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Full-Text Articles in Law
No Child Left Behind Bars: Applying The Principles Of Strict Scrutiny When Sentencing Juveniles Tried As Adults, Max Chu
William & Mary Law Review
The Commonwealth of Virginia was the first in the nation to pass legislation that provides judges with the discretion to veer away from the mandatory minimum sentence and to impose trauma-informed and age-appropriate sentences for juvenile offenders convicted of felonies and tried as adults. Although Virginia’s new law, House Bill 744 (HB 744), is a pioneering step in the right direction, this Note argues that the law may now provide judges with too much discretion. In other words, HB 744 alone, without more guidance, does not go far enough to protect the rights of juvenile offenders.
Therefore, this Note proposes …
You Can't Have Your Vote And Dilute It Too: Closing The Voting Rights Act Loophole In Gerrymandering Claims, Megan B. Kelly
You Can't Have Your Vote And Dilute It Too: Closing The Voting Rights Act Loophole In Gerrymandering Claims, Megan B. Kelly
William & Mary Law Review
The problem with creating and enforcing redistricting standards arises poignantly in racial gerrymandering cases that involve VRA section 2 compliance. In many ways, the rights that the Equal Protection Clause seeks to protect are at odds with the rights that section 2 seeks to protect. On the one hand, equal protection asserts a certain color-blindness, an interest in minimizing the focus on race and, in doing so, maximizing equality for all. On the other hand, the VRA suggests, and in fact requires, line-drawers keep at least one eye on race when drawing lines.
These opposing rights create a tension, which …
Race-Based Remedies In Criminal Law, Ion Meyn
Race-Based Remedies In Criminal Law, Ion Meyn
William & Mary Law Review
This Article evaluates the constitutional feasibility of using race-based remedies to address racial disparities in the criminal system. Compared to white communities, communities of color are over-policed and over-incarcerated. Criminal system stakeholders recognize that these conditions undermine perceptions of legitimacy critical to ensuring public safety. As jurisdictions assiduously attempt race-neutral fixes, they also acknowledge the shortcomings of such interventions. Nevertheless, jurisdictions dismiss the feasibility of deploying more effective race-conscious strategies due to the shadow of a constitutional challenge. The apprehension is understandable. Debates around affirmative action in higher education and government contracting reveal fierce hostility toward race-based remedies.
This Article, …
Embracing The Chinese Exclusion Case: An International Law Approach To Racial Exclusions, Lauri Kai
Embracing The Chinese Exclusion Case: An International Law Approach To Racial Exclusions, Lauri Kai
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Flunking The Class-Of-One/Failing Equal Protection, William D. Araiza
Flunking The Class-Of-One/Failing Equal Protection, William D. Araiza
William & Mary Law Review
This Article considers the equal protection “class-of-one” doctrine in light of recent developments, both at the Supreme Court and in the lower courts. After Part I explains the background and current state of the doctrine, Part II considers how that doctrine provides insights into such basic equal protection concepts as discriminatory intent and animus. It also critiques the Court’s analysis of the class-of-one, arguing that the Court has mishandled these concepts and in so doing caused doctrinal anomalies and lower court confusion. Part II offers an alternative approach to the class-of-one that corrects those problems while still addressing the concerns …
The Equal Protection Implications Of Government's Hateful Speech, Helen Norton
The Equal Protection Implications Of Government's Hateful Speech, Helen Norton
William & Mary Law Review
Under what circumstances should we understand government’s racist or otherwise hateful speech to violate the Equal Protection Clause? Government speech that communicates hostility or animus on the basis of race, gender, national origin, sexual orientation, or other class status can facilitate private parties’ discriminatory behavior, deter its targets from certain important opportunities or activities, and communicate a message of exclusion and second-class status. Contemporary equal protection doctrine, however, does not yet fully address the harms that such government expression potentially poses. The recent emergence of the Court’s government speech doctrine—which to date has emphasized the value of government expression without …
The Supreme Court's Post-Racial Turn Towards A Zero-Sum Understanding Of Equality, Helen Norton
The Supreme Court's Post-Racial Turn Towards A Zero-Sum Understanding Of Equality, Helen Norton
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Vote From Beyond The Grave, Krysta R. Edwards
The Vote From Beyond The Grave, Krysta R. Edwards
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Unlocking The Power Of State Constitutions With Equal Protection: The First Step Toward Education As A Federally Protected Right, Derek W. Black
Unlocking The Power Of State Constitutions With Equal Protection: The First Step Toward Education As A Federally Protected Right, Derek W. Black
William & Mary Law Review
This Article analyzes the intersection of state constitutional law right at stake and the responsibility for enforcing it. Thus, the scrutiny of this right under federal equal protection would be far different than it was just a few decades ago. Given the states’ weakened ability to enforce these rights, the future of education equity depends on federal intervention. with federal equal protection, revealing how federal equal protection, by relying on state constitutional education standards, can force states to further equalize and increase the resources available to struggling schools. It begins by exploring the extent of inequality and inadequacy in our …
Tempest In An Empty Teapot: Why The Constitution Does Not Regulate Gerrymandering, Larry Alexander, Saikrishna B. Prakash
Tempest In An Empty Teapot: Why The Constitution Does Not Regulate Gerrymandering, Larry Alexander, Saikrishna B. Prakash
William & Mary Law Review
Judges and scholars are convinced that the Constitution forbids gerrymandering that goes "too far"--legislative redistrictings that are too partisan, too focused on race, etc. Gerrymanders are said to be unconstitutional for many reasons-they dilute votes, they are anti-democratic, and they generate uncompetitive elections won by extremist candidates. Judges and scholars cite numerous clauses that gerrymanders supposedly violate- the Equal Protection Clause, the Guarantee Clause, and even the First Amendment. We dissent from this orthodoxy. Most of these claims rest on the notion that the Constitution establishes certain ideals about representation in legislatures and about the outcome and conduct of elections. …
Reconstructing The Race-Sex Analogy, Serena Mayeri
Reconstructing The Race-Sex Analogy, Serena Mayeri
William & Mary Law Review
In the standard account, American sex equality law rests on a partial and imperfect analogy to race, developed in the 1970s by feminists intent on establishing formal equality between men and women, and embraced, albeit selectively and uneasily, by lawmakers and judges. But this account, although containing important elements of truth, obscures the creative ways that advocates turned the tables, arguing that principles developed in sex equality jurisprudence could expand the availability of remedies for racial injustice. This Article explores one example of this phenomenon: efforts, led by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, to use the emerging constitutional distinction between detrimental and …
Bias On The Bench: Raising The Bar For U.S. Immigration Judges To Ensure Equality For Asylum Seekers, Lindsey R. Vaala
Bias On The Bench: Raising The Bar For U.S. Immigration Judges To Ensure Equality For Asylum Seekers, Lindsey R. Vaala
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
When 2 Or 3 Come Together, Tracey L. Meares, Kelsi Brown Corkan
When 2 Or 3 Come Together, Tracey L. Meares, Kelsi Brown Corkan
William & Mary Law Review
This Article investigates policies that are responsive to crime in disadvantaged, urban neighborhoods from a community-based context. The vehicle is an analysis of a community-wide prayer vigil held in Chicago in May of 1997. The vigil resulted from a collaboration between the Chicago Police Department and hundreds of mostly African-American churches on Chicago's West Side. Strikingly, the local police district's commander facilitated the vigil. The Article explains the sociological and political significance of this collaboration by drawing on the "Chicago School" of urban sociology, and demonstrating theoretically and empirically the potential for collaboration, through the integration of key community institutions, …
The Diversity Rationale For Affirmative Action In Employment After Grutter: The Case For Containment, Jared M. Mellot
The Diversity Rationale For Affirmative Action In Employment After Grutter: The Case For Containment, Jared M. Mellot
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Marriage Mimicry: The Law Of Domestic Violence, Ruth Colker
Marriage Mimicry: The Law Of Domestic Violence, Ruth Colker
William & Mary Law Review
In this Article, Professor Colker argues that the legal system does not simply privilege those in marital relationships but has now begun to privilege those in "marriage-like" relationships through what she terms a marriage-mimicry model. She uses the law of domestic violence to critique this model. She traces the haphazard development of the law of domestic violence and argues that it has served to underprotect many of the victims of domestic violence because lawmakers have reflexively only provided legal recourse for those in marriage-like relationships without asking who is most in need of legal protection. She argues that the legal …
Transforming Society Through Law: St. George Tucker, Women's Property Rights And An Active Republican Judiciary, Mark Douglas Mcgarvie
Transforming Society Through Law: St. George Tucker, Women's Property Rights And An Active Republican Judiciary, Mark Douglas Mcgarvie
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
When Equality Leaves Everyone Worse Off: The Problem Of Leveling Down In Equality Law, Deborah L. Brake
When Equality Leaves Everyone Worse Off: The Problem Of Leveling Down In Equality Law, Deborah L. Brake
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Not So Meaningful Anymore: Why A Law Library Is Required To Make A Prisoner's Access To The Courts Meaningful, Joseph A. Schouten
Not So Meaningful Anymore: Why A Law Library Is Required To Make A Prisoner's Access To The Courts Meaningful, Joseph A. Schouten
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Sixties Shift To Formal Equality And The Courts: An Argument For Pragmatism And Politics, Mary Becker
The Sixties Shift To Formal Equality And The Courts: An Argument For Pragmatism And Politics, Mary Becker
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Separation Of The Religious And The Secular: A Foundational Challenge To First Amendment Theory, Laura Underkuffler
The Separation Of The Religious And The Secular: A Foundational Challenge To First Amendment Theory, Laura Underkuffler
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Citizenship, Race, And Marginality, Kenneth L. Karst
Citizenship, Race, And Marginality, Kenneth L. Karst
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Supreme Court And Local Reapportionment: Voter Inequality In Special-Purpose Units, Philip L. Martin
The Supreme Court And Local Reapportionment: Voter Inequality In Special-Purpose Units, Philip L. Martin
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Constitutional Law - State Financing Of Public Schools - Violation Of Equal Protection Clause. Serrano V. Priest, 5 Cal. 3d 584, 487 P.2d 1241, 96 Cal. Rptr. 601 (1971), Terry L. Polley
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Equal Employment In The Construction Industry, Harold F. Blasky
Equal Employment In The Construction Industry, Harold F. Blasky
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Constitutional Law - Prevention Of Private Discrimination - Jones V. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 379 F.2d 33 (8th Cir. 1967), Richard A. Repp
Constitutional Law - Prevention Of Private Discrimination - Jones V. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 379 F.2d 33 (8th Cir. 1967), Richard A. Repp
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Paul's Perverted Privileges Or The True Meaning Of The Privileges And Immunities Clause Of Article Four, Chester J. Antieau
Paul's Perverted Privileges Or The True Meaning Of The Privileges And Immunities Clause Of Article Four, Chester J. Antieau
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Constitutional Law - The Poll Tax. Harper V. Virginia State Board Of Elections, 86 S. Ct. 1079 (1966), Michael Lesniak
Constitutional Law - The Poll Tax. Harper V. Virginia State Board Of Elections, 86 S. Ct. 1079 (1966), Michael Lesniak
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.