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Articles 1 - 30 of 33
Full-Text Articles in Law
With Gratitute From Our Daughters: Reflecting On Justice Ginsburg And United States V. Virginia, Meredith Johnson Harbach
With Gratitute From Our Daughters: Reflecting On Justice Ginsburg And United States V. Virginia, Meredith Johnson Harbach
Law Faculty Publications
“What enabled me to take part in the effort to free our daughters and sons to achieve whatever their talents equipped them to accomplish, with no artificial barriers blocking their way?”
—Ruth Bader Ginsburg
On September 18, 2020, we mourned the loss of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, whom many considered not just a cultural icon, but a national treasure. Among many other things, Justice Ginsburg became a later-in-life feminist “rock star,” celebrated for her rousing and impassioned dissents, her fearless defense of equality and autonomy rights, her championing of civil rights, and her persistent determination in the face of injustice. …
Private Right Of Action Jurisprudence In Healthcare Discrimination Cases, Allison M. Tinsey
Private Right Of Action Jurisprudence In Healthcare Discrimination Cases, Allison M. Tinsey
Law Student Publications
Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act provides that entities covered by the Act which receive federal funds are prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability. But since the provision’s enactment and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ promulgation of a regulation creating a private right of action for alleged discrimination under the Act, courts have disagreed on whether a private right of action exists to enforce Section 1557. This Comment summarizes the courts’ confusion in applying the holding of Alexander v. Sandoval and Chevron deference to the nondiscrimination provision …
Uniform Rules: Addressing The Disparate Rules That Deny Student-Athletes The Opportunity To Participate In Sports According To Gender Identity, Chelsea Shrader
Uniform Rules: Addressing The Disparate Rules That Deny Student-Athletes The Opportunity To Participate In Sports According To Gender Identity, Chelsea Shrader
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Causation In Whistleblowing Claims, Nancy M. Modesitt
Causation In Whistleblowing Claims, Nancy M. Modesitt
University of Richmond Law Review
his article attempts to bring coherence to the confusion of state whistleblower causation standards by: (1) explaining the causation standards presently used in federal whistleblower protection statutes; (2) identifying the proliferating causation standards used in whistleblower claims brought under state law; (3) assessing the most commonly used causation standards, including exploring the tort causation doctrine and theory that underlie some of these standards; and (4) proposing a uniform standard for causation in state whistle- blower litigation.
Sexualization, Sex Discrimination, And Public School Dress Codes, Meredith Johnson Harbach
Sexualization, Sex Discrimination, And Public School Dress Codes, Meredith Johnson Harbach
University of Richmond Law Review
This essay joins the conversation about sexualization, sex discrimination, and public school dress codes to situate current debates within in the broader cultural and legal landscapes in which they exist. My aim is not to answer definitively the questions I pose above. Rather, I ground the controversy in these broader contexts in order to better understand the stakes and to glean insights into how schools, students, and communities might better navigate dress code debates.
Derivative Racial Discrimination, Kevin Woodson
Derivative Racial Discrimination, Kevin Woodson
Law Faculty Publications
This Article introduces the concept of derivative racial discrimination, a process of institutional discrimination in which certain social and cultural dynamics impede the careers of minority workers in predominantly white firms even in the absence of racial biases and stereotypes. Derivative racial discrimination is a manifestation of cultural homophily, the universal tendency of people to gravitate toward others with similar cultural interests and backgrounds. Although not intrinsically racial, cultural homophily disadvantages minority workers in predominantly white work settings due to various race-related social and cultural differences. Seemingly inconsequential in isolation, these differences produce racial disparities in the accrual of valuable …
A New Proposal To Address Local Voting Discrimination, Cody Gray
A New Proposal To Address Local Voting Discrimination, Cody Gray
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Human Capital Discrimination, Law Firm Inequality, And The Limits Of Title Vii, Kevin Woodson
Human Capital Discrimination, Law Firm Inequality, And The Limits Of Title Vii, Kevin Woodson
Law Faculty Publications
This Article advances the legal scholarship on workplace inequality through use of evidence derived from interviews of a sample of black attorneys who have worked in large, predominantly white law firms. It does so by calling attention to the manner in which these firms operate as sites of human capital discrimination — patterns of mistreatment that deprive many black associates of access to the substantive work opportunities crucial to their professional development and career advancement. This Article identifies the specific arrangements and practices within these firms that facilitate human capital discrimination and describes the varied, often subtle harms and burdens …
The Role Of Race, Poverty, Intellectual Disability, And Mental Illness In The Decline Of The Death Penalty, Stephen B. Bright
The Role Of Race, Poverty, Intellectual Disability, And Mental Illness In The Decline Of The Death Penalty, Stephen B. Bright
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Nondiscrimination In Insurance: The Next Chapter, Mary L. Heen
Nondiscrimination In Insurance: The Next Chapter, Mary L. Heen
Law Faculty Publications
Modern federal civil rights legislation prohibits race and gender discrimination in many important sectors of the American economy, including employment, education, public accommodations, housing, and credit. No comparable comprehensive federal civil rights legislation bans race and gender discrimination in the business of insurance-a business at the core of legal and social organization, culture, and finance. Why not?
Spelling Out Lgbt: Enumerating Sexual Orientation In Virginia's Bullying Law, Melissa Wright
Spelling Out Lgbt: Enumerating Sexual Orientation In Virginia's Bullying Law, Melissa Wright
Law Student Publications
This comment explores the various steps being taken to stop LGBT bullying in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Section I discusses why it is important to address the issue of bullying and the deep impact that bullying can have on students' lives. Section II provides a comprehensive look at how other states have addressed bullying and provided enumerated protection for LGBT students. This section also examines federal laws that have been used in bullying claims in the absence of federal anti-bullying legislation. Section III focuses specifically on Virginia anti-bullying legislation and the steps that Virginia has taken to combat LGBT bullying …
Labor And Employment Law, Vijay K. Mago, Elizabeth E. Clarke, Eric Wallace
Labor And Employment Law, Vijay K. Mago, Elizabeth E. Clarke, Eric Wallace
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Mancession Or Momcession? Good Providers, A Bad Economy, And Gender Discrimination, Allison Anna Tait
Mancession Or Momcession? Good Providers, A Bad Economy, And Gender Discrimination, Allison Anna Tait
Law Faculty Publications
Against this backdrop of precarious and disappearing work, two new elements became important: who was out of work, and how those still employed were navigating bad jobs. These questions laid the foundation for a flood of stories concerning unemployment and bad employment. Unsurprisingly, gender played a leading role in the debates. This article will discuss these two concerns--employment and workplace discrimination-as they intersect with gender and gender stereotypes.
On Equality: The Anti-Interference Principle, Donald J. Kochan
On Equality: The Anti-Interference Principle, Donald J. Kochan
University of Richmond Law Review
This essay seeks to summarize the general equality concept and proposes that equality requires that the government engage in anti-interference with individual choices and activities, so long as these things create no negative externalities for others. If we are serious about respecting equality, such interference actions should be avoided. Adopting an "anti-interference principle" is a necessary foundation for achieving the goal of true equality. The primary point is that equality matters. The purpose of this essay is not to survey the vast political, jurisprudential, and academic debate on equality, but instead, to take a broad look at the philosophical concept …
Please Check One—Male Or Female?: Confronting Gender Identity Discrimination In Collegiate Residential Life, Katherine A. Womack
Please Check One—Male Or Female?: Confronting Gender Identity Discrimination In Collegiate Residential Life, Katherine A. Womack
Law Student Publications
While litigation in this field has rarely involved colleges and universities, collegiate environments are often the “forefront for social activism,”5 so it is likely the issue of transgender housing discrimination will soon explode on campus. It is now critical that colleges, universities, and the counsel who represent them either prepare to address these issues when they arise or explore possibilities to preempt the legal issues that will surely arise at their schools. Part II of this comment discusses the legal definition of transgender. Part III examines the history of the treatment of transgender persons in American courts, as well as …
Please Check One--Male Or Female?: Confronting Gender Identity Discrimination In Collegiate Residential Life, Katherine A. Womack
Please Check One--Male Or Female?: Confronting Gender Identity Discrimination In Collegiate Residential Life, Katherine A. Womack
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Civil Rights Act Of 1964, Henry L. Chambers, Jr.
Civil Rights Act Of 1964, Henry L. Chambers, Jr.
Law Faculty Publications
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S. C.A.) (the 19 Act) likely has had the greatest transformative effect on American society of any single law. By prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, a national origin in places of public accommodation, in federally assisted programs, in employment, in schools and with respect to voting rights, this massive law has had profound effects on almost every facet of American society.
"Don't Ask, Don't Tell": Negligent Hiring Law In Virginia And The Necessity Of Legislation To Protect Ex-Convicts From Employment Discrimination, Nancy B. Sasser
"Don't Ask, Don't Tell": Negligent Hiring Law In Virginia And The Necessity Of Legislation To Protect Ex-Convicts From Employment Discrimination, Nancy B. Sasser
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Barriers To Accessible Housing: Enforcement Issues In "Design And Construction" Cases Under The Fair Housing Act, Robert G. Schwemm
Barriers To Accessible Housing: Enforcement Issues In "Design And Construction" Cases Under The Fair Housing Act, Robert G. Schwemm
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Limits Of Multiple Rights And Remedies: A Call For Revisiting The Law Of The Workplace, Ann C. Hodges
The Limits Of Multiple Rights And Remedies: A Call For Revisiting The Law Of The Workplace, Ann C. Hodges
Law Faculty Publications
The IBM decision illustrates two major problems with current workplace regulation. First, there are two distinct but overlapping systems - the individual and the collective - which often collide. The result is, at best, an imperfect realization of rights under both systems, and perhaps more often, the sacrifice of rights under one to rights under the other. Second, the multitude of forums available for litigation results in multiple claims arising out of the same action, as well as tribunals deciding issues outside their expertise. After analyzing the IBM decision, I will consider the costs and benefits of the current regulatory …
General Dynamics Land Systems, Inc. V. Cline: Shrinking The Realm Of Possibility For Reverse Age Discrimination Suits, Rebecca L. Ennis
General Dynamics Land Systems, Inc. V. Cline: Shrinking The Realm Of Possibility For Reverse Age Discrimination Suits, Rebecca L. Ennis
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
One Of These Things Is Not Like The Other: Analogizing Ageism To Racism In Employment Discrimination Cases, Rhonda M. Reaves
One Of These Things Is Not Like The Other: Analogizing Ageism To Racism In Employment Discrimination Cases, Rhonda M. Reaves
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Single And Paying For It, Shari Motro
Single And Paying For It, Shari Motro
Law Faculty Publications
Professor Motro argues that present-day income tax benefits to married couples, such as the privilege to file jointly, are unfair to unmarried taxpayers with or without children, and challenges these policies' societal values of encouraging marriage and subsidizing the support of children born to married couples.
Retooling The Intent Requirement Under The Fourteenth Amendment, Henry L. Chambers, Jr.
Retooling The Intent Requirement Under The Fourteenth Amendment, Henry L. Chambers, Jr.
Law Faculty Publications
Racial classifications carry the largest taint and require the most justification. Strict scrutiny-the level of scrutiny with which the remainder of the article will be concerned-requires that race-based differentiation serve a compelling state interest and be narrowly tailored to serve that interest, guaranteeing that the reason for the differentiation is extremely important and that the link between the means chosen to meet the ends is extremely tight. Though strict scrutiny is difficult to survive, it is triggered only when a state actor engages in intentional or purposeful racial discrimination. Controversy surrounds whether such a trigger is necessary. However, rather than …
The Effect Of Eliminating Distinctions Among Title Vii Disparate Treatment Cases, Henry L. Chambers, Jr.
The Effect Of Eliminating Distinctions Among Title Vii Disparate Treatment Cases, Henry L. Chambers, Jr.
Law Faculty Publications
St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks eliminated the effect of the pretext test and the distinction between standard and pretext cases. Desert Palace interpreted the motivating-factor test in a way that eliminates the distinction between mixed-motives and non-mixed-motives cases. The point is not that the Court has decided the cases incorrectly or with an inappropriate bias. Rather, it is that eliminating the distinctions between the different types of cases suggests that all disparate treatment cases should be treated the same. The result of these decisions will likely be a reversion to an older litigation model in which trial judges are …
The Employment Law Decisions Of The October 2000 Term Of The Supreme Court: A Review And Analysis, Ann C. Hodges
The Employment Law Decisions Of The October 2000 Term Of The Supreme Court: A Review And Analysis, Ann C. Hodges
Law Faculty Publications
During the October 2000 Term, the Supreme Court delivered major setbacks for employees in Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, which upheld mandatory and binding arbitration of federal and state employment discrimination claims through arbitration clauses forced upon employees as a condition of employment, and in Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett, which shielded state employers from federal court law suits brought under the Americans with Disabilities Act by victims of disability discrimination in employment. Employees escaped harm in Pollard v. E.I du Pont de Nemours & Co., in which the Court followed nearly unanimous circuit …
The Employment Law Decisions Of The October 1999 Term Of The Supreme Court: Review And Analysis, Ann C. Hodges
The Employment Law Decisions Of The October 1999 Term Of The Supreme Court: Review And Analysis, Ann C. Hodges
Law Faculty Publications
The five employment law cases decided by the Supreme Court during the October 1999 Term bring to nineteen the total number of significant employment law cases decided by the Court during the last three terms. The October 1997 Term cases were marked by primary focus on employer liability, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, for sexual harassment by supervisors. Primary focus during the 1998 Term was on disability discrimination under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and on the constitutionality of actions brought by private parties against states under the Fair Labor Standards Act …
Protecting Unionized Employees Against Discrimination: The Fourth Circuit's Misinterpretation Of Supreme Court Precedent, Ann C. Hodges
Protecting Unionized Employees Against Discrimination: The Fourth Circuit's Misinterpretation Of Supreme Court Precedent, Ann C. Hodges
Law Faculty Publications
This article will first review the Supreme Court's arbitration jurisprudence, concentrating on labor and employment law cases. Next, the article will analyze the cases involving arbitration under collective bargaining agreements decided by the courts of appeals subsequent to Gilmer. The article will then evaluate the two different approaches of the circuit courts in light of the law relating to collective bargaining and union representation. Finally, the article will review alternative methods of protecting employee rights to determine whether unions can preserve employees' statutory rights under the rule of the Fourth Circuit. The article concludes that the Supreme Court should …
Mediation And The Americans With Disabilities Act, Ann C. Hodges
Mediation And The Americans With Disabilities Act, Ann C. Hodges
Law Faculty Publications
This Article will analyze the potential uses of mediation in ADA disputes, focusing primarily on employment issues. Part II of the Article provides a description and analysis of the mediation process. Part III provides an overview of the ADA. Part IV examines the dispute resolution provisions of the ADA and both the current and proposed uses of alternative dispute resolution. Finally, Part V analyzes the use of mediation in ADA cases and recommends appropriate uses of mediation that will effectuate the purpose of the statute.