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Articles 31 - 60 of 802
Full-Text Articles in Law
Bostock Was Bogus: Textualism, Pluralism, And Title Vii, Mitchell N. Berman, Guha Krishnamurthi
Bostock Was Bogus: Textualism, Pluralism, And Title Vii, Mitchell N. Berman, Guha Krishnamurthi
Notre Dame Law Review
In Bostock v. Clayton County, one of the blockbuster cases from its 2019 Term, the Supreme Court held that federal antidiscrimination law prohibits employment discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity. Unsurprisingly, the result won wide acclaim in the mainstream legal and popular media. Results aside, however, the reaction to Justice Neil Gorsuch’s majority opinion, which purported to ground the outcome in a textualist approach to statutory interpretation, was more mixed. The great majority of commentators, both liberal and conservative, praised Justice Gorsuch for what they deemed a careful and sophisticated—even “magnificent” and “exemplary”—application of textualist principles, …
Menstruation Discrimination And The Problem Of Shadow Precedents, Deborah Widiss
Menstruation Discrimination And The Problem Of Shadow Precedents, Deborah Widiss
Articles by Maurer Faculty
A burgeoning menstrual justice movement calls attention to menstruation-related discrimination in workplaces, schools, prisons, and many other aspects of life. In recent years, a few courts have suggested such discrimination could violate Title VII, the federal law that prohibits sex discrimination in employment. Their analysis focuses on the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), an amendment to Title VII passed to override a Supreme Court case that had held pregnancy discrimination was not sex discrimination.
This essay, written for a symposium at Columbia Law School, applies my earlier research on the statutory interpretation of Congressional overrides to highlight two potential challenges this …
Maternity Rights: A Comparative View Of Mexico And The United States, Roberto Rosas
Maternity Rights: A Comparative View Of Mexico And The United States, Roberto Rosas
The Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice
Women play a large role in the workplace and require additional protection during pregnancy, childbirth, and while raising children. This article compares how Mexico and the United States have approached the issue of maternity rights and benefits. First, Mexico provides eighty-four days of paid leave to mothers, while the United States provides unpaid leave for up to twelve weeks. Second, Mexico allows two thirty-minute breaks a day for breastfeeding, while the United States allows a reasonable amount of time per day to breastfeed. Third, Mexico provides childcare to most federal employees, while the United States provides daycares to a small …
Caste Discrimination And Federal Employment Law In The United States, Brian Elzweig
Caste Discrimination And Federal Employment Law In The United States, Brian Elzweig
University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review
No abstract provided.
Indiana Federal Court Rejects Public School Teacher’S Religious Discrimination Claim Over Misgendering Discharge, Arthur S. Leonard
Indiana Federal Court Rejects Public School Teacher’S Religious Discrimination Claim Over Misgendering Discharge, Arthur S. Leonard
Other Publications
No abstract provided.
Unilateral Burdens And Third-Party Harms: Abortion Conscience Laws As Policy Outliers, Nadia Sawicki
Unilateral Burdens And Third-Party Harms: Abortion Conscience Laws As Policy Outliers, Nadia Sawicki
Indiana Law Journal
Most conscience laws establish nearly absolute protections for health care providers unwilling to participate in abortion. Providers’ rights to refuse—and relatedly, their immunity from civil liability, employment discrimination, and other adverse consequences—are often unqualified, even in situations where patients are likely to be harmed. These laws impose unilateral burdens on third parties in an effort to protect the rights of conscientious refusers. As such, they are outliers in the universe of federal and state anti-discrimination and religious freedom statutes, all of which strike a more even balance between individual rights and the prevention of harm to third parties. This Article …
Modernizing Discrimination Law: The Adoption Of An Intersectional Lens, Marisa K. Sanchez
Modernizing Discrimination Law: The Adoption Of An Intersectional Lens, Marisa K. Sanchez
The Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice
Abstract forthcoming.
Undocumented Domestic Workers: A Penumbra In The Workforce, Abigail A. Roman
Undocumented Domestic Workers: A Penumbra In The Workforce, Abigail A. Roman
The Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice
Abstract forthcoming.
Employer Liability For Sex Harassment Through The Lens Of Restorative Justice, Emily Rees
Employer Liability For Sex Harassment Through The Lens Of Restorative Justice, Emily Rees
Cleveland State Law Review
Title VII cases alleging sex harassment have become almost completely deferential to employers who have anti-harassment policies. In this Note, I discuss legal and sociological influences on this development and propose using restorative justice focused mediation to avoid rendering Title VII entirely ineffective. Mediation should only be compelled as a remedy—after a court finds that harassment occurred, but that the plaintiff cannot prove her employer knew about the harassment. Instead of dismissing these cases—where judges have already found illegal discrimination—some corrective action should be imposed on the employer for its failure to maintain a harassment-free workplace. Focusing mediation on principles …
How To Look Like A Lawyer, Ann Juliano
How To Look Like A Lawyer, Ann Juliano
Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development
(Excerpt)
Law schools often claim that they are teaching students “how to think like a lawyer.” What is less touted, however, is that students are learning how to look like a lawyer. They receive this message from multiple sources (faculty, alumni, peers, the career office) concerning a variety of situations: class, interviews, moot court, trial team, symposia and conferences. For law students who are first generation, these sources may be the only avenue (apart from the entertainment industry) of determining how to look like a lawyer. For law students who are transgender or gender non-binary, dress code advice dispensed along …
Model Dress Code: Promoting Genderless Attire Rules To Foster An Inclusive Legal Profession, Rebekah Hanley, Malcolm Macwilliamson
Model Dress Code: Promoting Genderless Attire Rules To Foster An Inclusive Legal Profession, Rebekah Hanley, Malcolm Macwilliamson
Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development
(Excerpt)
I knew that my likelihood of being able to wear a dress to court was pretty slim. I wasn’t that naïve. At the same time, I resented the notion that at no time in my future legal career would I be able to acknowledge, honor, or share the full complexity of my identity—that, by choosing law, I was relinquishing the right to ever be fully myself in my professional career.
I came out as transgender at age eighteen. Shortly thereafter, I began to transition socially and medically. I quickly realized how much of my “self” I had been unable …
Bostock’S Paradox: Intersections In Lgbtq Employment Rights And Private, Religious Businesses, Christopher Smith
Bostock’S Paradox: Intersections In Lgbtq Employment Rights And Private, Religious Businesses, Christopher Smith
Brigham Young University Prelaw Review
Thanks to the recent opinion of Bostock v. Clayton County by the United States Supreme Court regarding the protection of LGBTQ employees in the workplace, discussion has turned to how this protection relates to religious employers. Religious organizations such as churches and mosques are afforded protections thanks to an exemption found in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The role and scope of these protections in regards to private, religious (but not religion-owned) businesses has been debated as recently as 2014 in the Supreme Court. In this paper I address this issue and determine that, underneath current ruling …
The More Things Change, The More They Stay The Same: Online Platforms And Consumer Equality, Anne-Marie Hakstian, Jerome D. Williams, Sam Taddeo
The More Things Change, The More They Stay The Same: Online Platforms And Consumer Equality, Anne-Marie Hakstian, Jerome D. Williams, Sam Taddeo
Pepperdine Law Review
Title II of the Civil Rights Act, along with its counterpart state laws, have protected the rights of racial minorities in the United States for decades. Section 1981 has guaranteed contract rights for all people, regardless of race, since 1868. But times are changing. Racial discrimination claims against 21st century technology companies face challenges when brought under existing laws. Even the relatively current Communications Decency Act (CDA) is unhelpful to consumers attempting to seek redress from online platforms. In this article, we analyze the only cases of consumer discrimination brought against providers of the sharing economy and highlight some of …
Challenges In Bringing Gender Equity Into The Workplace: Addressing Common Concerns Women Have When Deciding To Hold Employers Accountable For Gender Discrimination, Siobhan Klassen
Journal of Race, Gender, and Ethnicity
No abstract provided.
The Gender Pay Gap, In Relation To Professional Sports, Bryan Ramdat
The Gender Pay Gap, In Relation To Professional Sports, Bryan Ramdat
Journal of Race, Gender, and Ethnicity
No abstract provided.
Rbg And Gender Discrimination, Eileen Kaufman
A Labor Of Love: Finding Justice For Victims Of Workplace Sexual Harassment Excluded From Title Vii, Abigail M. Whitmore
A Labor Of Love: Finding Justice For Victims Of Workplace Sexual Harassment Excluded From Title Vii, Abigail M. Whitmore
American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law
I. Introduction
“Sexual harassment perpetuates the interlocked structure by which women have been kept sexually in thrall to men and at the bottom of the labor market. Two forces of American society converge: men’s control over women’s sexuality and capital’s control over employees’ work lives.”
I first began working with children as a college student in a part-time daycare position and eventually moved into a full-time nanny position after graduating. Working as a nanny was the perfect option for me at the time, as I was seeking temporary work in between my undergraduate education and law school. The opportunity also …
Male Same-Sex "Horseplay": The Epicenter Of All Sexual Harassment?, Kimberly Bailey
Male Same-Sex "Horseplay": The Epicenter Of All Sexual Harassment?, Kimberly Bailey
All Faculty Scholarship
In Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., the U.S. SupremeCourt recognized same-sex sexual harassment as a cognizable claim of sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. At the time, many scholars found this recognition to be significant andimportant, but some also argued that the Court provided an incomplete analysis regarding the meaning of discrimination “because of sex.” Specifically, some scholars argue that the Court’s opinion reinforces the sexual desire paradigm in the analysis of sexual harassment cases. Building upon this critique, this Article focuses specifically on the harassment of men who generally are perceived as …
Compared To What? Menstruation, Pregnancy, And The Complexities Of Comparison, Emily Gold Waldman
Compared To What? Menstruation, Pregnancy, And The Complexities Of Comparison, Emily Gold Waldman
Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications
When crafting a sex discrimination argument, finding the right comparison can be crucial. Indeed, comparison-drawing has been a key strategy for advocates challenging the constitutionality of the tampon tax. In their 2016 lawsuit challenging New York’s tampon tax, the plaintiffs alleged that the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance had imposed a “double standard” when deciding which products would be considered tax-free medical items and which would not. Similar arguments were made in the subsequent challenge to Florida's tampon tax. In both cases, the arguments had powerful rhetorical force, helping to effectuate legislative repeal of the tampon taxes …
Amen Over All Men: The Supreme Court’S Preservation Of Religious Rights And What That Means For Fulton V. City Of Philadelphia, Christopher Manettas
Amen Over All Men: The Supreme Court’S Preservation Of Religious Rights And What That Means For Fulton V. City Of Philadelphia, Christopher Manettas
Journal of Race, Gender, and Ethnicity
No abstract provided.
Let's Talk About Gender: Nonbinary Title Vii Plaintiffs Post-Bostock, Meredith R. Severtson
Let's Talk About Gender: Nonbinary Title Vii Plaintiffs Post-Bostock, Meredith R. Severtson
Vanderbilt Law Review
In Bostock v. Clayton County, the Supreme Court held that Title VII’s sex-discrimination prohibition applies to discrimination against gay and transgender employees. This decision, surprising from a conservative Court, has engendered a huge amount of commentary on both its substantive holding and its interpretive method. This Note addresses a single question arising from this discourse: After Bostock, how will courts address allegations of sex discrimination by plaintiffs whose gender identities exist outside of traditional sex and gender binaries? As this Note explores, some have argued that Bostock’s textualist logic precludes sex-discrimination claims by nonbinary plaintiffs. While such arguments fail to …
Rbg And Gender Discrimination, Eileen Kaufman
Wearing My Crown To Work: The Crown Act As A Solution To Shortcomings Of Title Vii For Hair Discrimination In The Workplace, Margaret Goodman
Wearing My Crown To Work: The Crown Act As A Solution To Shortcomings Of Title Vii For Hair Discrimination In The Workplace, Margaret Goodman
Touro Law Review
No abstract provided.
Seeking Economic Justice In The Face Of Enduring Racism, Deseriee A. Kennedy
Seeking Economic Justice In The Face Of Enduring Racism, Deseriee A. Kennedy
Scholarly Works
No abstract provided.
Challenges For Black Workers After 2020: Antiracism In The Gig Economy?, Michael C. Duff
Challenges For Black Workers After 2020: Antiracism In The Gig Economy?, Michael C. Duff
All Faculty Scholarship
Black workers’ fortunes in the coming decades are tied to the expansion of the Gig economy, the impact of which is to destroy employee status. Because much antiracism law and policy has been transmitted to society through the medium of employment law, the disappearance of employee status should be of concern to all foes of racism. This short essay argues that Section 1981 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 should be expanded to cover all forms of racist workplace conduct. Regulatory arbitrage will continue to challenge the definition of employment for the foreseeable future. It is fitting that one …
Causation In Civil Rights Legislation, Hillel J. Bavli
Causation In Civil Rights Legislation, Hillel J. Bavli
Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters
Employees are often left unprotected from discrimination because they are unable to satisfy the requirement of causation. Courts have made clear that to obtain legal redress for discrimination, it is generally insufficient to show that a protected characteristic such as race or sex was a “motivating factor” of an adverse employment decision. Rather, under Supreme Court precedent—including the Court’s Comcast and Babb decisions in the 2020 term—the antidiscrimination statutes generally require a showing of “but-for” causation. Consequently, many victims of discrimination will be unable to prevail because an employer can readily refute allegations of discrimination by asserting a legitimate purpose—true …
Necessary Coverage For Authentic Identity: How Bostock Made Title Vii The Strongest Protection Against Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance Denial Of Gender-Affirming Medical Care., Jennifer A. Knackert
Necessary Coverage For Authentic Identity: How Bostock Made Title Vii The Strongest Protection Against Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance Denial Of Gender-Affirming Medical Care., Jennifer A. Knackert
Marquette Law Review
In June 2020, the United States Supreme Court held that Title VII
protection from discrimination on the basis of sex extended to LGBTQ+
employees. The Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia decision dealt with three
separate cases where LGBTQ+ employees had been fired from their jobs based
on either their sexual orientation or gender identity. While the shared issue in
these cases had to do with employee termination, the textualist argument
presented by the Court leads many legal scholars to believe that the holding
would be applicable to other areas of employment discrimination covered by
Title VII such as employer-sponsored healthcare …
The “Ultimate” Question: Are Ultimate Employment Decisions Required To Succeed On A Discrimination Claim Under Section 703(A) Of Title Vii?, Yina Cabrera
FIU Law Review
No abstract provided.
Bostock Was Bogus: Textualism, Pluralism, And Title Vii, Mitchell N. Berman, Guha Krishnamurthi
Bostock Was Bogus: Textualism, Pluralism, And Title Vii, Mitchell N. Berman, Guha Krishnamurthi
All Faculty Scholarship
In Bostock v. Clayton County, one of the blockbuster cases from its 2019 Term, the Supreme Court held that federal antidiscrimination law prohibits employment discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity. Unsurprisingly, the result won wide acclaim in the mainstream legal and popular media. Results aside, however, the reaction to Justice Neil Gorsuch’s majority opinion, which purported to ground the outcome in a textualist approach to statutory interpretation, was more mixed. The great majority of commentators, both liberal and conservative, praised Gorsuch for what they deemed a careful and sophisticated—even “magnificent” and “exemplary”—application of textualist principles, while …
Queering Bostock, Jeremiah A. Ho
Queering Bostock, Jeremiah A. Ho
All Faculty Scholarship
Although the Supreme Court’s 2020 Title VII decision, Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia, is a victory for LGBTQ individuals, its doctrinal limitations unavoidably preserve a discriminatory status quo. This Article critically examines how and why Bostock fails to highlight the indignities experienced by queer minorities under decades of employment discrimination. In Bostock, Justice Gorsuch presents a sweeping textualist interpretation of Title VII that protects against sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination. Yet, the decision sparsely recognizes queer lived experiences, compared to prior pro-LGBTQ cases where such recognition contributed to developing an anti-stereotyping framework that confronted some of the heteronormative biases …