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Articles 1 - 30 of 113
Full-Text Articles in Human Rights Law
Rethinking International Armed Conflict: Legal Challenges In The Age Of Hybrid Warfare, Oleksandr Havryshuk, Roman Hryshchenko
Rethinking International Armed Conflict: Legal Challenges In The Age Of Hybrid Warfare, Oleksandr Havryshuk, Roman Hryshchenko
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
The binary classification of armed conflicts under international humanitarian law (IHL) — distinguishing international armed conflicts (IACs) from non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) — was forged in the aftermath of World War II and increasingly fails to capture the realities of twenty-first century warfare. Hybrid tactics, cyber operations, the proliferation of private military companies (PMCs), the expanding role of non-state actors, and the near-disappearance of formal declarations of war have eroded the analytical utility of the existing framework, generating legal uncertainty and weakening protections for affected populations. This Article critically examines the conceptual foundations of IAC as set out in Common …
Navigating The Legal Waters Of Privatized Commodities And Human Rights: An Exploration Of The Tension Between Water As A Human Right And Water As Investment Property Under International Law, Ella Capen
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
This Note examines the clash between domestic law and international law within the context of Chile’s 2022 modification to the 1981 Water Code as the country transitions from treating water as a privatized commodity to water as a public good. Chile’s 1981 Water Code emerged against the backdrop of a neoliberal economic regime and privatization scheme enabled by the United States and enforced by dictator Augusto Pinochet. This Note reveals the potential difficulties in unraveling established economic and legal foundations, and the conflicts between bilateral investment treaties and local legislation that mutually govern property rights. By examining Chile’s domestic Law …
Esg-Based Litigation: A Solution To Social Media Companies’ Immunization From Liability For Human Trafficking On Their Platforms, Grace Dore
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
Social media platforms have transformed communication, but they have also become a critical tool for human traffickers, who use them to recruit victims, maintain control, and facilitate illegal activities. Despite this, social media companies have largely avoided legal accountability due to the broad immunity provided by Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”), which courts have interpreted to shield platforms from lawsuits arising from user activity. Congress has sought to address this gap through legislation such as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (“TVPA”) and the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (“FOSTA”). However, these efforts …
The Silent Sound Of Drowning: Human Rights Justifications And Complex Intersectionality, Maria Grahn-Farley
The Silent Sound Of Drowning: Human Rights Justifications And Complex Intersectionality, Maria Grahn-Farley
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
This Article presents a new concept, “Human Rights Justifications,” which captures instances in which states invoke human rights to defend and legitimize their own actions. Human Rights Justifications stand in contrast to cases in which human rights are activated by an individual holding the state accountable for its actions. The difference between when a state and when an individual is the activating subject is that with the former, human rights risk serving the state in legitimizing its actions, instead of serving the individual as a protection from the state. This occurs because, when the state activates human rights, it also …
Funding Repression: How The Eu Migration Agreements With Libya And Tunisia Circumvent Non-Refoulement And Enable Human Rights Violations, Emma Soltis
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
In 2023, the European Union and Tunisia entered into a Memorandum of Understanding, which outlined cooperation between the parties on several issues, including migration and mobility. Consistent with the European Union’s broader externalization agenda, the Memorandum of Understanding primarily allocates monetary and technical support to Tunisia and its authorities for migration management. In particular, Tunisian authorities are enabled to patrol the coast and intercept migrants and refugees attempting to irregularly migrate from North Africa to Europe across the Mediterranean Sea. The European Union sponsored a similar Memorandum of Understanding between Italy and Libya in 2017. Critics have widely denounced the …
Human Rights Forum Shopping In Transnational Sport Disputes, Ilias Bantekas
Human Rights Forum Shopping In Transnational Sport Disputes, Ilias Bantekas
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Professional athletes must adhere to the dispute resolution mechanisms contained in their agreements with sport governing bodies (SGBs). These typically provide for SGB institutional arbitration with appeals against such awards to CAS, although in some instances direct recourse to CAS is also possible. These mechanisms do not cater for attendant human rights claims arising from the underlying dispute. This article suggests that a variety of sui generis forum shopping possibilities are available to address this deficit. Applicants may approach national courts with a sufficient jurisdictional link to the SGB in question by raising constitutional (and by extension human rights) and …
Sliding Into Safety: Why Formal United Nations Or United States Sanctions Or Action Would Help Major League Baseball Curb Human Smuggling And Trafficking Issues, Maxwell Russ
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Every year when the baseball season ends and the offseason begins, professional teams’ front offices go searching for the best available players. Often, incredibly talented baseball players can be found across the world and today, Major League Baseball (MLB) players come from across the globe. Yet, despite the global outreach of MLB, the process by which teams are allowed to search for, recruit, and sign foreign-born players remains largely unregulated by the league itself. For years, stories of players from foreign countries being subjected to shady and unethical practices have begun to surface. This dark side of baseball was even …
Outlier On Lgbtq Rights: Japanese Ban On Same-Sex Marriage And Its Contradiction In The Age Of Globalization, Yumi Higashi
Outlier On Lgbtq Rights: Japanese Ban On Same-Sex Marriage And Its Contradiction In The Age Of Globalization, Yumi Higashi
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Japan is the only Group of Seven country yet to recognize same-sex marriage. Despite strong public support for marriage equality, the conservative dominance of the Japanese legislature and the Japanese courts’ deferential approach have stalled the change. This Note will analyze the legal issues and implications of Japan’s failure to recognize same-sex marriage and Japan’s worldwide inheritance tax regime, with an emphasis on cross-border succession and estate planning. Specifically, the Note argues that the United States, as the only country with which Japan has a treaty in estate, inheritance, and gift tax, should renegotiate the treaty as it could have …
Protecting Cultural Property From Climate Destruction: A Case Study Of Greece, Audrey Nadler
Protecting Cultural Property From Climate Destruction: A Case Study Of Greece, Audrey Nadler
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Climate change poses an escalating threat to Greece’s cultural heritage, with ancient sites such as the Acropolis of Athens and the Palace of Knossos at risk from rising sea levels, wildfires, and pollution. Greece’s legal system includes protections for cultural property and aligns with international treaties, yet lacks sufficient integration between cultural heritage laws and environmental safeguards, leaving vital sites vulnerable. This Note contends that Greece must reinforce domestic law to bridge this gap and protect cultural assets from climate-induced harm. Addressing this deficiency through legal reforms and economic incentives could prevent irreversible damage to Greece’s cultural identity and fulfill …
Human Rights Due Diligence At The Intersection Of Corporate Compliance And Corporate Purpose, Stephen Kim Park
Human Rights Due Diligence At The Intersection Of Corporate Compliance And Corporate Purpose, Stephen Kim Park
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
The concept of human rights due diligence (“HRDD”) is one part of a broad and diverse range of approaches to address the responsibilities of business to society. Through laws requiring that companies identify and address their adverse impacts on workers, communities, and the environment, HRDD expands the role of corporate compliance in making companies accountable for the welfare of stakeholders. This Article addresses the implications of HRDD laws on how corporations operationalize corporate purpose and examines the barriers posed by corporate compliance practices to meaningfully—rather than cosmetically—enhance responsible business conduct.
How Sovereign Wealth Investment May Fail To Enter The United States Sports Market: Investigating The Governance Restricting Sportswashing, Zachary J. Braverman
How Sovereign Wealth Investment May Fail To Enter The United States Sports Market: Investigating The Governance Restricting Sportswashing, Zachary J. Braverman
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
In recent years, the world of sports has been disrupted by foreign nations engaging in human rights violations, masking their wrongdoings through sport-related investments. This practice, referred to as “sportswashing,” has negative impacts on both the sports industry at large and the individual victims whose suffering is perpetuated. Currently, there is no direct legislation preventing foreign investors from taking over sports franchises in the United States. However, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, the United Nations, and sports leagues’ private regulations, each provide means to resist sportswashing. This Note analyzes the problem of sportswashing, the existing framework …
Growing Rich Off The Fruits Of Private Incarceration, Joseph Hennessy
Growing Rich Off The Fruits Of Private Incarceration, Joseph Hennessy
Journal of Law and Policy
Mass incarceration is a uniquely American phenomenon. With roots in chattel slavery, modern mass incarceration truly exploded in the latter half of the 20th Century. As Reagan-era politicians advocated for fiscal conservatism on the one hand and heavy-handed responses to crime on the other, private prison pioneers saw an opportunity to derive profit from society’s most vulnerable. Today, private prisons house as much as half of some states’ total prison population, and private prison corporations have demonstrated an insatiable desire to expand their reach. This Note explores the unique social vulnerability of privately incarcerated people through a statutory and judicial …
Thai Drug Offenses And Narcotic Charges: Tracing Thailand’S Drug Control And Capital Punishment History, Jonathan Hasson, Carolyn Hoyle
Thai Drug Offenses And Narcotic Charges: Tracing Thailand’S Drug Control And Capital Punishment History, Jonathan Hasson, Carolyn Hoyle
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
The Article examines Thailand's political economy of drugs and use of sanctions, including capital punishment, using a historical approach. It traces Thailand's nation building and emergence as a global hub for illicit drugs against the backdrop of European and US interventions since the colonial era. The Article reveals how Western concepts and discourses were appropriated by Thai elites to advance local agendas while suppressing democratic movements. The Article explores how the drug trade became entangled with government corruption, militarization, and extrajudicial state violence which often targeted ethnic minorities. In light of recent cannabis policy changes, the Article considers the historical …
American Handling Of Holocaust Property Takings: What We Can Learn From International Policies, Matthew Franks
American Handling Of Holocaust Property Takings: What We Can Learn From International Policies, Matthew Franks
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
The Supreme Court decision in Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp and US enforcement of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act have made it extremely difficult for Holocaust survivors and their families to recover lost and stolen property from during the World War II era. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, have had great success in this arena through various methods. This Note explores the ways in which US jurisprudence continues to make recovery inaccessible, while highlighting the specific processes these few European countries have created to foster recovery. Finally, this Note argues that the US must …
Amending The Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act To Promote Accountability For Violations Of Peremptory Norms Of International Law, Joshua Newman
Amending The Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act To Promote Accountability For Violations Of Peremptory Norms Of International Law, Joshua Newman
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
The current state of the United States legal system, and international law at large, fails to afford victims of violations of international law with proper redress, when those violations were facilitated by a domestic taking. The Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act provides foreign sovereigns immunity from the jurisdiction of United States courts when those foreign sovereigns effectuate of a violation of international law through domestic takings. Courts have attempted to circumvent the restrictions of the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act with exceptions such as the genocide exception. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Federal Republic of Germany v Philipp renounced the …
Closing Down Access To Asylum: The Illegal Migration Act’S Incompatibility With International Refugee Law, Alexandra Mallory
Closing Down Access To Asylum: The Illegal Migration Act’S Incompatibility With International Refugee Law, Alexandra Mallory
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
In 2023, the United Kingdom enacted the Illegal Migration Act, implemented to deter individuals from seeking asylum in the United Kingdom. The Illegal Migration Act places a duty on the Secretary of State is to remove all persons who meet certain criteria regardless of whether they make a protection, human rights, slavery, or human trafficking claims. The Act provides a list of countries — Schedule 1 — which it declares to be safe and thus, obliges the Secretary to remove such nationals to their country of origin without consideration of their claim on the merits. This procedural mechanism increases the …
Affirmatively Furthering Health Equity, Mary Crossley
Affirmatively Furthering Health Equity, Mary Crossley
Brooklyn Law Review
Pervasive health disparities in the United States undermine both public health and social cohesion. Because of the enormity of the healthcare sector, government action, standing alone, is limited in its power to remedy health disparities. This article proposes a novel approach to distributing responsibility for promoting health equity broadly among public and private actors in the healthcare sector. Specifically, it recommends that the Department of Health and Human Services issue guidance articulating an obligation on the part of all recipients of federal healthcare funding to act affirmatively to advance health equity. The Fair Housing Act’s requirement that recipients of federal …
My Body, Whose Choice? A Case For A Fundamental Right To Bodily Autonomy, Miri Trauner
My Body, Whose Choice? A Case For A Fundamental Right To Bodily Autonomy, Miri Trauner
Brooklyn Law Review
In 2022, the US Supreme Court decided Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, which overturned Roe v. Wade and the fundamental right to abortion it had established nearly fifty years prior. The Court’s decision threw into uncertainty the future of not only reproductive rights in this country, but also many other individual rights. At the same time as the decision, the world was still reeling from a global pandemic, and the development of COVID-19 vaccines had spurred widespread controversy over the constitutionality of vaccine mandates. Both advocates for abortion access and opponents to vaccine mandates shared a common cry: “my …
Temporary Protection For Ukrainians In The European Union: Why Now And When Again, Maryellen Fullerton
Temporary Protection For Ukrainians In The European Union: Why Now And When Again, Maryellen Fullerton
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Background Noise: Lessons About Media Influence, Mitigation Measures, And Mens Rea From Argentine And Us Criminal Cases, Agustina Mitre, Matthew P. Cavedon
Background Noise: Lessons About Media Influence, Mitigation Measures, And Mens Rea From Argentine And Us Criminal Cases, Agustina Mitre, Matthew P. Cavedon
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
This Article reflects on the influence that intense media coverage can have on high-profile criminal cases and considers ways to reconcile defendants’ right to a fair trial with press freedom, comparing approaches and cases from Argentina and the US. The Article begins by discussing the tension between journalists’ and defendants’ rights (Part I). It then surveys how the US seeks to mitigate media influence (Part II). After this, it notes two recent Argentine mitigation measures (Part III). Next, it conducts a legal analysis of the Fernando Báez Sosa case, blaming media pressure for errors in the judgment and then proposing …
The Sword, The Shield, And The Jab: How Nato Can Bypass The Un And World Health Organization To Help Control And Prevent Future Pandemics, Aaron Earlywine
The Sword, The Shield, And The Jab: How Nato Can Bypass The Un And World Health Organization To Help Control And Prevent Future Pandemics, Aaron Earlywine
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
An autopsy of the world’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic reveals many preexisting conditions that only exacerbated the crisis. Chief among them are the failures and obfuscations of the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO is sick with corruption, incompetence, or at very least riddled with dysfunction. This is not the first time the WHO has proven itself unable to meet the demands of global health initiatives, let alone global health crises. Not only is this dysfunctional organization proving itself to be a money-consuming abscess, but hostile powers, namely China, have used it to covertly wield influence and shield themselves …
The Gospel Of Federalism: How The Deification Of Political Ideology Impedes The United States’ Abortion Law Scheme, Nicole Jakobson
The Gospel Of Federalism: How The Deification Of Political Ideology Impedes The United States’ Abortion Law Scheme, Nicole Jakobson
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
In 2022, the United States Supreme Court decided Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, which ended the federal abortion protection established under Roe v. Wade. The Court reasoned that abortion restriction is properly regulated by state governments, and thus a federal abortion law scheme is unconstitutional. In substance, the Court was safeguarding the enduring political and legal principle of federalism. This Note draws a comparison between the United States’ treatment of federalism and foreign jurisdictions’ treatment of religion within the context of abortion. This Note argues that the United States’ preoccupation with federalism is analogous to appeals to religion in …
Freedom On Paper: Reforms To Women’S Rights In Saudi Arabia Will Not Be Effective Until Male Guardianship Is Abolished, Mackenzie Kramer
Freedom On Paper: Reforms To Women’S Rights In Saudi Arabia Will Not Be Effective Until Male Guardianship Is Abolished, Mackenzie Kramer
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Male guardianship, a societal custom derived from Islamic law, renders women in Saudi Arabia second class citizens. The country’s preservation of male guardianship has broken its agreement to adhere to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the leading international women’s rights treaty. Throughout the past decade the country’s Crown Prince, Mohammed bin Salman al Saud (“MbS”), has issued rulings that work to slowly dismantle the apparatus of male guardianship. These developments have been both meaningful and restrained; MbS attempts to tread lightly into human rights reforms to garner the support of western allies, …
A Genocide The World Has Ignored: Holding Governments And The Catholic Church Accountable For Residential And Boarding Schools Through The Icc, K. R. Redhage
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
The United States, Canada, and the Catholic Church committed genocide in an effort to control Indigenous people and steal their land. By various means, over the course of hundreds of years, these extant powers perpetrated this genocide, and the effects continue to be felt in Indigenous communities to this day. The residential and boarding school systems, which were only disbanded in the 1980s, are two examples of tools created by these governments and the Catholic Church, which led to tens of thousands of deaths of indigenous children and robbed many more of their families, culture, language, and traditions. This article …
Towards A Strengthening Of Non-Interference, Sovereignty, And Human Rights From Foreign Cyber Meddling In Democratic Electoral Processes, Francesco Seatzu, Nicolás Carrillo-Santarelli
Towards A Strengthening Of Non-Interference, Sovereignty, And Human Rights From Foreign Cyber Meddling In Democratic Electoral Processes, Francesco Seatzu, Nicolás Carrillo-Santarelli
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
States have resorted to meddling in the elections of their counterparts throughout history. Recently, though, there has been an exponential increased in the use of the possibilities provided by technology. Attention to this phenomenon has deservedly grown quickly and exponentially. This has led to debates focusing on the adequacy of international legal rules and general principles to respond to foreign cyber election interference. In many of these debates some have expressed doubts and skepticism about the adequacy of current international law to confront foreign election interference through cyber means. There have also been disagreements about the applicable standards to fight …
African Courts And International Human Rights Law, John Mukum Mbaku
African Courts And International Human Rights Law, John Mukum Mbaku
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
The UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and since then, the international community, with the help of the United Nations, has adopted other international human rights instruments designed to recognize and protect human rights. Since international human rights instruments do not automatically confer rights that are justiciable in domestic courts, each African country must domesticate these instruments in order to create rights that are justiciable in its domestic courts. Given the fact that many African countries have not yet domesticated the core international human rights instruments, international human rights law’s ability to positively impact …
Battling Baby Brokers: A Comparative Analysis Of The United States’ Versus Europe’S Adoption Policies, Amanda P. Gonzales
Battling Baby Brokers: A Comparative Analysis Of The United States’ Versus Europe’S Adoption Policies, Amanda P. Gonzales
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Child adoption involves the permanent transfer of parental rights from a child’s biological or legal parents to another party. Parties in the Unites States (US) have engaged in this process in various forms for centuries. Today, over one hundred thousand children are adopted by American families each year. Many of these adoptions take place privately through agencies. An agency assists in the process of matching prospective adoptive parents with birth parents from whom they will adopt a child. In exchange for this assistance, the prospective adoptive parents pay tens of thousands of dollars in fees and expenses to the agency …
Deep Dive Into Deepfakes—Safeguarding Our Digital Identity, Yi Yan
Deep Dive Into Deepfakes—Safeguarding Our Digital Identity, Yi Yan
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Deepfake technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated, and with it, the potential to pose a significant threat to the digital community, democratic institutions, and private individuals. With the creation of highly convincing but entirely fabricated audio, video, and images, there is a pressing need for the international community to address the vulnerabilities posed by deepfake technology in the current legal landscape through unambiguous legislation. This Note explores the ethical, legal, and social implications of deepfakes, including issues of privacy, identity theft, and political manipulation. It also reviews existing international legal frameworks, i.e., the Convention on Cybercrime (“Budapest Convention”) and proposes a …
A Not-So Turkish Delight: The Implications Of Turkey’S Unprecedented Withdrawal From A Groundbreaking Women’S Rights Treaty And The Need For International Reform, Allyssa Myers
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Domestic violence against women is one of the most pervasive and pressing international issues of our time. There have been multiple international human rights treaties enacted to address this issue and move to end gender-based violence—the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combatting Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) being one. Created in 2011, the Istanbul Convention sought to provide an international legal framework for how states should work toward eradicating gender-based violence. Turkey, the first country to sign and to subsequently ratify the Istanbul Convention, unprecedently withdrew from the Convention in 2021. Turkish President Recep Tayyip …
Indefinite Detention At Guantánamo: How The National Defense Authorization Act Results In Indefinite Detention In Violation Of International Human Rights, Molly Turro
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
The majority of the remaining detainees at Guantánamo Bay have been cleared for transfer to other countries. Provisions of the National Defense Authorization Act that prohibit government funds to be used for transfer and reinforce the United States government’s authority to detain enemy combatants until the end of active hostilities have left these detainees waiting in limbo to be transferred elsewhere. The following piece argues that the resulting indefinite detention that these Guantánamo detainees face is both a violation of international human rights and an unnecessary financial burden on the US government. This Note compares the approach taken by the …