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Articles 1 - 30 of 66
Full-Text Articles in Legal Remedies
Navigating The Legal Waters Of Privatized Commodities And Human Rights: An Exploration Of The Tension Between Water As A Human Right And Water As Investment Property Under International Law, Ella Capen
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
This Note examines the clash between domestic law and international law within the context of Chile’s 2022 modification to the 1981 Water Code as the country transitions from treating water as a privatized commodity to water as a public good. Chile’s 1981 Water Code emerged against the backdrop of a neoliberal economic regime and privatization scheme enabled by the United States and enforced by dictator Augusto Pinochet. This Note reveals the potential difficulties in unraveling established economic and legal foundations, and the conflicts between bilateral investment treaties and local legislation that mutually govern property rights. By examining Chile’s domestic Law …
Speak Up, Pay Up: Why New York Should Enact The Speak Your Truth Act And End The Chilling Effect On Sexual Assault Survivors Following The #Metoo Era, Maya Burnette
Journal of Law and Policy
Sexual assault is one of the most prevalent forms of violence in the United States. It is also one of the least reported. With criminal and civil avenues often providing little justice, many survivors turned to the public to tell their stories. In the wake of the #MeToo movement, thousands of survivors publicly shared their experiences, prompting significant social and legislative change. Yet many who spoke out faced retaliatory defamation lawsuits filed by alleged abusers to silence them. These suits, commonly known as Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (“SLAPP suits”), pose a substantial threat to survivors’ speech. Despite recent reforms, …
Esg-Based Litigation: A Solution To Social Media Companies’ Immunization From Liability For Human Trafficking On Their Platforms, Grace Dore
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
Social media platforms have transformed communication, but they have also become a critical tool for human traffickers, who use them to recruit victims, maintain control, and facilitate illegal activities. Despite this, social media companies have largely avoided legal accountability due to the broad immunity provided by Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”), which courts have interpreted to shield platforms from lawsuits arising from user activity. Congress has sought to address this gap through legislation such as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (“TVPA”) and the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (“FOSTA”). However, these efforts …
Property, Recognition, And The Problem Of The Term “Debtor”: Rethinking Eligibility In Chapter 15 Cross-Border Insolvency, Jonathan Lent
Property, Recognition, And The Problem Of The Term “Debtor”: Rethinking Eligibility In Chapter 15 Cross-Border Insolvency, Jonathan Lent
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
Congress knows how to draft a property requirement. There is no such requirement for a Chapter 15 debtor to seek recognition of its foreign proceeding, yet there is a circuit split on the issue. In 2005, Congress enacted Chapter 15 through the Bankruptcy Consumer Protection and Consumer Act (“BAPCPA”). The Second Circuit in In re Barnet held that section 109(a), along with its property requirement, applies in a Chapter 15 case through section 103(a), which provides that Chapter 1 of the bankruptcy code applies to Chapter 15. The Eleventh Circuit, in In re Al Zawawi, relying on jurisprudence decided under …
Chapter 9 Bankruptcy: The Solution That Causes Problems, Peter C. Alexander
Chapter 9 Bankruptcy: The Solution That Causes Problems, Peter C. Alexander
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
There is a little-known form of bankruptcy called a “Chapter 9,” reserved for insolvent cities, villages, and other municipalities. Occasionally, one reads about a city or a county that has filed for Chapter 9 relief, like Detroit, Michigan, or Orange County, California; however, it is very hard to file a Chapter 9 case, in part, because existing law requires a municipality to obtain permission from its home state before it can file for relief in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court. An additional constraint is that the only option municipalities have when seeking bankruptcy relief is to file a Chapter 9 because …
Court Appointed Monitorships: Effective Remedy Or Modern Misstep?, Jean Joun
Court Appointed Monitorships: Effective Remedy Or Modern Misstep?, Jean Joun
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
When a corporate entity or organization violates the law, there are several remedies the courts may enforce against the bad actor. Most common are damages—both compensatory and punitive—and injunctive relief. The class of injunctive relief that most are familiar with is the kind that restrains the bad actor from a conduct or behavior. However, courts in certain instances may decide, either on their own volition or after being asked to consider such a remedy by a prosecuting entity, to appoint a compliance monitor with the function of ensuring that the bad actor continues traversing a legally sound path. Although court-ordered …
Who Owns Your Adventure? A Need For Legislative Clarity For Streamed Performances Of Video Games, Harrison Busalacchi
Who Owns Your Adventure? A Need For Legislative Clarity For Streamed Performances Of Video Games, Harrison Busalacchi
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
Video games contain copyrighted material that could easily be infringed upon by people streaming a performance of them playing the game. However, the streamers can protect themselves from infringement liability by transforming the content in some form or fashion such that their performance constitutes “fair use” of the copyrighted material. This is often accomplished by the streamer providing commentary while playing the game or adding a small video of themselves in the corner of the stream so that the viewers can see the streamers’ reactions to the content. With artificial intelligence seeing exponential growth in the past couple of years …
Emission Impossible: Challenging The Imposition Of New York City’S Local Law 97, Daniel Lopiccolo
Emission Impossible: Challenging The Imposition Of New York City’S Local Law 97, Daniel Lopiccolo
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
New York City’s Local Law 97 was passed by the City Council in 2019 with the goal of reducing citywide carbon emissions. The law imposes civil penalties on property owners whose buildings fail to comply with carbon emissions limits stipulated by the city. While the law admirably aims to minimize New York’s carbon footprint, its present burden is excessive and disproportionate to the offense committed, making the cost of affording lower and middle-class housing units increasingly untenable for many New Yorkers, especially for property owners in co-op and condo communities. Many such as Glen Oaks Village Owners, Inc., the plaintiffs …
Into The Twilight Zone: Reverse Citizenship Discrimination, Damage Caps, And Escalating Incoherence, William R. Corbett
Into The Twilight Zone: Reverse Citizenship Discrimination, Damage Caps, And Escalating Incoherence, William R. Corbett
Brooklyn Law Review
Federal employment discrimination law has become such an asymmetrical and largely incoherent body of law that those who find themselves in its midst can feel as though they have entered another realm or dimension—the “twilight zone.” The role of Section 1981 (42 U.S.C. § 1981) in federal employment discrimination law poses some significant mysteries and problems. The statute was enacted as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to ensure the rights of recently liberated slaves, and it was amended in 1870. One of the rights guaranteed by Section 1981 is the right to make and enforce contracts on …
When Poison Is On The Menu: Proposing The Adoption Of Ireland’S Stricter Allergen Regulations In America’S Food Establishments, Katherine Fitzgerald
When Poison Is On The Menu: Proposing The Adoption Of Ireland’S Stricter Allergen Regulations In America’S Food Establishments, Katherine Fitzgerald
Journal of Law and Policy
In the modern era, a growing number of children and adults have been diagnosed with deadly food allergies. For the approximately 33 million Americans who have at least one food allergy, restaurants, aside from the home, are the most likely place where deadly reactions could occur. In order to adapt to this expanding and sensitive population, the federal government should pass legislation that protects these citizens from suffering a preventable, untimely death. Luckily, the legislators of the European Union, and specifically Ireland, have already put food labeling legislation in place that serves to protect those with food allergies. This Irish …
America’S Rampant Gun Epidemic: How 3d Printers Are Only Adding Fuel To The Fire, Haley Lustbader
America’S Rampant Gun Epidemic: How 3d Printers Are Only Adding Fuel To The Fire, Haley Lustbader
Journal of Law and Policy
The assassination of the United Healthcare CEO in December of 2024 captivated national attention, specifically over the killer’s use of a homemade three dimensional (“3D”) printed gun. The use of 3D printing poses a breadth of opportunity for useful and valuable innovation across a variety of fields, such as allowing advancements in medical technology. However, with technology expansion comes associated risk and, in this case, that risk is the potential for increased presence of illegal firearms. Anyone with access to a 3D printer can download the necessary files and print weapon parts to create their own unregistered, untraceable firearms, including …
A Stronger Future For Family Law Arbitration: Enhancing The Uniform Family Law Arbitration Act To Shield The Vulnerable, Jayden Solomon
A Stronger Future For Family Law Arbitration: Enhancing The Uniform Family Law Arbitration Act To Shield The Vulnerable, Jayden Solomon
Journal of Law and Policy
The rising popularity of alternative dispute resolution (“ADR”) methods, particularly arbitration, has transformed family law practices, offering more accessible and efficient means of resolving disputes. This Note explores the critical role of the Uniform Family Law Arbitration Act (“UFLAA”) in safeguarding vulnerable populations, specifically children and domestic violence survivors, within the arbitration process. While the UFLAA offers important protections, these measures should serve as a starting point rather than a benchmark for ensuring these safeguards. This Note advocates for the integration of more robust protections within the UFLAA to better protect these individuals throughout arbitration. It examines the history of …
Unveiling The Underbelly Of Artificial Intelligence: The Inadequacies Of The Legal System With Regard To Victims Of Nonconsensual Sexual Deepfakes, Zilana Lee
Journal of Law and Policy
Artificial intelligence-powered deepfake technology has ushered a new era of digital sexual abuse, allowing for the seamless fabrication of explicit images that violate bodily autonomy with alarming realism. With little more than a photograph scraped from social media, individuals can use AI tools to fabricate hyper-realistic nude images and pornographic videos of people without their consent. These nonconsensual sexual deepfakes are rapidly spreading online, often going viral before victims are even aware of their existence. The technology can affect anyone, but women and girls remain disproportionately targeted. Recent incidents involving minors highlight both the reach and severity of this harm. …
Data Scraping For Generative Ai—To What Extent?, Jae Yeon Cecilia Kim
Data Scraping For Generative Ai—To What Extent?, Jae Yeon Cecilia Kim
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
Generative AI platforms are developed by scraping data from other platforms. This raises complex copyright infringement issues that are yet to be resolved. Courts have attempted to address these problems using the fair use doctrine, which evaluates four factors to determine whether a use infringes on copyright: (1) the purpose and character of the use, (2) the nature of the use, (3) the amount and substantiality of the copyrighted work’s use, and (4) the impact of the use on the market for the original work. Despite efforts to apply this long-established doctrine, challenges persist, including difficulties in identifying the copyright …
A Call For Statutory Reform: Online Marketplaces That Profit From Product Sales Should Be Held Strictly Liable As Sellers, Mark Anderson
A Call For Statutory Reform: Online Marketplaces That Profit From Product Sales Should Be Held Strictly Liable As Sellers, Mark Anderson
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
Today, Americans purchase roughly 16% of all consumer goods through online marketplaces such as Amazon. While traditional brick-and-mortar retailers that sell defective products are strictly liable for harm caused by those products, online marketplace retailers, which serve analogous roles in defective product sales, can often evade liability entirely. Amazon, for instance, is immune from liability for product defects in more than 60% of sales conducted on its website in almost every state. This Note explains why online marketplaces that profit from defective product sales should be strictly liable for harm those products cause, and why courts often refuse to hold …
Nil: How Third-Party Businesses Exploit Collegiate Student-Athletes With Impunity, Matthew Glogower
Nil: How Third-Party Businesses Exploit Collegiate Student-Athletes With Impunity, Matthew Glogower
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
While there are numerous state NIL (name, image, and likeness) laws protecting student-athletes from economic exploitation, there is no federal law which offers universal protection, nationwide, to student-athletes. State NIL laws offer some protections for student-athletes from exploitation by colleges, universities, and boosters, but there is no protection for student-athletes who sign NIL deals with for-profit third-party businesses. These NIL deals, between the student-athlete and third-party businesses, make up the majority of NIL agreements. Section 6 of the proposed College Athlete Economic Freedom Act (“CAEFA”), titled “Enforcement Provisions,” aims to codify federal protection for student-athletes against colleges, universities, and boosters, …
Untangling Bankruptcy’S Most Complex Web: Chapter 11 Rule 1111(B) And Subchapter V, Evan Sponder
Untangling Bankruptcy’S Most Complex Web: Chapter 11 Rule 1111(B) And Subchapter V, Evan Sponder
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
The United States Code Section 1111(b) provides an equitable remedy to debt restructuring for both debtors and creditors in Chapter 11 bankruptcy by allowing the debtor to retain their income-producing assets and repay their creditor(s) through a mutually approved plan. However, section 1111(b) is difficult for courts to apply due to its complex nature, and infrequent application of the section has resulted in limited development of case law interpreting the section. Courts currently interpret 1111(b) elections in Chapter 11 Subchapter V cases to exclude interest accrual; this interpretation establishes an inequitable precedent whereby debtors’ procedural advantages bypass creditor protections during …
A New Governance Framework In Cross-Border Tax Policymaking, Tamir Shanan, Doron Narotzki, Noam Zamir
A New Governance Framework In Cross-Border Tax Policymaking, Tamir Shanan, Doron Narotzki, Noam Zamir
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
The first tax treaty can probably be traced to the end of the 19th century: the treaty between the Swiss Federal Council (on behalf of the Canton of Vaud) and Great Britain. However, most tax scholars refer to the period following World War I, including the work of the League of Nations, as the formative period in which the international tax regime was founded. In the 1920s, the League of Nations formed a committee of four renowned economists that was asked to formulate a set of rules that would assist states in allocating taxing rights of cross-border income and gains …
Property Rights Or Obstacles To Progress?: The Fundamental Flaws In Takings Jurisprudence, Liam Higgins
Property Rights Or Obstacles To Progress?: The Fundamental Flaws In Takings Jurisprudence, Liam Higgins
Journal of Law and Policy
New York boasts some of the strongest protections for tenants out of all jurisdictions throughout the country. Chief among these laws is the state Rent Stabilization Law (“RSL”). Among other protections, the RSL has limited excessive rent increases on regulated apartments, granted tenants a right of renewal so that they could remain in their homes, and permitted family members to take over the tenancy of their loved ones upon their passing. The RSL has been amended several times throughout its history, each time providing more or less protections depending on the administration at the time. Recently, in 2019, the New …
The Equal Pay Game Changer: Using Mandatory Reporting To Encourage Corporations In The Sports Ecosystem To Increase Investment In Women’S Sports, Caroline Strauss
The Equal Pay Game Changer: Using Mandatory Reporting To Encourage Corporations In The Sports Ecosystem To Increase Investment In Women’S Sports, Caroline Strauss
Journal of Law and Policy
In 2016, the United States Women’s National Team began a lengthy fight for equal pay by filing a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In 2019, the fight continued when the team sued the United States Soccer Federation for gender discrimination. When the court granted summary judgment to the U.S. Soccer Federation on their Equal Pay Act claim, it closed the door for the team to achieve equal pay through a public law remedy. The tedious fight came to an end with a settlement which guaranteed that the U.S. Men’s and Women’s National Teams would be paid equally. Although …
Unintended Consequences: The New Test For Interlocutory Mandatory Injunctions, Jeff Berryman
Unintended Consequences: The New Test For Interlocutory Mandatory Injunctions, Jeff Berryman
Brooklyn Law Review
Interlocutory mandatory injunctions can be an important remedy during the pendency of a trial. With its decision in R. v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp, the Supreme Court of Canada revised its test for an interlocutory mandatory injunction, holding that it should require a higher threshold and be therefore harder to obtain than an interlocutory prohibitive injunction. This higher threshold requires that the applicant demonstrate a strong prima facie case that it will succeed at trial based on law and evidence. This change adds uncertainty to the process, ultimately complicating and adding costs to litigation.
Nationwide Injunctions And The Administrative State, Russell L. Weaver
Nationwide Injunctions And The Administrative State, Russell L. Weaver
Brooklyn Law Review
Where an administrative regulation is deemed by a court to be illegal, unconstitutional, or otherwise invalid, courts sometimes issue nationwide injunctions. In other words, instead of holding that the regulation cannot be applied to the individuals before the court, the court prohibits the agency from applying the regulation anywhere in the country, including to others not before the court. This article explores the debate surrounding the appropriateness of nationwide injunctions. While at first glance such injunctions may seem to make sense, they can have serious consequences, including risk of abuse and forum shopping, amplification of erroneous decisions, and the negative …
Nonparty Litigation Holds: Clear To Implement. Complex To Lift., Alexis Bianco-Burrill
Nonparty Litigation Holds: Clear To Implement. Complex To Lift., Alexis Bianco-Burrill
Brooklyn Law Review
Legal holds have long been used by parties, and nonparties alike, as a fundamental tool to preserve information that could be needed in litigation. There are a breadth of statutes, case law, and scholarly work clarifying when a party has the duty to preserve documents and therefore issues legal holds under federal law, as well as when nonparties share this same duty. Although the question of when to issue a legal hold has a clear answer, the problem of when a nonparty can lift a litigation hold is much more complex. Often, nonparties who have been requested to preserve documents …
Nato Allies On The Brink Of War: The Cause For Implement-Ing A Dispute Resolution Mechanism Within The North Atlantic Treaty, Samantha Solomotis
Nato Allies On The Brink Of War: The Cause For Implement-Ing A Dispute Resolution Mechanism Within The North Atlantic Treaty, Samantha Solomotis
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
NATO is the largest peacekeeping military alliance in the world and is not yet done growing. Recent events in Ukraine have reinforced the importance of NATO as a defensive alliance. New threats, both internal and external, are emerging. Intra-alliance conflicts over ideological agreements, border disputes, and member contributions put the fate of the organization at risk. To retain its strength as it grows, NATO must develop stronger cohesion between member states to ensure effectiveness and prevent dissolution. This Note uses the recently reignited conflict between Greece and Turkey—NATO members and belligerent neighbors—to demonstrate the pressing need and peacekeeping utility of …
A New Private Law Of Policing, Cristina Carmody Tilley
A New Private Law Of Policing, Cristina Carmody Tilley
Brooklyn Law Review
American law and American life are asymmetrical. Law divides neatly in two: public and private. But life is lived in three distinct spaces: pure public, pure private, and hybrid middle spaces that are neither state nor home. Which body of law governs the shops, gyms, and workplaces that are formally accessible to all, but functionally hostile to Black, female, poor, and other marginalized Americans? From the liberal midcentury onward, social justice advocates have treated these spaces as fundamentally public and fully remediable via public law equity commands. This article takes a broader view. It urges a tort law revival in …
Plea Bargains, Prosecutorial Breach, And The Curious Right To Cure, Michael D. Cicchini
Plea Bargains, Prosecutorial Breach, And The Curious Right To Cure, Michael D. Cicchini
Brooklyn Law Review
When the prosecutor breaches a plea bargain—e.g., by recommending prison instead of the agreed-upon probation—the defendant is entitled to a remedy: either sentencing in front of a different judge or plea withdrawal. However, if defense counsel objects to the breach, the prosecutor may halfheartedly change the recommendation to probation. Most courts have held that to be an effective “cure”—even when the judge then sentences the defendant to prison, as the prosecutor originally recommended. The right to cure, which was intended for commercial sales contracts, fails miserably in the plea-bargain context. In the above example, the attempted cure is too late, …
Aaron Twerski — Practical Wisdom At Ground Zero, Anthony J. Sebok
Aaron Twerski — Practical Wisdom At Ground Zero, Anthony J. Sebok
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
This Article celebrates Professor. Aaron Twerski’s “practical wisdom” in crafting a solution (with Jim Henderson) to a problem faced by Judge Alvin Hellerstein in the so-called 9/11 First Responder cases. The problem was that Congress did not include these plaintiffs within the Victims Compensation Fund (“VCF”) despite there being every reason to suspect that the interaction of workersman’s compensation law and tort law, if left to operate on their own, would generate a politically unacceptable outcome. Despite his clear misgivings – —expressed decades earlier – —about allowing those who control the workplace to enjoy the benefits of limited liability guaranteed …
Professor Aaron Twerski: Special Master In The 9/11 Responders' Litigation, Stephan Landsman
Professor Aaron Twerski: Special Master In The 9/11 Responders' Litigation, Stephan Landsman
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
No abstract provided.
African Courts And International Human Rights Law, John Mukum Mbaku
African Courts And International Human Rights Law, John Mukum Mbaku
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
The UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and since then, the international community, with the help of the United Nations, has adopted other international human rights instruments designed to recognize and protect human rights. Since international human rights instruments do not automatically confer rights that are justiciable in domestic courts, each African country must domesticate these instruments in order to create rights that are justiciable in its domestic courts. Given the fact that many African countries have not yet domesticated the core international human rights instruments, international human rights law’s ability to positively impact …
Battling Baby Brokers: A Comparative Analysis Of The United States’ Versus Europe’S Adoption Policies, Amanda P. Gonzales
Battling Baby Brokers: A Comparative Analysis Of The United States’ Versus Europe’S Adoption Policies, Amanda P. Gonzales
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Child adoption involves the permanent transfer of parental rights from a child’s biological or legal parents to another party. Parties in the Unites States (US) have engaged in this process in various forms for centuries. Today, over one hundred thousand children are adopted by American families each year. Many of these adoptions take place privately through agencies. An agency assists in the process of matching prospective adoptive parents with birth parents from whom they will adopt a child. In exchange for this assistance, the prospective adoptive parents pay tens of thousands of dollars in fees and expenses to the agency …