Fourteenth Amendment Commons^™

The Territorial Continuum: American Samoa, Criminal Adjudication, And Territorial Administration, Emmanuel Hiram Arnaud

Cardozo Law Review

The standard account of American territorial expansion posits that territorial acquisition moved along a spectrum of sovereignty. The federal government acquired new inhabited land through conquest or purchase, and the Constitution tasked Congress with organizing and administering the new territories until they were ready to become states. That pattern came to an abrupt halt in 1898 when, at the conclusion of the Spanish-American War, the Supreme Court, fearing the extension of citizenship to and the permanent integration of non-White populations into the American polity, suddenly pronounced that the Constitution authorized the holding of colonies. The Court thus sentenced new territories, …

Women On Death Row In The United States, Sandra Babcock, Nathalie Greenfield, Kathryn Adamson

Cardozo Law Review

This Article presents a comprehensive study of forty-eight persons sentenced to death between 1990 and 2022 who were legally recognized as women at the time of their trials. Our research is the first of its kind to conduct a holistic and intersectional analysis of the factors driving women’s death sentences. It reveals commonalities across women’s cases, delving into their experiences of motherhood, gender-based violence (“GBV”), and prior involvement with the criminal legal system. We also explore the nature of the women’s crimes of conviction, including the role of male codefendants and the state’s use of aggravating factors. Finally, we reveal …

Dignifying Queerness, Ryan Thoreson

Cardozo Law Review

In recent years, courts that have affirmed the right of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people to engage in same-sex activity have often invoked the value of dignity. They have done so in spite of the fact that same-sex activity, and many other kinds of sex, have historically been deemed undignified and subject to criminal prohibition. This Article examines a rapidly growing body of comparative jurisprudence to examine how dignity has become an unlikely cornerstone of efforts to decriminalize same-sex conduct. By invoking dignity, courts have persuasively struck down some of the most immediate and egregious restrictions on sexual …

Power For The People: Recognizing The Constitutional Right To Vote For President, Charlie Martel

Cardozo Law Review

On January 6, 2021, a mob attacked the United States Capitol to overthrow the certification of the legitimately elected president and install the election loser, Donald Trump. Before this, there was another coup attempt. Trump and his team pressured state legislators and officials not to certify legitimately elected presidential electors, and to instead certify fake electors for Trump. This was based on the theory that the Constitution grants states “plenary power” to select presidential electors, even if this means cancelling citizen elections or rejecting their outcome. The coups failed—this time.

There should be no next time. The Supreme Court should …

Bond Conditions As Fourth Amendment Seizures, Rebecca Laden

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Takings Property And Appropriative Water Rights, Luis Inaraja Vera

Cardozo Law Review

The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “private property [shall not] be taken for public use, without just compensation.”1 While courts and academics have put considerable amounts of effort into discussing the meaning of “taken” or “public use,” they have given far less attention to the phrase “private property.” Notable scholars have provided a set of definitions and frameworks to determine when a particular right qualifies as takings property. However, courts and commentators have yet to define the types of rights that are entitled to constitutional protection with sufficient precision to avoid an …

Freedom From Thirst: A Right To Basic Household Water, Martha F. Davis

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

When Deprivation Of Access To Literacy Infringes On Indigent Parents' Right To Direct The Education Of Their Children, Dana Leone Kennedy

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Pretext And Justification: Republicanism, Policing, And Race, Ekow N. Yankah

Cardozo Law Review

On April 4, 2015, Police Officer Michael Slager gunned down Walter Scott in North Charleston, South Carolina with a cool that resembled target practice. Scott's name joined a heartbreaking list of men of color killed by unjustified police violence. The video of the incident also broadcast to the world the spectacular violence always lurking beneath the surface of daily interactions between police and men of color.

The "Black Lives Matter" movement has fiercely insisted Scott's death not be viewed as an isolated incident but understood as woven into the fabric of American policing. American policing harms individual people of color, …

Too Big For Personal Jurisdiction? A Proposal To Hold Companies Accountable For In-State Conduct In Accordance With Due Process Principles, Polina Pristupa

Cardozo Law Review

This Note discusses the potential negative effects that BMS can have on future plaintiffs' ability to sue large corporations in states where the corporations have a major presence but in which they are neither incorporated nor headquartered. Part I outlines the history of personal jurisdiction case law. Part II looks to the different approaches that the majority and dissenting opinions in BMS took in examining the question of jurisdiction. It also looks at the sliding scale test that the California Supreme Court used to allow the nonresident plaintiffs to sue within the state's courts. Section II.B then considers the effect …

Spare The Rod, Save A Child: Why The Supreme Court Should Revisit Ingraham V. Wright And Protect The Substantive Due Process Rights Of Students Subjected To Corporal Punishment, Lekha Menon

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Prohibiting Child- Parent Visitation After Parental Rights Are Terminated By Trial In New York: A Denial Of Parental Due Process, Rachel Turetsky

Cardozo Law Review

The note argues that New York's current statutory framework denying posttermination contact for parents after a trial termination is constitutionally and policy-deficient. It advocates for a legislative amendment to permit courts to order posttermination contact or communication when it serves the best interests of the child, aligning with due process rights and the majority of U.S. jurisdictions.

The Constitutionality Of Racially Integrative Purpose, Elise C. Boddie

Cardozo Law Review

The article explores the constitutionality of policies that are race-neutral on their face but are designed to include historically marginalized racial groups, arguing that such policies are presumptively constitutional. The author suggests that the Supreme Court, influenced by Justice Kennedy's opinions, is increasingly accepting these policies as constitutional if they promote racial integration without using race-specific means.

The Promise Of America, Joseph A. Greenaway Jr.

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

No Better Instrument: The Necessity Of Notice And An Opportunity To Be Heard And The Due Process Deficiencies Of Nuisance Abatement, Elise Bernlohr

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Title Ix Giveth And The Religious Exemption Taketh Away: How The Religious Exemption Eviscerates The Protection Afforded Transgender Students Under Title Ix, Amanda Bryk

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Adequacy Of Notice Under Cafra: Resolving Constitutional Due Process Challenges To Administrative Forfeitures, Rebecca Hausner

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

From Wolves, Lambs (Part Ii): The Fourteenth Amendment Case For Gradual Abolition Of The Death Penalty, Kevin Barry

Cardozo Law Review

Can a state abolish its death penalty for future crimes while retaining it for those already on death row? This turns out to be a novel question in modern death penalty law, one that has not been answered in nearly a century. In 2014, in the case of State v. Santiago, the Connecticut Supreme Court will be the first court in modern times to answer the question. This Article predicts that the answer to the question will be yes.

Although the Connecticut Supreme Court will be the first court to answer this question in almost one hundred years, it …

No Promo Hetero: Children's Right To Be Queer, Clifford J. Rosky

Cardozo Law Review

This Article argues that the state has no legitimate interest in promoting heterosexuality or gender conformity during childhood. Although opponents of LGBT rights have longed cited this goal as one of the primary justifications for discrimination against LGBT people, it has no constitutional foundation upon which to stand.

Building upon a schema familiar to legal scholarship on LGBT rights, this Article challenges the state's interest in promoting heterosexuality in childhood by articulating a tripartite defense of children's homosexual speech, status, and conduct. It argues that these three aspects of children's homosexuality are connected to and protected by the Constitution's free …

We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together: Domestic Violence Victims, Defendants, And Due Process, Jessica Miles

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

"That's The Guy!": Federal Rule Of Evidence 801(D)(1)(C) And Out-Of-Court Statements Of Identification, Gilbert M. Rein

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Blacklisted: The Constitutionality Of The Federal System For Publishing Reports Of "Bad" Doctors In The National Practitioner Data Bank, Katharine A. Van Tassel

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Exile Without Process: The New York City Housing Authority's Unconstitutional Trespass Notice Program, Lauren J. Zimmerman

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Politics Of Free Exercise After Employment Division V. Smith: Same-Sex Marriage, The "War On Terror," And Religious Freedom, Richard Schragger

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Four Pillars Of Constitutional Doctrine, Suzanna Sherry

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Corporate Prerogative, Race, And Identity Under The Fourteenth Amendment, John A. Powell, Caitlin Watt

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

"I'M Going To Dinner With Frank": Admissibility Of Nontestimonial Statements Of Intent To Prove The Actions Of Someone Other Than The Speaker - And The Role Of The Due Process Clause, Lynn Mclain

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Abandoning The Ten Percent Rule And Reclaiming One Person, One Vote, Stephanie Cirkovich

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

Due Process And Targeted Killing Of Terrorists, Richard Murphy, Afsheen John Radsan

Cardozo Law Review

"Targeted killing" is extra-judicial, premeditated killing by a state of a specifically identified person not in its custody. States have used this tool, secretly or not, throughout history. In recent years, targeted killing has generated new controversy as two states in particular - Israel and the United States - have struggled against opponents embedded in civilian populations. As a matter of express policy, Israel engages in targeted killing of persons it deems members of terrorist organizations involved in attacks on Israel. The United States, less expressly, has adopted a similar policy against al Qaeda - particularly in the border areas …

Loyalty Testing For Attorneys: When Is It Necessary And Who Should Decide?, Mary Elizabeth Basile

Cardozo Law Review

The concept of loyalty has been manipulated to mean different things with respect to the profession of law depending on the political climate brought about by national crises throughout the history of this country. An attorney's loyalty to his country has referred to more than mere allegiance and support of the laws of the sovereignty in that it has been understood to concern specified beliefs, doctrines, and associations. It has been tested through the imposition of loyalty oaths from the colonial days through the Civil War and Cold War, to the current post-September 11 era in which the government's emphasis …