of groundwater to help offset the surface water deprivation, and the increase in groundwater usage has become a source of growing conflict among water users and environmentalists across the state.

In 2014, the California Legislature introduced the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), opening the door to a new era of water management and new challenges for …

United States Army Corps Of Engineers V. Hawkes Co., Jonah Brown

Public Land & Resources Law Review

When landowners seek to determine if a permit is required from the Army Corps of Engineers to discharge dredged or fill material into waters within their property boundaries, they may first obtain a jurisdictional determination specifying whether “waters of the United States” are present. In an 8-0 judgment, Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes was a victory for landowners, concluding that an approved jurisdictional determination is a final agency action reviewable under the Administrative Procedure Act.

There's Something In The Water: The Ehb Disregards Its Mandate And Disrespects Contract Law In Robinson Coal Company V. Department Of Environmental Protection, Ryan P. Duffy

Villanova Environmental Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Making The Most Of El Nino: Stormwater Collection And Rainwater Harvesting As Potential Solutions To Water Shortages In Southern California, Benjamin A. Harris

Villanova Environmental Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Water, Water Everywhere, But Just How Much Is Clean?: Examining Water Quality Restoration Efforts Under The United States Clean Water Act And The United States-Canada Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, Jill T. Hauserman

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Using The Clean Water Act To Tackle Ocean Acidification: When Carbon Dioxide Pollutes The Oceans, Miyoko Sakashita

Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy

Carbon dioxide is an invisible pollutant that threatens water quality and entire marine ecosystems. The oceans absorb carbon pollution from the atmosphere, which reacts with seawater causing it to become more acidic. Ocean acidification impairs the growth, survival and reproduction of marine animals, and if unabated will massively disrupt entire ecosystems. One of the most powerful tools that we have to combat ocean acidification is the Clean Water Act—a law that has successfully solved difficult water pollution problems for decades. This article will discuss how the Clean Water Act can be leveraged to address ocean acidification and to protect our …

Dealing With Ocean Acidification: The Problem, The Clean Water Act, And State And Regional Approaches, Robin Kundis Craig

Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy

Ocean acidification is often referred to as climate change’s “evil twin.” As the global ocean continually absorbs much of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide produced through the burning of fossil fuels, its pH is dropping, causing a plethora of chemical, biological, and ecological impacts. These impacts immediately threaten local and regional fisheries and marine aquaculture; over the long term, they pose the risk of a global mass extinction event. As with climate change itself, the ultimate solution to ocean acidification is a worldwide reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. In the interim, however, environmental groups such as the Center for Biological Diversity …

Front Matter, Natural Resources Journal

Natural Resources Journal

No abstract provided.

Environmental Protection By Coastal States: The Paradigm From Marine Transport Of Petroleum, Joseph C. Sweeny

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

International Fisheries Regulation, John P. Rivers

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Understanding The Lloyd Moratorium And The Science That Supports It, Sarah J. Meyland

Pace Environmental Law Review

This article examines the background to the enactment of the Lloyd Moratorium, the role of science, and a discussion of why limits on certain groundwater use are appropriate. Section Two reviews the history of the Lloyd Moratorium and the challenges to it. The role of the State in implementing the moratorium is also considered. Section Three describes the current guidelines for Lloyd well permits. Section Four reviews the vulnerability of the Lloyd aquifer. Section Five discusses the necessity of setting a high bar for Lloyd aquifer access. Section Six concludes with an outline of how the Long Island aquifer system …

Troubled Water: An Examination Of The Npdes Permit Shield, Stephanie Rich

Pace Environmental Law Review

In this comment I argue for a narrow interpretation of the Clean Water Act (CWA) permit shield by analyzing the recent federal cases addressing the shield’s scope. A narrow interpretation calls for a greater level of compliance and disclosure on behalf of the permit holder in order to invoke the shield’s protection. This argument also includes a higher standard of “reasonable contemplation” of pollutants on the part of the regulator. The first section of this comment gives a brief background of the CWA, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), and the permit shield provision. The next section presents the …

Drought And California's Role In The Colorado River Compact, Ciara Dineen

Journal of Legislation

No abstract provided.

Passage And Flow Considered Anew: Wild Salmon Restoration Via Hydro Relicensing, Paul Stanton Kibel

Public Land & Resources Law Review

No abstract provided.

A Sacred Responsibility: Governing The Use Of Water And Related Resources In The International Columbia Basin Through The Prism Of Tribes And First Nations, Matthew J. Mckinney, Richard Kyle Paisley, Molly Smith Stenovec

Public Land & Resources Law Review

In the fall of 2012, leaders from Columbia Basin First Nations and tribes participated, along with about 150 other people, in the 4th transboundary symposium convened by the Universities Consortium on Columbia River Governance. Gathered on the shores of Flathead Lake in Polson, Montana, the participants explored the interests, rights, roles, and responsibilities of indigenous people in the international Columbia River Basin. This symposium generated two notable outcomes: first, The Columbia River Basin: A Sense of the Future—a synthesis of interests and concerns with regard to the future of the transboundary river basin as captured by the Universities Consortium during …

Don't Eat The Brown Snow! Utilizing Wastewater For Artificial Snow: A Slippery Slope Between Protecting Skiers And Encouraging Water Reuse, Katie A. Duquette

Villanova Environmental Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Coastal Conservation Association V. United States Department Of Commerce, Taylor R. Thompson

Public Land & Resources Law Review

The Eastern Louisiana District Court upheld Amendment 40 to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council’s Reef Management Plan. The court held that the Gulf Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service’s proposed rule establishing fishing quotas for the red snapper met all of the statutory guidelines imposed under the Magnusson-Stevens Act.

When Self-Policing Does Not Cut It: Cruising, Rcra, And Hazardous Waste On The High Seas, Chris Ryan, Michelle Bedoya

Barry Law Review

No abstract provided.

Coal Ash And Groundwater: Past, Present And Future Implications Of Regulation, John Daniels

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.

Message In A Water Bottle: The Call For A Tri-State Tmdl For Western Lake Erie, Lauren Coleman

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.

Emerging Contaminants In Virginia, Peter L. Defur, Laura E. Williams, Sarah D. Sanford

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

This Article summarizes the rise of emerging contaminants in waterways in Virginia and nationwide, and how they affect ecological and human health. First, we review the scientific discovery of chemicals that alter hormone systems, reproductive and developmental processes and how these were discovered in waterways. We go on to explain the current state of emerging contaminant regulations, noting that few states have a clear understanding of what chemicals are discharged into surface waters. The Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) has no national effort in this area, despite congressional interest and action. Finally, we make recommendations for future emerging contaminant control and …

Essay – The Toxic Legacy Of Coal Ash On Southeastern Rivers, Waterways, And Reservoirs, Cale Jaffe

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

My talk focuses on what I have called the toxic legacy of coal ash pollution in the Southeastern United States, andmy goal today is to give you all an insight into how we in the environmental community—by which I mean the waterkeepers and riverkeepers—are seeing this issue. I also hope to share with you the perspective of the impacted communities and families that live downstream of these coal ash lagoons.

Barometer Rising: The Cartagena Protocol On Biosafety As A Model For Holistic International Regulation Of Ocean Fertilization Projects And Other Forms Of Geoengineering, Matthew Hubbard

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.

The Golden Rule* Of Water Management, Russell M. Mcglothlin, Jena Shoaf Acos

Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal

California follows a “Golden Rule” of water management, which requires management of the state’s water for maximum beneficial use. This principle is codified at Article X, Section 2 of California’s Constitution. However, the Golden Rule has a qualifier—an asterisk—which requires that water management “preserve water right priorities to the extent those priorities do not lead to unreasonable use.” We call this qualifier the Mojave Rule, named after the California Supreme Court’s decision in City of Barstow v. Mojave Water Agency. The Golden Rule* is the foundation of water management in California and the Mojave Rule is the key qualifier. …

Not All Water Stored Underground Is Groundwater: Aquifer Privatization And California's 2014 Groundwater Sustainable Management Act, Adam Keats, Chelsea Tu

Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal

California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act of 2014 (“Act”) has been heralded as a “once-in-a-century achievement.” While some have criticized the Act’s relatively modest regulatory goals, long compliance deadlines, and weak enforcement powers, others have hailed the mere accomplishment of the state passing some form of groundwater legislation and celebrated the Act’s stated goals of protecting existing water rights and local control of groundwater supplies. Some groundwater basins may prove to be well-suited for the regulatory scheme imposed by the Act, but equitable regulation of other groundwater basins may be challenged by current and future efforts to privatize these groundwater resources. …

A Vineyardist's View On Reasonable Use And Frost Protection Diversions Under California Water Law, Nicholas Jacobs

Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal

This Article will discuss the Light case from the perspective of my firm’s vineyardist clients—including our understanding of the Reasonable Use Doctrine and its application to the frost protection regulation.

The underlying premise of the frost protection regulation is the theory that reductions in streamflow caused by frost protection diversions cause or contribute to stranding of juvenile salmonids in the exposed gravel banks of the rivers and streams in the Russian River watershed. One of the key issues in Light was whether good science supports this theory. From the perspective of my vineyardist clients, the State Board relied on very …

Reasonable Use On The Russian River: A Brief History Of The Frost Protection Rule, Brian J. Johnson

Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal

The Russian River Frost Protection Regulation (“Frost Protection Rule”) states that “any diversion of water from the Russian River stream system, including the pumping of hydraulically connected groundwater, for purposes of frost protection” must be diverted in accordance with an approved “water demand management program” (WDMP), or the diversion “is an unreasonable method of diversion and use and a violation of Water Code section 100.” The California State Water Resources Control Board (“State Water Board”) adopted the Frost Protection Rule on September 20, 2011.

Litigation over the rule culminated in the decision in Light et al. v. State Water Res. …

Desperate Times Call For Sensible Measures: The Making Of The California Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, Tina Cannon Leahy

Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal

The story of how California passed the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)—popularly pronounced as “Sigma”—is an example of how what occurs “overnight” can be a century in the making.

California is frequently the United States’ leader in sustainability and progressive regulation. Sections of the State’s Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act were models for the modern federal Clean Water Act. The federal Clean Air Act provided California a preemption waiver that not only allowed it to set its own automobile emissions standards but empowered other states to choose between the stricter California standard and the federal standard. With a market share …