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Articles 1 - 30 of 47
Full-Text Articles in Law
Laying Down The "Brics": Enhancing The Portability Of Awards In International Commercial Arbitration, Benjamin C. Mccarty
Laying Down The "Brics": Enhancing The Portability Of Awards In International Commercial Arbitration, Benjamin C. Mccarty
Benjamin C McCarty
The drafters of the 1958 New York Convention intended Article V(2)(b) to be interpreted narrowly, and while most pro-arbitration national courts do maintain narrowly defined areas of public policy that are sufficient for refusal of the recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award, this is not always the case. Developing states and jurisdictions that maintain corrupt or inefficient judicial systems have shown a greater willingness to invoke the public policy exception for a broader, amorphous variety of reasons. This phenomenon has created a sense of unpredictability among international investors, arbitrators, and business executives as to the amount of deference …
Gandhi’S Prophecy: Corporate Violence And A Mindful Law For Bhopal, Nehal A. Patel
Gandhi’S Prophecy: Corporate Violence And A Mindful Law For Bhopal, Nehal A. Patel
Nehal A. Patel
AbstractOver thirty years have passed since the Bhopal chemical disaster began,and in that time scholars of corporate social responsibility (CSR) havediscussed and debated several frameworks for improving corporate responseto social and environmental problems. However, CSR discourse rarelydelves into the fundamental architecture of legal thought that oftenbuttresses corporate dominance in the global economy. Moreover, CSRdiscourse does little to challenge the ontological and epistemologicalassumptions that form the foundation for modern economics and the role ofcorporations in the world.I explore methods of transforming CSR by employing the thought ofMohandas Gandhi. I pay particular attention to Gandhi’s critique ofindustrialization and principle of swadeshi (self-sufficiency) …
Right To Cure Under The Unidroit Principles Article 7.1.4: A Historical Analysis, Gakuro Himeno
Right To Cure Under The Unidroit Principles Article 7.1.4: A Historical Analysis, Gakuro Himeno
Gakuro HIMENO
Riht to cure under Unidroit 7.1.4 has three sources: a) Nachtrag, b) mise en demeure and Nachfrist and c) right to cure under Uniform Commercial Code 2-508. When the UCC Committee, Section of Business law, the ABA reviewed what will become the Unidroit Principles, they found a counterpart to their own right to cure in it: Nachfrist. Then drafting a new provision upon cure was commissioned to Richard Hyland, a US professor. While this provision, rare case where Unidroit and PECL disagrees (8. 104), has long been under criticism especially by the European drafters, met with a DCFR provision that …
Transplanting Contractual Terms: The Influence Of The Common Law In The Civil Law Of Contracts, A View From The Periphery, Dario Laguado
Transplanting Contractual Terms: The Influence Of The Common Law In The Civil Law Of Contracts, A View From The Periphery, Dario Laguado
Dario Laguado
This paper suggests a model of contractual innovation that takes into account the bottom-up transplant of legal devices from the core to the periphery. This model properly weighs the tension and differences between places of production and places of reception and the process of misreading that goes along with the transplant. It serves to explain the innovation that has been produced as a result of the influence of common law contracts in Colombia and South America. Evidence shows that this model can be generally applied to the process of transplantation in many jurisdictions around the world. The main features of …
Article Iii And Seventh Amendment Challenges To Sec Administrative Proceedings After Dodd-Frank, Daniel P. Dwyer Esquire
Article Iii And Seventh Amendment Challenges To Sec Administrative Proceedings After Dodd-Frank, Daniel P. Dwyer Esquire
Daniel P. Dwyer Esquire
This article is a discussion of the evolution of enforcement remedies available to the United States Securities & Exchange Commission and the possibility that, with the enactment of the 2010 Dodd-Frank amendments to the securities laws, Congress encroached on Article III of and the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution. Section of 929P of Dodd-Frank, which allows the SEC to pursue monetary penalties and other forms of relief against unregulated persons in administrative proceedings, is a particular focus. The article relies on a chronological analysis of these areas of law and close case reading to reconcile the disparate and sometimes seemingly …
Some Key Things Entrepreneurs Need To Know About The Law And Lawyers, Lawrence J. Trautman, Anthony Luppino, Malika S. Simmons
Some Key Things Entrepreneurs Need To Know About The Law And Lawyers, Lawrence J. Trautman, Anthony Luppino, Malika S. Simmons
Lawrence J. Trautman Sr.
New business formation is a powerful economic engine that creates jobs. Diverse legal issues are encountered as a start-up entity approaches formation, initial capitalization and fundraising, arrangements with employees and independent contractors, and relationships with other third parties. The endeavors of a typical start-up in the United States will likely implicate many of the following areas of law: intellectual property; business organizations; tax laws; employment and labor laws; securities regulation; contracts and licensing agreements; commercial sales; debtor-creditor relations; real estate law; health and safety laws/codes; permits and licenses; environmental protection; industry specific regulatory laws and approval processes; tort/personal injury, products …
Who Sits On Texas Corporate Boards? Texas Corporate Directors: Who They Are And What They Do, Lawrence J. Trautman
Who Sits On Texas Corporate Boards? Texas Corporate Directors: Who They Are And What They Do, Lawrence J. Trautman
Lawrence J. Trautman Sr.
Corporate directors play an important role in governing American business, in the capital formation process, and are fundamental to the stewardship of economic growth. Texas businesses play a disproportionately important role among the states in aggregate U.S. job creation, responsible for 37% of all net new American jobs since the post 2008-2009 recovery began. It is the job of the board of directors to govern the corporation. The duties and responsibilities of a corporate director include: the duty of care; duty of loyalty; and duty of good faith. This paper results from the author’s previously assembled biographical data for most …
Owning The New Economy: A Guide To Intellectual Property Management For Australia's Clean Technology Sector, Kane Wishart
Owning The New Economy: A Guide To Intellectual Property Management For Australia's Clean Technology Sector, Kane Wishart
Matthew Rimmer
Australia's history of developing and managing the intellectual property rights of domestic innovations is – at best – mixed. The relevant immaturity of Australia's public sector commercialisation infrastructure has, over recent decades, been the subject of both stinging academic commentary and not insubstantial juridical disbelief. That said, improvements have been observed, and increasingly, private sector involvement in public sector innovation has allowed for a deepening refinement of domestic approaches to IP retention and ongoing management. Rather than a bare critique of Australia's IP management track-record, or a call for specific law reform, this manual engages at a more practical level …
Users' Patronage: The Return Of The Gift In The "Crowd Society", Giancarlo F. Frosio
Users' Patronage: The Return Of The Gift In The "Crowd Society", Giancarlo F. Frosio
Giancarlo Francesco Frosio
In this work, I discuss the tension between gift and market economy throughout the history of creativity. For millennia, the production of creative artifacts has lain at the intersection between gift and market economy. From the time of Pindar and Simonides – and until the Romanticism will commence a process leading to the complete commodification of creative artifacts – market exchange models run parallel to gift exchange. From Roman amicitia to the medieval and Renaissance belief that “scientia donum dei est, unde vendi non potest,” creativity has been repeatedly construed as a gift. Again, at the time of the British …
Future Strategies For Improving Consent In Electronic Contracting, Ran Bi
Future Strategies For Improving Consent In Electronic Contracting, Ran Bi
Ran Bi
China's economy has been running deep into an exciting phrase called “Internet +”. In North America, most businesses have online presence and conduct numerous transactions online. Unprecedentedly, electronic contracts have been governing more Individuals and corporations’ legal relationships in a growing proportion of businesses and everyday life.
E-contracts, usually with no physical architecture, are easy to “sign”—people just click one or two icons on a computer / smartphone screen after “reading” (scroll down) the contents. However, e-contracts are standard form contracts which are provided by vendors1. Users2 are easy to become victims of exploitative terms, because their consent has been …
Tying And Bundled Discounts: An Equilibrium Analysis Of Antitrust Liability Tests, Melanie S. Williams
Tying And Bundled Discounts: An Equilibrium Analysis Of Antitrust Liability Tests, Melanie S. Williams
Melanie S. Williams
Courts have struggled with determining when bundled discounts constitute unlawfully anticompetitive behavior. The current circuit split reflects an absence of consensus. This lack of legal guidance creates uncertainty in the market, with firms being given inconsistent – and sometimes contradictory - standards on how to avoid antitrust liability.
For the most part, we consider a standard paradigm for analyzing bundled discounts. Suppose that there are two firms. Firm 1 produces a monopoly product, A, and also another product, B, which competes with another version of B produced by Firm 2. The concern is the extent to which the price paid …
Dismissing Provenance: The Use Of Procedural Defenses To Bar Claims In Nazi-Looted Art And Securitized Mortgage Litigation, Christian J. Bromley
Dismissing Provenance: The Use Of Procedural Defenses To Bar Claims In Nazi-Looted Art And Securitized Mortgage Litigation, Christian J. Bromley
Christian J Bromley
The litigation surrounding an estimated 650,000 works looted by the Nazis in the Second World War and the millions of securitized mortgages foreclosed in the wake of the Great Recession converge on a fundamental legal principle: who really holds rightful title? Seemingly worlds apart, these separate yet remarkably similar forms of property challenge the American judiciary to allocate property rights between adversaries steadfast in their contention of rightful ownership. The legal fulcrum in this allocation often rests not on the equity or righteousness of either parties’ claim—whether museum versus heir or bank versus former homeowner—but instead on procedural defenses that …
E-Commerce, Cyber, And Electronic Payment System Risks: Lessons From Paypal, Lawrence J. Trautman
E-Commerce, Cyber, And Electronic Payment System Risks: Lessons From Paypal, Lawrence J. Trautman
Lawrence J. Trautman Sr.
By now, almost without exception, every business has an internet presence, and is likely engaged in e-commerce. What are the major risks perceived by those engaged in e-commerce and electronic payment systems? What potential risks, if they become reality, may cause substantial increases in operating costs or threaten the very survival of the enterprise? This article utilizes the relevant annual report disclosures from eBay (parent of PayPal), along with other eBay and PayPal documents, as a potentially powerful teaching device. Most of the descriptive language to follow is excerpted directly from eBay’s regulatory filings. My additions include weaving these materials …
Contractual Option Interests And Capital Gains Tax In Nigeria, Dr Obayemi K. Olumide, Oluwaseun Viyon Ojo, Tobi Michael Babalola
Contractual Option Interests And Capital Gains Tax In Nigeria, Dr Obayemi K. Olumide, Oluwaseun Viyon Ojo, Tobi Michael Babalola
Oluwaseun Viyon Ojo
Capital gains are the profits realized from the sale of chargeable assets at a price which exceeds and is higher than the purchase price, and so, when a capital asset is sold, the difference between the cost price (purchase price, including acquisition costs) and the sales price (selling costs) is a capital gain or a capital loss, because a taxpayer realizes a capital gain if sales price is higher than cost of sale, while the reverse is the case for a capital loss. While substantial revenue can be realized from capital gains tax (CGT), there are challenges facing CGT in …
Conflicted Counselors: Retaliation Protections For Attorney-Whistleblowers In An Inconsistent Regulatory Regime, Jennifer M. Pacella
Conflicted Counselors: Retaliation Protections For Attorney-Whistleblowers In An Inconsistent Regulatory Regime, Jennifer M. Pacella
Jennifer M. Pacella, Esq.
Attorneys, especially in-house counsel, are subject to retaliation by employers in much the same way as traditional whistleblowers, often experiencing retaliation and loss of livelihood for reporting instances of wrongdoing about their clients. Although attorney-whistleblowing undoubtedly invokes ethical concerns, attorneys who “appear and practice” before the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) are required by federal law to act as internal whistleblowers under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“SOX”) and report evidence of material violations of the law within the organizations that they represent. An attorney’s failure to comply with these obligations will result in SEC-imposed civil penalties and disciplinary action. Recent federal …
Democratizing Startups, Seth C. Oranburg
Democratizing Startups, Seth C. Oranburg
Seth C Oranburg
The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 intends to “help entrepreneurs raise the capital they need to put Americans back to work and create an economy that’s built to last.” The goal is to “democratize startups” by making capital available to diverse entrepreneurs in new geographies. Yet the net effect of securities regulations and market conditions is the opposite. Startup companies are encouraged to stay private so capital is consolidating in large, mature firms instead of recycling into new startups. Evidence of consolidation is that once-rare “Unicorns” (billion-dollar startups) now number over 111. More money is going into huge …
The Customary Practice Of Gerawee In Afghanistan: A Case For Transitioning To Real Equity-Based Finance, Haroun Rahimi
The Customary Practice Of Gerawee In Afghanistan: A Case For Transitioning To Real Equity-Based Finance, Haroun Rahimi
Haroun Rahimi
The customary practice of Gerawee, in principle, refers to a specific form of synthetic loan. It is a pledge-lease transaction that enables owners of immovable properties to obtain financing based on the market value of those properties in exchange for either paying regular payments in form of rent or transferring the right to lease those properties to a financer. The practice has been developed to help debtors and creditors avoid the prohibition of interest bearing loans under Shari’ah. Despite the efforts of some Muslim jurists to justify the practice under Shari’ah, it is widely criticized. In particular, Afghan muftis …
“El Principio De Causalidad Del Procedimiento Administrativo Sancionador Frente A Actos De Reorganización Societaria”, Jancarlos Jair Vega Lugo
“El Principio De Causalidad Del Procedimiento Administrativo Sancionador Frente A Actos De Reorganización Societaria”, Jancarlos Jair Vega Lugo
Jancarlos Jair Vega Lugo
El autor precisa la aplicación del principio de causalidad en los procedimientos administrativos sancionadores en los que la persona jurídica infractora realiza actos de reorganización societaria. Sostiene que en cualquier escenario corresponde iniciar o continuar con la imputación de responsabilidad de una persona jurídica resultante de una transformación societaria, pero que en los casos de fusión y escisión corresponderá determinar la forma en la que se ha ejecutado la operación, para luego identificar contra quién ha de dirigirse en lo que será el inicio o la continuación de un procedimiento.
Con Los Precios Más Bajos... Mentira Caserito, Solo Estaba Exagerando. Analizando Los Límites De Las Licencias Publicitarias Frente A Los Actos De Competencia Desleal En La Modalidad De Engaño, Javier André Murillo Chávez
Con Los Precios Más Bajos... Mentira Caserito, Solo Estaba Exagerando. Analizando Los Límites De Las Licencias Publicitarias Frente A Los Actos De Competencia Desleal En La Modalidad De Engaño, Javier André Murillo Chávez
Javier André Murillo Chávez
No abstract provided.
An Approach To The Regulation Of Spanish Banking Foundations, Miguel Martínez
An Approach To The Regulation Of Spanish Banking Foundations, Miguel Martínez
Miguel Martínez
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the legal framework governing banking foundations as they have been regulated by Spanish Act 26/2013, of December 27th, on savings banks and banking foundations. Title 2 of this regulation addresses a construct that is groundbreaking for the Spanish legal system, still of paramount importance for the entire financial system insofar as these foundations become the leading players behind certain banking institutions given the high interest that foundations hold in the share capital of such institutions.
Avenues To Foreign Investment In China’S Shipping Industry—Have Lease Financing Arrangements And The Free Trade Zones Opened Markets For Foreign Non-Bank Investment?, Rick Beaumont
Rick Beaumont
No abstract provided.
Deliberative Engagement Within The World Trade Organization: A Functional Substitute For Authoritative Interpretations, Cosette D. Creamer, Zuzann Godzimirska
Deliberative Engagement Within The World Trade Organization: A Functional Substitute For Authoritative Interpretations, Cosette D. Creamer, Zuzann Godzimirska
Cosette D Creamer
The transition from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade dispute settlement proceedings to the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) of the World Trade Organization represented a notable instance of judicialization within international economic governance, in that it significantly increased the independence of the DSM from direct government control. Since they began ruling on trade conflicts in 1995, the WTO’s adjudicative bodies have enjoyed a greater degree of interpretive autonomy than initially intended by states parties. This development largely stems from deadlock within the political organs of the Organization resulting in non-use of one of the primary means of legislative response—authoritative …
Global View Of Grandi Navi Spa., Sajjad Khaksari
Global View Of Grandi Navi Spa., Sajjad Khaksari
SAJJAD KHAKSARI
Grandi Navi spa. Current situation analysis for Business Law Seminar Paper; Prof. Paolo Rainelli; Politecnico di Torino; Student: Sajjad Khaksari
Avenues To Foreign Investment In China’S Shipping Industry—Have Lease Financing Arrangements And The Free Trade Zones Opened Markets For Foreign Non-Bank Investment?, Rick Beaumont
Rick Beaumont
No abstract provided.
Resituating The Automatic Stay Within The Federal Common Law Of Bankruptcy, Daniel J. Sheffner
Resituating The Automatic Stay Within The Federal Common Law Of Bankruptcy, Daniel J. Sheffner
Daniel Sheffner
Many bankruptcy judges and practitioners make broad references to the equitable powers of bankruptcy courts. Bankruptcy courts, they exclaim, are “courts of equity” and so may do as “equity” requires. One often-cited source of bankruptcy courts’ apparently vast equitable and supplemental powers is § 105(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. Section 105(a) empowers bankruptcy courts to “issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of” the Code. Section 105(a) has been cited as the basis for re-imposing the Bankruptcy Code’s automatic stay once the stay has been terminated or otherwise modified. The automatic …
Through The Looking Glass: Series Llcs In 2015, Allen Sparkman
Through The Looking Glass: Series Llcs In 2015, Allen Sparkman
Allen Sparkman
This Article examines the development of Series LLCs, reviews the existing series LLC legislation, discusses possible uses of Series LLCS, analyzes areas of uncertainty with respect to Series LLCs, and makes recommendation for the future development of the Series LLC concept.
Hardship: A Remedy For Changed Circumstances In International Commercial Contracts, Raul Henrique Pereira De Souza Fleury
Hardship: A Remedy For Changed Circumstances In International Commercial Contracts, Raul Henrique Pereira De Souza Fleury
Raul Henrique Pereira de Souza Fleury
Long-term commercial transactions can transform into an agreement far different than the anticipated by the parties due to unforeseeable circumstances. In the international field such possibility is greater. This places a hard burden to business persons around the globe, since their mutual purpose is to see their business transaction achieve its goal. In trying to assess and manage the potential negative effects of changed circumstances, international business practice had developed the hardship clause. This article focus on the historical origin and development of the hardship clause, its requirements, the adoption of similar remedies by domestic legislation, and how it has …
Broad Shareholder Value And The Inevitable Role Of Conscience, Paul D. Weitzel, Zachariah J. Rodgers
Broad Shareholder Value And The Inevitable Role Of Conscience, Paul D. Weitzel, Zachariah J. Rodgers
Paul D. Weitzel
This article proposes an integrative solution to the modern debate on corporate purpose, the question of whether directors and officers must solely maximize profits or whether they may consider the effects on employees, the environment or the community. Many find pure profit maximization unseemly and suggest alternative theories, typically arguing that corporations owe a duty to a broader range of stakeholders. This position is inconsistent with the case law and unnecessary to allow conscience in the board room. We resolve the issue more simply by acknowledging that the purpose of a corporation is to promote the shareholders’ interests, which includes …
Recovery Of Damages For Lost Profits: The Historical Development, Robert M. Lloyd, Nicholas J. Chase
Recovery Of Damages For Lost Profits: The Historical Development, Robert M. Lloyd, Nicholas J. Chase
Robert M Lloyd
ABSTRACT Recovery of Damages for Lost Profits: The Historical Development The rule of Hadley v. Baxendale is widely considered the most important rule of contract damages. In fact, however, the rule that damages must be proven with reasonable certainty is far more important in the modern practice of law. The reasonable certainty rule originated in Roman law and came to the common law through the civil law of Western Europe, developing first in the United States and spreading from the United States to England. The rule of Hadley v. Baxendale developed much in the same way, and, contrary to popular …
Bolsas Y Mercados En La República Argentina. Análisis Del Nuevo Régimen De Mercado De Capitales Instaurado Con La Lmc Y Las Normas Dictadas En Su Consecuencia. Novedades Y Puntos Controvertidos, Luciano Antico
Luciano Antico
Muchos fueron los cambios que trajo consigo la Ley N° 26.831 y su reglamentación en materia de bolsas y mercados en la República Argentina. El cambio más trascendental, quizás, la reestructu¬ración jurídica del sistema institucional de bolsas y mercados: reducción de la autorregulación (lo que trajo consigo más poder de la CNV y control directo sobre los mercados y sus agentes), la desmutualización de los mercados (lo que permitió el ingreso de nuevos participantes en el sis¬tema) y la redistribución de las funciones que cumplían las bolsas y los mercados, con la absor¬ción por parte de la CNV de ciertas …