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Articles 1 - 30 of 98
Full-Text Articles in Contracts
Teaching Slavery In Commercial Law, Carliss N. Chatman
Teaching Slavery In Commercial Law, Carliss N. Chatman
Scholarly Articles
Public status shapes private ordering. Personhood status, conferred or acknowledged by the state, determines whether one is a party to or the object of a contract. For much of our nation’s history, the law deemed all persons of African descent to have a limited status, if given personhood at all. The property and partial personhood status of African-Americans, combined with standards developed to facilitate the growth of the international commodities market for products including cotton, contributed to the current beliefs of business investors and even how communities of color are still governed and supported. The impact of that shift in …
Floating Liens Over Crypto-In-Commerce, Christopher K. Odinet, Andrea Tosato
Floating Liens Over Crypto-In-Commerce, Christopher K. Odinet, Andrea Tosato
Faculty Scholarship
Commercial law and crypto are colliding. Against the backdrop of explosive growth (and discord) in the digital asset market, there has been a series of recent revisions to American commercial law aimed at addressing new and emerging technologies. These changes to the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) are designed to facilitate the buying and selling of digital assets as well as their use as collateral. However, to date, the literature exploring these changes has mainly focused on understanding the basics of the new regime. This Essay moves beyond that baseline by showing how the UCC amendments can be used to structure …
The Private Law Of Stablecoins, Kara J. Bruce, Christopher K. Odinet, Andrea Tosato
The Private Law Of Stablecoins, Kara J. Bruce, Christopher K. Odinet, Andrea Tosato
Faculty Scholarship
Stablecoins are one of the cornerstones of the crypto world. They’ve attracted significant attention over the past few years, ranging from Wall Street to kitchen table investors, and even the White House. As a less volatile alternative to crypto-assets like bitcoin, stablecoins have the potential to change the way we make payments, unlock the groundwork needed for more blockchain-based applications, and even reorient the economy toward private money. But how stable are these stablecoins, really? Can they be relied upon in the way their many proponents claim? And how much of the popular beliefs about stablecoins match their realities? That’s …
The Property Law Of Tokens, Juliet M. Moringiello, Christopher K. Odinet
The Property Law Of Tokens, Juliet M. Moringiello, Christopher K. Odinet
Faculty Scholarship
Non-fungible tokens—or NFTs, as they are better known—have taken the world by storm. The idea behind an NFT is that by owning a certain thing (specifically, a digital token that is tracked on a blockchain), one can hold property rights in something else (either a real or intangible asset). In the early part of 2021, NFTs for items ranging from a gif of a pop-tart cat with a rainbow tail, to Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey’s first tweet, to a New York Times column (about NFTs!) have sold for millions of dollars over the internet. Promoters assert that NFTs are the …
Creating Cryptolaw For The Uniform Commercial Code, Carla L. Reyes
Creating Cryptolaw For The Uniform Commercial Code, Carla L. Reyes
Washington and Lee Law Review
A contract generally only binds its parties. Security agreements, which create a security interest in specific personal property, stand out as a glaring exception to this rule. Under certain conditions, security interests not only bind the creditor and debtor, but also third-party creditors seeking to lend against the same collateral. To receive this extraordinary benefit, creditors must put the world on notice, usually by filing a financing statement with the state in which the debtor is located. Unfortunately, the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.) Article 9 filing system fails to provide actual notice to interested parties and introduces risk of heavy …
Commercial Law Intersections, Giuliano Castellano, Andrea Tosato
Commercial Law Intersections, Giuliano Castellano, Andrea Tosato
All Faculty Scholarship
Commercial law is not a single, monolithic entity. It has grown into a dense thicket of subject-specific branches that govern a broad range of transactions and corporate actions. When one of these events falls concurrently within the purview of two or more of these commercial law branches - such as corporate law, intellectual property law, secured transactions law, conduct and prudential regulation - an overlap materializes. We refer to this legal phenomenon as a commercial law intersection (CLI). Some notable examples of transactions that feature CLIs include bank loans secured by shares, supply chain financing arrangements, patent cross-licensing, and blockchain-based …
The Economics Of Leasing, Thomas W. Merrill
The Economics Of Leasing, Thomas W. Merrill
Faculty Scholarship
Leasing may be the most important legal institution that has received virtually no systematic scholarly attention. Real property leasing is familiar in the context of residential tenancies. But it is also widely used in commercial contexts, including office buildings and shopping centers. Personal property leasing, which was rarely encountered before World War II, has more recently exploded on a world-wide basis, with everything from autos to farm equipment to airplanes being leased. This article seeks to develop a composite picture of the defining features of leases and why leasing is such a widespread and highly successful economic institution. The reasons …
Not So Good: The Classification Of “Smart Goods” Under Ucc Article 2, Chadwick L. Williams
Not So Good: The Classification Of “Smart Goods” Under Ucc Article 2, Chadwick L. Williams
Georgia State University Law Review
Refrigerators can now tweet. Today, almost sixty years after the states widely adopted the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), the line between goods and services is more blurred than ever. When the UCC was drafted, a good was the simple opposite of a service. A good was something “movable” and tangible, and a service was not. Article 2 of the UCC, which governs sales, limits its scope to goods.
However, because Article 2 was drafted long before the proliferation of so-called “smart goods,” courts continuously struggle to determine when a smart good falls within Article 2’s scope. Courts have developed different …
Do We Need A Global Commercial Code?, Michael Joachim Bonell
Do We Need A Global Commercial Code?, Michael Joachim Bonell
Dickinson Law Review (2017-Present)
The International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) first launched the idea of preparing a code of inter- national trade law. In 1970, the Secretariat of UNIDROIT submitted a note to the newly established United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) in justification of such an initiative and indicated some of the salient features of the project. What was proposed was a veritable code in the continental sense. The proposed code included two parts: part one dealing with the law of obligations generally, and part two relating to specific kinds of commercial transactions. However, the “Progressive codification …
The Convention On The Uniform Law Of International Bills Of Exchange And International Promissory Notes: A Comparison To The Uniform Commercial Code, Harold S. White
The Convention On The Uniform Law Of International Bills Of Exchange And International Promissory Notes: A Comparison To The Uniform Commercial Code, Harold S. White
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Soviet Accession To The Universal Copyright Convention: Possible Implications For Future Foreign Publication Of Dissidents’ Works, Lee J. Ross Jr.
Soviet Accession To The Universal Copyright Convention: Possible Implications For Future Foreign Publication Of Dissidents’ Works, Lee J. Ross Jr.
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Contracting In The Age Of The Internet Of Things: Article 2 Of The Ucc And Beyond, Stacy-Ann Elvy
Contracting In The Age Of The Internet Of Things: Article 2 Of The Ucc And Beyond, Stacy-Ann Elvy
Articles & Chapters
This Article analyzes the global phenomenon of the Internet of Things (“IOT”) and its potential impact on consumer contracts for the sale of goods. Recent examples of IOT products include Amazon’s Dash Replenishment Service, which allows household devices to automatically reorder goods. By 2025, the IOT is estimated to have an economic impact of as much as $11.1 trillion. To date, there are approximately fifteen billion interconnected devices, and by 2020, there will be fifty billion such devices worldwide. IOT devices will revolutionize the way that consumers shop for consumable supplies and other goods. Consumers will no longer need to …
Bitcoin And The Uniform Commercial Code, Jeanne L. Schroeder
Bitcoin And The Uniform Commercial Code, Jeanne L. Schroeder
Faculty Articles
Much of the discussion of bitcoin in the popular press has concentrated on its status as a currency. Putting aside a vocal minority of radical libertarians and anarchists, however, many bitcoin enthusiasts are concentrating on how its underlying technology – the blockchain – can be put to use for wide variety of uses. For example, economists at the Fed and other central banks have suggested that they should encourage the evolution of bitcoin’s blockchain protocol which might allow financial transactions to clear much efficiently than under our current systems. As such, it also holds out the possibility of becoming that …
Bringing Continuity To Cryptocurrency: Commercial Law As A Guide To The Asset Categorization Of Bitcoin, Evan Hewitt
Bringing Continuity To Cryptocurrency: Commercial Law As A Guide To The Asset Categorization Of Bitcoin, Evan Hewitt
Seattle University Law Review
This Note will undertake to analyze bitcoin under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and the Internal Revenue Code (IRC)—two important sources of commercial law—to see whether any existing asset categories adequately protect bitcoin’s commercial viability. This Note will demonstrate that although commercial law dictates that bitcoin should—nay must—be regulated as a currency in order to sustain its existence, the very definition of currency seems to preclude that from happening. Therefore, this Note will recommend that we experiment with a new type of asset that receives currency-like treatment, specifically designed for cryptocurrencies, under which bitcoin can be categorized in order to …
The Regression Of "Good Faith" In Maryland Commercial Law, Lisa D. Sparks
The Regression Of "Good Faith" In Maryland Commercial Law, Lisa D. Sparks
University of Baltimore Law Forum
“Good faith,” in the affirmative or as the absence of bad faith, has always been a challenge to define and judge as a matter of conduct, motive, or both. Different tests apply a subjective standard, an objective standard, or even a combination of the two. Some parties may be held to different expectations than others. This determination of good faith has always been fact-driven and somewhat transcendental. Until recently, however, the question invoked a construct of fairness, resting on a two-pronged metric, at least insofar as several key titles of the Maryland Uniform Commercial Code were concerned. Since June 1, …
Constitutional Law And Secured Transactions: State Action V. Private Action - Uniform Commercial Code Self-Help; Repossession Provisions - Do Not Violate Due Process Requirements; Adams V. Southern California First National Bank, David M. Hunter
Akron Law Review
Several years ago, the United States Supreme Court, in Sniadach v. Family Finance Corp.,' signaled what has been eventually interpreted in subsequent decisions as the strict measurement of creditors' rights against the requirements of due process set forth in the fourteenth amendment. What has since transpired has been an onslaught of litigation in this area of such magnitude that the due process requirements of prior notice and hearing found in Sniadach have been extended to virtually all forms of prejudgment remedies available to the aggrieved creditor. Despite all of this, the rationale of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth …
Negotiable Instruments - Forged Indorsements - Liability Of Payor And Collecting Banks - Uniform Commercial Code §3-419; Cooper V. Union Bank, James A. Wagner
Negotiable Instruments - Forged Indorsements - Liability Of Payor And Collecting Banks - Uniform Commercial Code §3-419; Cooper V. Union Bank, James A. Wagner
Akron Law Review
The holding in Cooper v. Union Bank' is based on the court's interpretation of Uniform Commercial Code (hereinafter Code) section 3-4192 and the application of this section to collecting and payor banks.
Joseph Stell brought an action in conversion s as payee and true owner to recover funds paid by defendant banks on checks cashed by Stell's secretary. The secretary forged plaintiff's indorsement on twenty-nine checks over a sixteen-month period, cashing the checks at both payor and collcting banks. In an opinion affirmed by the appellate court the trial court held that the defendant banks qualified as representatives, acted in …
Wrongful Dishonor Under The Ucc: A Trip Through The Maze Of 4-402, David J. Leibson
Wrongful Dishonor Under The Ucc: A Trip Through The Maze Of 4-402, David J. Leibson
Akron Law Review
WHEN MY NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS CLASS is ready to consider Section 4-402 of the Uniform Commercial Code, I always like to start out by asking if anyone would have worded the language differently had they been drafting the section. Usually one of the first responses is to the effect that 4-402 is fine just the way it is because a bank should be made to answer to its customer if it fails to honor a properly payable item drawn upon it. My response to such an answer is twofold. First, I wholeheartedly agree that a bank should be held responsible for …
A Look At A Strict Construction Of Section 2-207 Of The Uniform Commercial Code From The Seller's Point Of View Or What's So Bad About Roto-Lith?, Thomas E. Liggett
A Look At A Strict Construction Of Section 2-207 Of The Uniform Commercial Code From The Seller's Point Of View Or What's So Bad About Roto-Lith?, Thomas E. Liggett
Akron Law Review
This is an examination of the workings of section 2-207 of the Uniform Commercial Code in the form contract between merchants. More specifically, the literal interpretation of the Section is to be investigated as to its effect on the practical formation of the sales contract A basic assumption of this comment is that the terms of the Code which may, under section 2-207 be "read into" a contract, are repugnant to the seller. This, I think, is obvious. It should, however, be kept in mind that, between merchants, both parties may be assumed to be "big boys." Therefore, the problem …
Default Proceedings Under Article 9: Problems, Solutions, And Lessons To Be Learned, Leonard Lakin
Default Proceedings Under Article 9: Problems, Solutions, And Lessons To Be Learned, Leonard Lakin
Akron Law Review
This article will explore in detail the relevant Code provisions relating to default proceedings and the impact of the significant court decisions which have interpreted this most important area of secured transactions as well as the changes made by -the 1972 Official Text of Article 9, which has already been adopted in ten states as of this writing.
An Analysis Of Warranty Claims Instituted By Non-Privity Plaintiffs In Jurisdictions That Have Adopted Uniform Commerical Code Section 2-318 (Alternatives B & C), William L. Stallworth
An Analysis Of Warranty Claims Instituted By Non-Privity Plaintiffs In Jurisdictions That Have Adopted Uniform Commerical Code Section 2-318 (Alternatives B & C), William L. Stallworth
Akron Law Review
The purpose of this Article is to discuss case law developments under Uniform Commercial Code Section 2-318 Alternatives B3 and C.4. The Article will also propose a solution to various problems that arise under section 2-318 in the the law of defenses. In order to follow this discussion, one must understand the law of warranty claims and defenses under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (henceforth, the "Code" or the "UCC").
The U.C.C. Section 4-205(2) Payment/Deposit Warranty: Allow A Drawer To Hold A Depositary Bank Liable For Collecting An Item With A Forged Indorsement, Richard Scislowski
The U.C.C. Section 4-205(2) Payment/Deposit Warranty: Allow A Drawer To Hold A Depositary Bank Liable For Collecting An Item With A Forged Indorsement, Richard Scislowski
Akron Law Review
As written, the new section 4-205(2) Payment/Deposit Warranty may provide a new theory upon which to hold a depositary bank liable for handling a stolen check for the benefit of a thief. This Comment will propose that the word "customer" as used in U.C.C. section 4-205 should not be read to include a thief that steals a check, forges an indorsement, and transfers the item to a depositary bank for collection. Such a reading would allow the drawer of the stolen check to sue the depositary bank for breach of warranty. This Comment will first describe the existing recourses available …
Good Faith: A New Look At An Old Doctrine, Robert S. Adler, Richard A. Mann
Good Faith: A New Look At An Old Doctrine, Robert S. Adler, Richard A. Mann
Akron Law Review
In this article we sketch the basic contours of the contractual policing devices that apply to special relationships and to arm's length transactions. We then explicate in greater detail the duty of good faith under general contract law and the Uniform Commercial Code. Finally, we explore some strategies for shortening arm's length transactions through consensual extensions of the duty of good faith.
Too Clever By Half: Reflections On Perception, Legitimacy, And Choice Of Law Under Revised Article 1 Of The Uniform Commercial Code, Mark Edwin Burge
Too Clever By Half: Reflections On Perception, Legitimacy, And Choice Of Law Under Revised Article 1 Of The Uniform Commercial Code, Mark Edwin Burge
Mark Edwin Burge
The overwhelmingly successful 2001 rewrite of Article 1 of the Uniform Commercial Code was accompanied by an overwhelming failure: proposed section 1-301 on contractual choice of law. As originally sent to the states, section 1-301 would have allowed non-consumer parties to a contract to select a governing law that bore no relation to their transaction. Proponents justifiably contended that such autonomy was consistent with emerging international norms and with the nature of contracts creating voluntary private obligations. Despite such arguments, the original version of section 1-301 was resoundingly rejected, gaining zero adoptions by the states before its withdrawal in 2008. …
Too Clever By Half: Reflections On Perception, Legitimacy, And Choice Of Law Under Revised Article 1 Of The Uniform Commercial Code, Mark Edwin Burge
Too Clever By Half: Reflections On Perception, Legitimacy, And Choice Of Law Under Revised Article 1 Of The Uniform Commercial Code, Mark Edwin Burge
Mark Edwin Burge
The overwhelmingly successful 2001 rewrite of Article 1 of the Uniform Commercial Code was accompanied by an overwhelming failure: proposed section 1-301 on contractual choice of law. As originally sent to the states, section 1-301 would have allowed non-consumer parties to a contract to select a governing law that bore no relation to their transaction. Proponents justifiably contended that such autonomy was consistent with emerging international norms and with the nature of contracts creating voluntary private obligations. Despite such arguments, the original version of section 1-301 was resoundingly rejected, gaining zero adoptions by the states before its withdrawal in 2008. …
Unconscionability As A Contract Policing Device For The Elder Client: How Useful Is It?, Robyn L. Meadows
Unconscionability As A Contract Policing Device For The Elder Client: How Useful Is It?, Robyn L. Meadows
Akron Law Review
An elder law symposium provides an opportunity to consider ways that the various areas of the law provide protection for the older client. This raises the question of whether the Uniform Commercial Code (hereafter U.C.C. or the Code) protects the unique interests of the older consumer. Such consideration naturally leads to the contract policing device specifically included in the Code—unconscionability. The doctrine of unconscionability provides a way for courts to police grossly unfair contracts and contract provisions. It is found not only in the U.C.C. but also in the tenets of general contract law. However, its application is not limited …
Too Clever By Half: Reflections On Perception, Legitimacy, And Choice Of Law Under Revised Article 1 Of The Uniform Commercial Code, Mark Edwin Burge
Too Clever By Half: Reflections On Perception, Legitimacy, And Choice Of Law Under Revised Article 1 Of The Uniform Commercial Code, Mark Edwin Burge
William & Mary Business Law Review
The overwhelmingly successful 2001 rewrite of Article 1 of the Uniform Commercial Code was accompanied by an overwhelming failure: proposed section 1-301 on contractual choice of law. As originally sent to the states, section 1-301 would have allowed non-consumer parties to a contract to select a governing law that bore no relation to their transaction. Proponents justifiably contended that such autonomy was consistent with emerging international norms and with the nature of contracts creating voluntary private obligations. Despite such arguments, the original version of section 1-301 was resoundingly rejected, gaining zero adoptions by the states before its withdrawal in 2008. …
Contract Resurrected! Contract Formation: Common Law – Ucc – Cisg, Sarah Howard Jenkins
Contract Resurrected! Contract Formation: Common Law – Ucc – Cisg, Sarah Howard Jenkins
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Breaking “Too Darn Bad”: Restoring The Balance Between Freedom Of Contract And Consumer Protection, Stephanie Drotar
Breaking “Too Darn Bad”: Restoring The Balance Between Freedom Of Contract And Consumer Protection, Stephanie Drotar
NYLS Law Review
No abstract provided.
Delaware’S Implied Contractual Covenant Of Good Faith And “Sibling Rivalry” Among Equity Holders, Daniel S. Kleinberger
Delaware’S Implied Contractual Covenant Of Good Faith And “Sibling Rivalry” Among Equity Holders, Daniel S. Kleinberger
Faculty Scholarship
An obligation of good faith and fair dealing is implied in every common law contract and is codified in the Uniform Commercial Code (“U.C.C”). The terminology differs: Some jurisdictions refer to an “implied covenant;” others to an “implied contractual obligation;” still others to an “implied duty.” But whatever the label, the concept is understood by the vast majority of U.S. lawyers as a matter of commercial rather than entity law. And, to the vast majority of corporate lawyers, “good faith” does not mean contract law but rather conjures up an important aspect of a corporate director’s duty of loyalty.
Nonetheless, …