Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Commercial Law Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Brooklyn Law School

Discipline
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type

Articles 1 - 30 of 120

Full-Text Articles in Commercial Law

Nanosecond Policies: Comparing Us And Chinese Approaches To High-Frequency Trading Regulation, Bilal Laghari Jun 2026

Nanosecond Policies: Comparing Us And Chinese Approaches To High-Frequency Trading Regulation, Bilal Laghari

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

High frequency trading has transformed global financial markets, introducing both efficiency gains and significant regulatory concerns. This Note analyzes the divergent approaches of the United States and China in regulating high frequency trading, focusing on how each system addresses issues of market manipulation, information asymmetry, and systemic risk. It contends that the United States’ reliance on outdated and indirect regulatory mechanisms, such as Regulation NMS, has failed to keep pace with technological advancements. In contrast, China’s more recent and targeted regulatory framework provides clearer guidance and stronger oversight of high frequency trading practices. This Note concludes that a hybrid approach, …


The Tiger Trap Of Claims-Made-And-Reported Insurance Policies, Vonda Mallicoat Laughlin May 2026

The Tiger Trap Of Claims-Made-And-Reported Insurance Policies, Vonda Mallicoat Laughlin

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Insurance policies contain notification requirements. A typical requirement is that notice be provided of a claim, or of an incident likely to lead to a claim, promptly or within a certain number of days of the occurrence. A claims-made-and-reported policy generally has this type of notification requirement but further requires that notice of a claim be provided within the coverage dates of the policy or within a set number of days following the policy’s expiration date. Over the years, the claims-made-and-reported form has reached popularity in regard to certain types of liability coverage. As exemplified by the case of President …


Property, Recognition, And The Problem Of The Term “Debtor”: Rethinking Eligibility In Chapter 15 Cross-Border Insolvency, Jonathan Lent May 2026

Property, Recognition, And The Problem Of The Term “Debtor”: Rethinking Eligibility In Chapter 15 Cross-Border Insolvency, Jonathan Lent

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Congress knows how to draft a property requirement. There is no such requirement for a Chapter 15 debtor to seek recognition of its foreign proceeding, yet there is a circuit split on the issue. In 2005, Congress enacted Chapter 15 through the Bankruptcy Consumer Protection and Consumer Act (“BAPCPA”). The Second Circuit in In re Barnet held that section 109(a), along with its property requirement, applies in a Chapter 15 case through section 103(a), which provides that Chapter 1 of the bankruptcy code applies to Chapter 15. The Eleventh Circuit, in In re Al Zawawi, relying on jurisprudence decided under …


Balancing A Circular Economy With Brand Protection: How Luxury Fashion Houses Can Regulate Upcycling Through Trademark Licensing, Olivia Dinkins Dec 2025

Balancing A Circular Economy With Brand Protection: How Luxury Fashion Houses Can Regulate Upcycling Through Trademark Licensing, Olivia Dinkins

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

The growing demand for sustainable fashion, particularly among younger consumers, has led to a surge in upcycling practices that repurpose pre-existing materials, often featuring luxury brand trademarks. While upcycling may support a circular economy and artistic innovation, it poses complex legal challenges for trademark owners, especially concerning consumer confusion, dilution, and the use of counterfeit materials. This Note explores the intersection of trademark law and sustainability in the luxury fashion sector, highlighting the tension between environmental responsibility and intellectual property protection. This Note first analyzes the way various courts have confronted these issues and the limitations of doctrines like first …


Safeguarding Creditors' Interest In China's Debtor-In-Possession (Dip) Model: Enhancing Director Accountability For Effective Corporate Reorganization, Tianqi (Alicia) Ding Dec 2025

Safeguarding Creditors' Interest In China's Debtor-In-Possession (Dip) Model: Enhancing Director Accountability For Effective Corporate Reorganization, Tianqi (Alicia) Ding

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

In recent years, China has increasingly adopted the Debtor-in-Possession (DIP) model in corporate reorganization, allowing directors to retain control of the debtor’s operations during bankruptcy proceedings. From 2019 to 2025, the use of the DIP model among listed companies rose substantially, reflecting a policy preference for efficiency, continuity of management, and the perceived advantages of director familiarity with business operations. While the DIP model may improve restructuring efficiency, it also concentrates decision-making power in directors who face limited personal accountability, thereby exposing creditors to heightened risk during insolvency. China’s existing legal framework inadequately addresses this risk. The Company Law defines …


Myth Busters: A Review Of “Debt’S Grip”, Susan Block-Lieb Dec 2025

Myth Busters: A Review Of “Debt’S Grip”, Susan Block-Lieb

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Debt’s Grip follows a long line of literature that looks to combat legal and cultural myths about consumer debt and consumer bankruptcy with quantitative and qualitative analysis on these topics. Who files for bankruptcy and why? Fighting longstanding myths is tough work, but Pamela Foohey, Robert M. Lawless and Deborah Thorne have marshalled a strong set of tools, and strong intellectual allies, to support this epic battle.


How And Why To Be A Strategic Debtor, Chrystin Ondersma Dec 2025

How And Why To Be A Strategic Debtor, Chrystin Ondersma

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Shame and fear prevent many Americans who need debt relief from seeking it. Americans who struggle with debt should reject fear and shame and should instead feel empowered and entitled to seek relief in bankruptcy. Almost every American will need to take on debt at some point. We’re expected to use credit to acquire educations, homes, cars, and appliances—even medical care. Americans do not incur debt strategically, but rather as a matter of survival. In Dignity Not Debt, I argued that human dignity, not profits, should guide policymakers, and that our collective goal should be to end both survival debt …


Can The New Literature About Debt Make A Real Difference In The Real World?, Norman I. Silber Dec 2025

Can The New Literature About Debt Make A Real Difference In The Real World?, Norman I. Silber

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Thank you for inviting me to participate in this symposium organized around a group of new books about “Debt in the Real World.” My discussion in Part I considers from a historical perspective the place these books occupy as part of a long tradition of consumer reform which has combined popular literature with scholarship to promote change. Part II then explores themes common to this new wave. Part III closes by arguing that as in earlier periods the new wave can make headway notwithstanding attacks on governmental interventions; that there may be space in our political geography for some of …


Power, Tools, And Process: Some Reflections On Bankruptcy Minimalism, Edward J. Janger Dec 2025

Power, Tools, And Process: Some Reflections On Bankruptcy Minimalism, Edward J. Janger

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

In Unjust Debts: How Our Bankruptcy System Makes America More Unequal, Melissa Jacoby offers a brilliant and sweeping indictment of the way in which bankruptcy law is currently practiced in the United States. As she puts it, “This book is a story of falling out of love. With a law.” Like me, Professor Jacoby came of professional age, at the close of the first age of the Bankruptcy Code. Enacted in 1978, we both learned the statute in the mid-1990s, at a time when the transformative power of the 1978 Code was reaching its peak. On the business side, corporations …


Wine Unwelcome: The Constitutional Contours Of Wine Regulation, Alexander Fallone Sep 2025

Wine Unwelcome: The Constitutional Contours Of Wine Regulation, Alexander Fallone

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Wine retail shops face a dizzying labyrinth of state laws that severely restrict their ability to ship wine to out-of-state consumers. While the dormant Commerce Clause would normally strike down laws that impose restrictions on interstate commerce, wine (and alcoholic beverages) must contend with Section Two of the Twenty-first Amendment, which gives the states control over the importation and distribution of wine intending to be consumed within their borders. Court of Appeals cases interpreting Supreme Court precedent on the tension between the dormant Commerce Clause and Section Two have practically stripped the dormant Commerce Clause of any power. This Note …


Show Me The Money: Approaches To Anti-Money Laundering Compliance For Digital Assets, Mollie Rouan Sep 2025

Show Me The Money: Approaches To Anti-Money Laundering Compliance For Digital Assets, Mollie Rouan

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

The European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (“MiCA”) created a harmonized framework to regulate digital asset issuance and services that were not already covered by existing regulations. Notably, MiCA requires virtual asset providers to adhere to the Financial Action Task Force Recommendation 16 (“FATF”), also known as the Travel Rule. Though the Travel Rule has existed for almost 20 years, its application to crypto asset transfers is entirely new. The purpose of the Travel Rule is to detect and prevent money laundering and terrorist financing, but its application to cryptocurrency wallet transactions is criticized for being overly burdensome and invasive …


Who Owns Your Adventure? A Need For Legislative Clarity For Streamed Performances Of Video Games, Harrison Busalacchi Sep 2025

Who Owns Your Adventure? A Need For Legislative Clarity For Streamed Performances Of Video Games, Harrison Busalacchi

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Video games contain copyrighted material that could easily be infringed upon by people streaming a performance of them playing the game. However, the streamers can protect themselves from infringement liability by transforming the content in some form or fashion such that their performance constitutes “fair use” of the copyrighted material. This is often accomplished by the streamer providing commentary while playing the game or adding a small video of themselves in the corner of the stream so that the viewers can see the streamers’ reactions to the content. With artificial intelligence seeing exponential growth in the past couple of years …


Data Scraping For Generative Ai—To What Extent?, Jae Yeon Cecilia Kim Dec 2024

Data Scraping For Generative Ai—To What Extent?, Jae Yeon Cecilia Kim

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Generative AI platforms are developed by scraping data from other platforms. This raises complex copyright infringement issues that are yet to be resolved. Courts have attempted to address these problems using the fair use doctrine, which evaluates four factors to determine whether a use infringes on copyright: (1) the purpose and character of the use, (2) the nature of the use, (3) the amount and substantiality of the copyrighted work’s use, and (4) the impact of the use on the market for the original work. Despite efforts to apply this long-established doctrine, challenges persist, including difficulties in identifying the copyright …


A Call For Statutory Reform: Online Marketplaces That Profit From Product Sales Should Be Held Strictly Liable As Sellers, Mark Anderson Dec 2024

A Call For Statutory Reform: Online Marketplaces That Profit From Product Sales Should Be Held Strictly Liable As Sellers, Mark Anderson

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Today, Americans purchase roughly 16% of all consumer goods through online marketplaces such as Amazon. While traditional brick-and-mortar retailers that sell defective products are strictly liable for harm caused by those products, online marketplace retailers, which serve analogous roles in defective product sales, can often evade liability entirely. Amazon, for instance, is immune from liability for product defects in more than 60% of sales conducted on its website in almost every state. This Note explains why online marketplaces that profit from defective product sales should be strictly liable for harm those products cause, and why courts often refuse to hold …


Untangling Bankruptcy’S Most Complex Web: Chapter 11 Rule 1111(B) And Subchapter V, Evan Sponder Dec 2024

Untangling Bankruptcy’S Most Complex Web: Chapter 11 Rule 1111(B) And Subchapter V, Evan Sponder

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

The United States Code Section 1111(b) provides an equitable remedy to debt restructuring for both debtors and creditors in Chapter 11 bankruptcy by allowing the debtor to retain their income-producing assets and repay their creditor(s) through a mutually approved plan. However, section 1111(b) is difficult for courts to apply due to its complex nature, and infrequent application of the section has resulted in limited development of case law interpreting the section. Courts currently interpret 1111(b) elections in Chapter 11 Subchapter V cases to exclude interest accrual; this interpretation establishes an inequitable precedent whereby debtors’ procedural advantages bypass creditor protections during …


I Ain't Afraid Of No Ghost…Kitchen! A New Realm Of Consumer Protection After The Inform Consumers Act, Johanna Silva Dec 2024

I Ain't Afraid Of No Ghost…Kitchen! A New Realm Of Consumer Protection After The Inform Consumers Act, Johanna Silva

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were pervasive, sparing none from its impact. However, the restaurant industry bore an even greater change and a heavier burden than most. At the height of the pandemic, some 110,000 restaurants shut down. QR codes replaced paper menus, street parking transformed into outdoor dining sheds, and Friday night dinners at the “great spot on the corner” became takeout orders from the couch. Reopening was an unpredictable gamble for restaurant owners, fraught with tiered plans and inconsistent regulations on safe and unsafe dining practices. The desperate search for creative solutions to stay in business propelled …


After Further Review: Are Ncaa Conferences Now Subject To Antitrust Liability?, Madison Huberman Dec 2024

After Further Review: Are Ncaa Conferences Now Subject To Antitrust Liability?, Madison Huberman

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Following the Alston decision, the landscape of college athletics has undergone significant transformation. Although the Supreme Court in Alston previously determined that individual conferences lacked power over the relevant market, this is no longer true for all conferences. This note explores the potential antitrust liability facing individual NCAA conferences in the post-Alston era. It reviews the NCAA’s historical context, its member institutions, and the variations in membership across Divisions and sports. The analysis then shifts to the current state of college athletics, including NIL policies, conference realignment, and media rights deals. The note further assesses whether certain conferences are susceptible …


Post-Genocide Peace And Economic Prosperity: The Potential Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment In Bosnia And Herzegovina, Selma Tabakovic May 2024

Post-Genocide Peace And Economic Prosperity: The Potential Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment In Bosnia And Herzegovina, Selma Tabakovic

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s political climate and economic conditions have been slow to grow following the end of the genocide. The Dayton Peace Accord, which facilitated the end of the genocide, was useful to stop the gunfire, but it did establish effective rule of law to ensure that Bosnia could thrive independently in the future. Thus, the lack of political and economic reform in Bosnia stifles foreign direct investment (FDI). This note argues that if the Government reforms its court system, entity structure, and economic policies, FDI will increase. By creating a reciprocal relationship, FDI may create lasting prosperity in the …


Emerging Technologies And Perfection Of Security Interests: A Financial University Of Uncertainty, Elizabeth M. Wagenbach Mar 2024

Emerging Technologies And Perfection Of Security Interests: A Financial University Of Uncertainty, Elizabeth M. Wagenbach

Brooklyn Law Review

Since the founding of Bitcoin in 2009, digital assets, such as cryptocurrency, have exploded in popularity. Cryptocurrency has been associated with stories of immense profit and immense loss. The lucky transactors have been able to capitalize on the price fluctuations of cryptocurrency, while the unlucky transactors became victims of the same volatility, losing tremendous amounts of money. The novelty and ingenuity of cryptocurrency has been coupled with mass confusion to transactors and regulators alike. These early days of cryptocurrency have been characterized by a sort of regulatory tug of war that is a direct result of confusion of what cryptocurrency …


Unleashing Corporate Entrepreneurship, Bernice A. Grant Jan 2024

Unleashing Corporate Entrepreneurship, Bernice A. Grant

Brooklyn Law Review

Noncompetition agreements (noncompetes), which prohibit employees from launching or working at competitive companies for certain periods, have become increasingly prevalent in the workplace. Employers claim they need noncompetes to protect their trade secrets and other legitimate business interests, but most workers do not have access to trade secrets—and when they do, such secrets can be better protected through confidentiality and intellectual property agreements. In practice, many companies appear to use noncompetes as an employee retention tool, but this is not a legitimate purpose for a noncompete. In addition, noncompetes have a disproportionately negative impact on women, people of color, and …


Situating Bystanders Within Strict Products Liability, Mark A. Geistfeld Dec 2023

Situating Bystanders Within Strict Products Liability, Mark A. Geistfeld

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

"The largely neglected role of bystanders within products liability is reflected in the extensive scholarship of Professor Aaron Twerski—the rightly celebrated honoree of this symposium. Within Twerski’s vast body of impressive publications, his limited discussions of bystanders align with the widely held assumption that, aside from the problems they pose for the consumer expectations test, bystanders do not merit much attention within the context of products liability. Bystander injuries are much more important than is commonly recognized; one must focus on them to adequately identify the conditions under which consumer-choice doctrines properly limit tort liability. Because the varied rules of …


It's Finally Time For A National Data Privacy Law: A Discussion Of The American Data Privacy And Protection Act (Adppa), Erin J. An Dec 2023

It's Finally Time For A National Data Privacy Law: A Discussion Of The American Data Privacy And Protection Act (Adppa), Erin J. An

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Millions of Americans face unprecedented privacy risks related to their data, often without their awareness. With the increasing value of consumer data and its growing utilization by businesses, there is a growing demand for greater transparency and privacy protections. As of 2023, no comprehensive federal law governs data privacy in the United States, leaving citizens with limited protections. Introduced to Congress on June 21, 2022, the American Data and Privacy Protection Act (ADPPA) successfully passed the House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce, making it the furthest a national comprehensive data privacy bill has progressed through the federal legislative …


Rise Of The Machines: The Future Of Intellectual Property Rights In The Age Of Artificial Intelligence, Sofia Vescovo Dec 2023

Rise Of The Machines: The Future Of Intellectual Property Rights In The Age Of Artificial Intelligence, Sofia Vescovo

Brooklyn Law Review

Artificial intelligence (AI) is not new to generating outputs considered suitable for intellectual property (IP) protection. However, recent technological advancements have made it possible for AI to transform from a mere tool used to assist in developing IP to the mind behind novel artistic works and inventions. One particular AI, DABUS, has done just so. Yet, while technology has advanced, IP law has not. This note sets out to provide a solution to the legal concerns raised by AI in IP law, specifically in the context of AI authorship and inventorship. The DABUS test case offers a model framework for …


Kneecapping Scalping: Ending The Predatory Scourge Plaguing E-Commerce Using Unfair Practice Frameworks, Zachary Michael Elvove Dec 2023

Kneecapping Scalping: Ending The Predatory Scourge Plaguing E-Commerce Using Unfair Practice Frameworks, Zachary Michael Elvove

Brooklyn Law Review

Concert goers and sports fans are no longer the only people forced to pay absurdly marked up prices. From baby formula to video game consoles, scalping dominates the sale of goods online. Yet existing frameworks for antiscalping—specifically their relentless focus on tickets, bots, and hidden fees—fundamentally fail to address the parasitic profiteering that underpins scalping in the modern economy. We cannot understand the scope of harms posed by pernicious online resale if we focus purely on the minutiae of ticket markets and technological exploitation—the sheer number of industries affected by scalping and size of the market failure it causes demand …


Beyond Consumer Protection: Standardized Stablecoins Disclosure As Information Infrastructure, Shuping Li Aug 2023

Beyond Consumer Protection: Standardized Stablecoins Disclosure As Information Infrastructure, Shuping Li

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

This article argues for standardized disclosure for stablecoins regulation. Information disclosure has long been considered a primary tool for consumer protection. Stablecoin issuers should disclose honestly and responsibly about the qualification of themselves, as well as the value, quantity, and operational mechanism of their stablecoins. Such disclosure can prevent issuers from taking advantage of information asymmetries for consumer exploitation or fraud. It is then up to the consumers to make informed investment or consumption decisions. More importantly, this paper argues that the fundamental role of information disclosure is to form a knowledge base for financial regulation and policymaking. The importance …


Limiting 28 U.S.C. § 1782: A Changed Landscape For Discovery In Private Commercial Arbitration Abroad, Jazmyne R. Barto May 2023

Limiting 28 U.S.C. § 1782: A Changed Landscape For Discovery In Private Commercial Arbitration Abroad, Jazmyne R. Barto

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

For decades 28 U.S.C. § 1782 has been used by foreign entities looking to compel discovery in the United States for use in commercial arbitration proceedings abroad. Despite the statute being in force since 1948, many federal courts were unsure of whether § 1782 could actually be used in international private commercial arbitration. The Supreme Court tried and failed to clarify the statute’s scope in 2004, leading to a circuit court split as to §1782’s applicability. Looking to end the controversy once and for all, during the Summer of 2022, the Supreme Court clearly stated that § 1782 might not …


Part Ii: Commercial Law Harmonization: The Past As Prologue—A “Festschrift” In Honor Of Neil B. Cohen, Edward J. Janger May 2023

Part Ii: Commercial Law Harmonization: The Past As Prologue—A “Festschrift” In Honor Of Neil B. Cohen, Edward J. Janger

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

No abstract provided.


Neil Cohen’S Contribution To Uniform Secured Finance Law, Spyridon V. Bazinas May 2023

Neil Cohen’S Contribution To Uniform Secured Finance Law, Spyridon V. Bazinas

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

This Article discusses Neil Cohen’s contribution to uniform secured finance law and, in particular, to the UNCITRAL Model Law on Secured Transactions. It does so by focusing on the misgivings Neil Cohen had expressed before, and his reflections on those misgivings after, the preparation of the Model Law. The discussion presents Neil Cohen as is generally known, as a distinguished scholar, but also as he is known to his friends and colleagues, as a person with rare qualities.


Reforming The Law Reform Ecosystem, Timothy Schnabel May 2023

Reforming The Law Reform Ecosystem, Timothy Schnabel

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

This Article outlines a series of reforms that would make global law reform efforts more effective and efficient. These efforts currently occur primarily in three multilateral organizations (UNCITRAL, UNIDROIT, and the Hague Conference). The member states of these organizations could easily increase coordination—even to the point of de facto consolidation of the organizations’ work—and could increase the attention given to selecting projects and promoting instruments. Additionally, the U.S. government could organize plurilateral law reform efforts outside these organizations and draw on U.S. domestic law reform efforts to identify new topics for work. Finally, non-government actors could themselves coordinate across the …


Same Old Story, New Solution: Force Majeure Deficiencies In The Wake Of Covid-19 And An Unorthodox Approach To Drafting It, Steven H. Dovi May 2023

Same Old Story, New Solution: Force Majeure Deficiencies In The Wake Of Covid-19 And An Unorthodox Approach To Drafting It, Steven H. Dovi

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

On January 20, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported the first laboratory-confirmed case of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on American soil.[1] On March 8, 2021—more than a year later—the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York decided Gap v. Ponte Gadea New York.[2] It ruled, inter alia, that the COVID-19 pandemic, in keeping with the relevant provision’s narrow tailoring, did not amount to a force majeure event and a defense to breach.[3] While seemingly one of the first decisions of its kind in the Southern District, this Note argues that the holding …