Law Commons^™

Negotiating With Someone Else's Money: Shifting The Responsibility For Climate Change Funding, Richard Faulk

Richard Faulk

Some people think that “Climategate” will ultimately undermine everything that the UN is attempting to resolve in Copenhagen, but that story is for a later column. The truth, however, is that the parties – all of whom profess agreement that man-made global warming is a reality – are doing a powerful job of self-destructing outside the scientific controversy. The divisive issue is, as expected, which nations will bear the costs necessary to deal with climate change, and how those costs will be apportioned. Judging from yesterday’s conflicts, it seems that even those who agree that the problem exists are in …

The Insolence Of Office: Exposing The Politics Of Perception In Copenhagen, Richard Faulk

Richard Faulk

Despite the malaise that seemed to overlay the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference before opening day, the summit opened with a flourish of rhetoric and apparent optimism by a host of attendees. In a statement titled “Governments set to seal ambitious international climate change deal in Copenhagen,” UNFCCC Executive Secretary Yvo de Boer, the UN’s top climate change official, practically overflowed with enthusiasm, sounding supremely confident that an international climate change deal was within reach.

The First "Official" Draft Of The Copenhagen Agreement: Blanks, Brackets, Chewing Gum, And Baling Wire, Richard Faulk

Richard Faulk

The war of words – and the fight over money – continued at the Copenhagen conference on Friday. Although some parties continue to posture and insist that the negotiations are between the “haves” – “developed” nations such as the United States and Japan – and the “have nots” – “developing” nations such as China and the “G77” group – those classifications are increasingly imperiled by harsh rhetoric and unrealistic expectations.

The "Climategate" Controversy: A Tree Falls In The Forest -- But Is Copenhagen Listening?, Richard Faulk

Richard Faulk

An old philosophical riddle asks "If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?" The “Climategate” tree has fallen, and there were plenty of people around, both in Copenhagen and Washington, to hear it. The question is, however, was anyone listening? For the sake of the Copenhagen conference, and our Republic, one hopes so.

Bringing Diplomacy To A Boil: Options For Agreements In Copenhagen, Richard Faulk

Richard Faulk

As of Tuesday night, United Nations negotiators still disagreed on the financial aid that the US, Japan and other developed nations will give to the developing world to cope with climate change, Bloomberg reports, referring to a draft document. Many believe that the conference is seriously deadlocked. Well, maybe so, but alternatives still exist, and they have not, at least according to all reports, been fully considered.

Copenhagen’S Disappointing Dénouement: Anatomy Of A Failed Convocation, Richard Faulk

Richard Faulk

The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference is over. For two weeks, the United Nations and its member nations waited expectantly for “change” – waited, cajoled, argued, accused, threatened, and ultimately, disappointed everyone involved as they struggled on the “World Stage” of Copenhagen’s Bella Center. Tens of thousands watched inside and outside the Center while the convocation became ever more divisive and quarrelsome as the “developing” nations of the world demanded that their “developed” counterparts “share” their wealth and technology to “save the planet.” From the beginning of the conference, few informed attendees realistically expected significant progress, largely because of the twin …

Clearing The Air In Copenhagen, Richard Faulk

Richard Faulk

As I prepare to depart for the Copenhagen climate change conference, the entire process seems awash in doubt, confusion, and controversy. Despite the grand hopes of many members of the international community, including many respected politicians and scientists, even the most optimistic advocates concede that it will be impossible to secure a comprehensive and binding climate change agreement. Instead, the delegates will seek a consensus that will guide the drafting and presentation of a formal treaty sometime in 2010, either in Bonn or in Mexico City.

The Crucible Of Common Sense: Real And Illusory Expectations In Copenhagen, Richard Faulk

Richard Faulk

The agenda is set for the United Nation’s Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen – but few attendees expect substantial progress.. As most students of international diplomacy know, leaders seldom risk valuable political capital on meeting that are expected to be unproductive. As a result, staff and other underlings strive to reach consensus so that, at the worst, some positive result can be declared. Now the consensus expectations are apparent, and predictably, they are far less promising than many delegates hoped.

Climate Change Litigation – Power Point Slides, Chapter Three, David Hodas, Kenneth Kristl, James May

Kenneth T Kristl

No abstract provided.

Spirit Food And Sovereignty: Pathways For Protecting Indigenous Peoples' Subsistence Rights, Allison M. Dussias

Allison M Dussias

Abstract: SPIRIT FOOD AND SOVEREIGNTY: PATHWAYS FOR PROTECTING INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ SUBSISTENCE RIGHTS

By Professor Allison M. Dussias

This article examines three pathways recently followed by Native American tribes and other Native communities in seeking protection of their rights to culturally valuable and legally protected subsistence resources – wild, renewable resources on which Native peoples have traditionally relied to sustain themselves. They have pursued their claims not only through litigation in U.S. courts, but also through claims to international bodies and through the regulatory process. The sources of law and rights on which they have relied as they followed these different …

Premature Burial? The Resuscitation Of Public Nuisance Litigation, Richard Faulk, John Gray

Richard Faulk

On Sept. 22, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in Connecticut v. American Electric Power Co., held that federal common-law nuisance suits can proceed against major greenhouse gas emitters. Nine days later, a federal trial court reached the opposite conclusion in another case. In this article, attorneys Richard Faulk and John Gray discuss these rulings, and the revival of public nuisance litigation.

Shifting The Paradigm: Broadening Our Understanding Of Agriculture And Its Impact On Climate Change, Annise Maguire

Annise Maguire

Scientists have determined that the Earth is warming at an unprecedented rate. Governments around the world are in near unanimous agreement about the existence of climate change and the threat it poses. Further, there is a growing consensus within the global scientific community that the primary cause of climate change is increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) related to human activities. At best, it appears that human actions are exacerbating the natural heating of the earth; at worst, humans are the primary cause of the rapid rise in temperatures.

Unfortunately, policies enacted to date have failed to take into account …

Meaningful Participation In A Global Climate Regime, Bryant Walker Smith

Bryant Walker Smith

An effective climate regime must be global rather than merely international and must contemplate the significant involvement of actors other than states. “Meaningful participation” in a global climate regime is already occurring in the Global South. That participation helps to satisfy the existing international legal obligations undertaken by developing states and merits greater recognition in future legal regimes. Moreover, that participation constitutes a form of global governance separate from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and, regardless of its legal status, deserves greater attention in practical efforts to address climate change.

The article has several parts. First, …

Rights, Rights Everywhere And Not A Fish To Fish: Considering Aboriginal And Treaty Rights In Canada As A Platform For Climate Change Litigation, Madeleine A. Sinclair

Madeleine A Sinclair

The very existence and identity of Aboriginal peoples is often tied inextricably to their lands and the natural resources they have depended on for so long are crucial not only for sustenance but also for cultural identity and spirituality. A complex legal regime and unique set of rights has resulted from efforts to reconcile this with the sovereignty of the Canadian crown. This paper aims to lay the foundations for an argument that, as holders of distinctive rights, Aboriginal peoples in Canada are uniquely positioned in a legal fight to force action on climate change.

This article examines aboriginal and …

Capping Carbon, David M. Driesen

David M Driesen

This article addresses the problem of how to set caps for a cap-and-trade program, a key problem in pending legislation addressing global climate disruption. Previous scholarship on emissions trading programs focuses overwhelmingly on trading’s advantages and sometimes wrongly portrays environmental improvement as an automatic byproduct of adopting a cap-and-trade approach. A trading program’s success, however, depends critically upon timely and effective cap setting. This article shows that often regulators have employed a best available technology (BAT) approach to cap setting for trading programs, i.e., setting the cap at a level that regulated polluters can achieve with government-identified technology. This descriptive …

State Standards For Nationwide Products Revisited: Federalism, Green Building Codes, And Appliance Efficiency Standards, Alexandra B. Klass

Alexandra B. Klass

This Article considers the federal preemption of state standards for building appliances and places the issue within the ongoing federalism debate over the role of state standards for “nationwide products” such as automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and other consumer products. Notably, residential, commercial, and industrial buildings make up approximately 40 percent of total U.S. energy demand and the same percentage of U.S. carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while the appliances within those buildings are responsible for 70 percent of building energy use, making appliance efficiency a central component of any national effort to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For decades …

Legal Techniques For Dealing With Scientific Uncertainty: The Contribution Of International Environmental Law, Jorge E. Vinuales

Jorge E Vinuales

The article analyzes how scientific uncertainty is handled in international environmental law. The author identifies ten legal techniques used for this purpose (i.e. precautionary reasoning, framework-protocol approach, advisory scientific bodies, law-making by treaty bodies, managerial approaches to compliance, prior informed consent, environmental impact assessment and monitoring, provisional measures, evidence, and facilitated liability) and link them to four different stages of the development of environmental regimes (i.e. advocacy, design, implementation, reparation). These techniques are illustrated by reference to some fifteen environmental treaties and other instruments, as well as through a detailed case-study focusing on the climate change regime.

Infrastructure Privatization Contracts And Their Effects On Governance, Ellen Dannin

Ellen Dannin

For all but those who have an ideological commitment to privatization, the issue driving privatization is how to fund public infrastructure. Thus, arguments for privatizing infrastructure are (1) to provide money so cash-strapped governments can fix crumbling infrastructure and (2) to shift future financial risk to the private contractor, as well as, of course, the financial rewards.

The reality, though, is far different. Provisions commonly found in infrastructure privatization contracts actually make the public the insurer of private contractors’ return on investment. Indeed, were it not for the lengthy provisions that protect contractors from diminution of their expected returns, the …

The Evolution And Anatomy Of Recent Climate Change Bills In The U.S. Senate: Critque Ad Recommendations, Kenneth R. Richards

Kenneth R. Richards

The United States' current financial conditions notwithstanding, climate change remains at the forefront of our national policy agenda. Congress has already considered comprehensive climate legislation in the recent past; during the 110th Congress, three climate change bills were considered in the U.S. Senate: the Bingaman-Specter bill (S. 1766), the Lieberman-Warner bill (S. 2191), and the Manager's Amendment to the Lieberman-Warner bill (S. 3036). In the midst of partisan disagreements and the urgency of the U.S. economic crisis, the Senate was unable to pass a climate change bill during the 110th Congress.

This analysis compares the three bills to derive insights …

Trampling The Public Trust, Debra Donahue

Debra L. Donahue

Many ecological problems in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem can be traced to livestock production politics. Federal land managers and state wildlife agencies refuse to address the root causes of these problems and seek ecological solutions. They pursue management policies driven, not by science or law, but by an institutionalized relationship with livestock interests. This article describes three pressing ecological issues--predator control, elk and bison supplemental feeding, and climate change--and explains how public land grazing causes or contributes to each problem and frustrates solutions. The article argues that current management policies violate state duties as trustee for the people’s wildlife and …

Lifting The Veil: Pressures Mount For Climate Change Disclosures, Richard Faulk

Richard Faulk

Measures from Sarbanes-Oxley to climate change legislation will pervasively transform the manner in which American businesses relate to shareholders and consumers. Capping a month of extraordinary changes, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners adopted a rule that mandates broad disclosures by insurance companies regarding the impact of climate change on their financial stability – thereby enlisting the insurance industry as a ‘‘partner’’ in the enforcement of global and national climate change policies.

An Unattainable Wedge: Four Limiting Effects On The Expansion Of Nuclear Power, Tanya K. Mortensen

Tanya K Mortensen

With a cap and trade system likely imminent, concerns about the costs of generating electricity and how electrical generators can best mitigate the effects of a carbon trade system are resurfacing. As a result, interests in nuclear power are resurging world-wide. Although, the purpose of this paper is aimed at national decision making, the problems and processes that confront decision makers internationally are effectively the same as those confronting decision makers in the United States. This paper examines the feasibility of using nuclear power as a wedge to reduce CO2 emissions, and puts forth four effects that may prevent or …

An Unattainable Wedge: Four Limiting Effects On The Expansion Of Nuclear Power, Tanya K. Mortensen

Tanya K Mortensen

With a cap and trade system likely imminent, concerns about the costs of generating electricity and how electrical generators can best mitigate the effects of a carbon trade system are resurfacing. As a result, interests in nuclear power are resurging world-wide. Although, the purpose of this paper is aimed at national decision making, the problems and processes that confront decision makers internationally are effectively the same as those confronting decision makers in the United States. This paper examines the feasibility of using nuclear power as a wedge to reduce CO2 emissions, and puts forth four effects that may prevent or …

Climate Change And Unresolved Issues In Wto Law, Bradly Condon

Bradly Condon

Measures aimed at addressing climate change raise legal issues regarding the relationship between WTO Law and international environmental law and the relationship between various WTO Agreements. This paper first examines emerging climate change policies that are likely to raise issues in WTO law. The remainder of the paper analyzes several unresolved issues in WTO law that may affect the WTO-consistency of measures that are likely to be taken to address climate change. How should the WTO deal with environmental subsidies under the GATT, the SCM Agreement and the Agreement on Agriculture? Can the general exceptions in GATT Article XX be …

Climate Change And Human Rights Law, John H. Knox

John H Knox

In recent years, it has become clear that climate change is an enormous threat to the human rights of people all over the planet, from Inuit in the Arctic forced to relocate homes built on melting permafrost, to residents of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean facing the prospect of losing their islands to rising sea levels. It is much less clear, however, what duties international human rights law places on states to address the effects of climate change on human rights. This article seeks to identify those duties and provide a framework for further clarification of them.

"Stationarity Is Dead" -- Long Live Transformation: Five Principles For Climate Change Adaptation Law, Robin K. Craig

Robin K. Craig

While there is no question that successful mitigation strategies remain critical in the quest to avoid worst-case climate change scenarios, we’ve passed the point where mitigation efforts alone can deal with the problems that climate change is creating. Because of “committed” warming – climate change that will occur regardless of mitigation measures, a result of the already-accumulated greenhouse gases in the atmosphere – what happens to social-ecological systems over the next decades, and most likely over the next few centuries, will largely be beyond human control. The time to start preparing for these changes is now, by making adaptation part …

Flipping Daubert: Putting Climate Change Defendants In The Hot Seat, Ryan A. Hackney

Ryan A Hackney

Can climate change plaintiffs use Daubert challenges to exclude defense expert testimony? Although Daubert challenges have traditionally favored defendants, the strong evidence for climate change may allow plaintiffs to exclude or restrict defense testimony. My paper considers actual claims put forth by climate change skeptics to see how climate change plaintiffs can use Daubert challenges in four ways: challenge the witness, challenge reliability, challenge relevance, and challenge conclusions. The paper suggests that Daubert challenges can be an effective tool for plaintiffs in climate change litigation, and that challenges in this context may provide a blueprint for plaintiffs to follow in …

The Case For Climate Protection Authority, Nigel Purvis

Nigel Purvis

The United States should classify new international agreements to protect the Earth’s climate system as executive agreements rather than as treaties. Unlike treaties, which require the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, executive agreements are entered into either solely by the President based on previously delegated constitutional, treaty, or statutory authorities, or by the President and Congress together pursuant to a new statute. Although limits exist on the types of climate agreements the President could enter into without the approval of Congress, the President’s authorities are broader than many legal scholars and policymakers realize, and could be relied …

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Vehicle Miles Traveled: Integrating The California Environmental Quality Act With The California Global Warming Solutions Act

Timothy P Duane

The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32) commits California to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. The transportation sector is the top GHG emitter in California, contributing roughly 40 percent of all California emissions. Poor fuel efficiency and high vehicle miles traveled (VMT) are primary contributors to transportation sector GHG emissions. Meeting California’s GHG emissions reduction goals requires reductions in both per-mile emissions and vehicle miles traveled. Fuel efficiency has been addressed historically by federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, and California has passed its own legislation regulating GHG emissions from …

What’S It To You?: The Difficulty Of Valuing The Benefits Of Climate- Change Mitigation And The Need For A Public-Goods Test Under Dormant Commerce Clause Analysis, Mary B. Russell

Mary B. Russell

ABSTRACT: In an effort to minimize its contribution to climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, California enacted California Senate Bill 1368. The bill prohibits utilities from purchasing electrical power from plants that emit more greenhouse gases than natural-gas-fired power plants. This burdens interstate commerce by prohibiting power purchases from out- of-state coal-fired plants and is likely to lead to a constitutional challenge under the dormant Commerce Clause. To address the validity of California Senate Bill 1368 under traditional dormant Commerce Clause analysis, one necessary step is to answer a question that has troubled scientists and economists for decades: What …