Law Commons^™

The St. Thomas Effect: Law School Mission And The Formation Of Professional Identity, Jennifer Wright

Jennifer Wright

The legal profession has long been criticized for declining standards of professionalism. Recent studies have pointed to the crucial role of legal education in forming the professional identity of lawyers. Law schools must take seriously their duty to intentionally and thoughtfully shape their students’ sense of what it means to be a lawyer and of how their professional identities will align and coexist with their other personal and ethical commitments. In this article, I examine a case study of one law school, the University of St. Thomas School of Law, whose self-proclaimed raison d’etre is to produce a “different kind …

Modern Disparities In Legal Education: Emancipation From Racial Neutrality, David Mears

David Mears

Abstract

Wealth, leadership and political power within any democratic society requires the highest caliber of a quality legal education. The Black experience is not necessarily a unique one within legal education but rather an excellent example of either poor to substandard quality disseminated unequally among racial and socioeconomic stereotypes based upon expected outcomes of probable success or failure. It is often said, “Speak and so it will happen” – many within the halls of academia work hard to openly predict failure yet seemingly do very little to foster success internally within the academic procedures and processes based on the customer …

Anti-Harassment: Building Law School Policies, Karen Czapanskiy

Karen Czapanskiy

No abstract provided.

Bias Impeachment And The Proposed Federal Rules Of Evidence, John R. Schmertz, Karen Czapanskiy

Karen Czapanskiy

In the fall of 1971 the Supreme Court's Advisory Committee presented to the Court the Proposed Federal Rules of Evidence. The Committee failed to include a rule on impeachment by bias, interest, or prejudice. In failing to include such a rule, the Committee bypassed the opportunity to reconcile a conflict over both the content and methodology of this form of impeachment. The authors, in an attempt to show the need for a rule dealing with bias impeachment, analyze the present decisional conflict in this area. They conclude by proposing a rule designed to add some uniformity to this highly persuasive …

Clinical Legal Education: An Annotated Bibliography (Second Edition), Karen Czapanskiy, J. P. Ogilvy

Karen Czapanskiy

No abstract provided.

A Critique Of The Aals Hiring Process, Allen R. Kamp

Allen R. Kamp

The article citiques the process of hiring professors in legal academia.

Do You Want To Be An Attorney Or A Mother? Arguing For A Feminist Solution To The Problem Of Double Binds In Employment And Family Responsibilities Discrimination, Heather Bennett Stanford

Heather P Bennett

This article is a research paper analyzing and proffering solutions to family responsibilities discrimination in the workplace. The article centers around a case filed in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania. This case was filed by a female partner at the law firm Dickie, McCamey & Chilcote claiming discrimination based on family responsibilities. I chose this topic because I feel that it is an increasingly important and emerging area of employment discrimination law. This article introduces the background of the case and analyzes possible outcomes in light of caselaw involving employment discrimination in various contexts. …

The Truth Be Damned: The First Amendment, Attorney Speech, And Judicial Reputation, Margaret C. Tarkington

Margaret C Tarkington

Throughout the United States, courts discipline and sanction attorneys who make disparaging remarks about the judiciary. Yet, in that context, state and federal courts have almost universally rejected the constitutional standard established by the Supreme Court in New York Times v. Sullivan for punishing speech regarding government officials. Indeed, some courts even deny attorneys the defense of truth. Attorneys have been punished even when they were not engaged in a representative capacity and regardless of the forum in which they made their statements (including to the press, in pamphlets, or even in personal letters). The punishment imposed for impugning judicial …

Pro Bono Publico As A Conscience Good, Deborah A. Schmedemann

Deborah Schmedemann

Pro bono work performed by American lawyers serves a critical role in the American civil justice system. This paper seeks to explain pro bono through the lens of social science research into volunteering, in particular the economic concept of a conscience good. The paper presents the results of an empirical study involving over 1,100 law students and lawyers. The results include data on lawyers’ motivations to perform pro bono, the impact of various pro bono rules and invitations to perform pro bono, the satisfactions of pro bono work, emotions triggered by pro bono work and pro bono clients, and the …

Limited Scope Representation: An Experiment In San Diego Housing Court, Lisa Young

Lisa Young

Limited Scope Representation: An Experiment in San Diego Housing Court Abstract By Lisa Young This paper analyses how limited scope representation effects the settlement agreements reached by litigants in San Diego Housing Court. Limited scope representation, also known as “unbundling,” is defined as a form of legal representation where the attorney only represents the client in one part of the client’s case. Limited Scope Representation is growing as a viable response to the significant lack of legal representation for middle- and low-income Americans. This paper is the first scholarship to test whether limited scope representation actually makes a substantive difference …

Pro Bono Publico As A Conscience Good, Deborah A. Schmedemann

Deborah Schmedemann

Pro bono work performed by American lawyers serves a critical role in the American civil justice system. This paper seeks to explain pro bono through the lens of social science research into volunteering, in particular the economic concept of a conscience good. The paper presents the results of an empirical study involving over 1,100 law students and lawyers. The results include data on lawyers’ motivations to perform pro bono, the impact of various pro bono rules and invitations to perform pro bono, the satisfactions of pro bono work, emotions triggered by pro bono work and pro bono clients, and the …

The Meaning, Measure, And Misuse Of Standards Of Review, Amanda J. Peters

Amanda J Peters

Standards of review are critical to appellate review because they set limitations upon the appellate court's review process. In doing so, standards of review balance judicial authority, make judicial review more efficient, standardize the review process, and give notice to parties who wish to appeal their cases. However, these policies and their effects are diminished when appellate judges misuse or ignore standards of review.

This article examines the theories that led to the creation of standards of review and identifies four ways that appellate courts misuse standards of review. It analyzes over 8,000 cases from Texas and California, along with …

Into The Twilight Zone: Informing Judicial Discretion In Federal Sentencing, Mary K. Ramirez

mary k ramirez

Into the Twilight Zone: Informing Judicial Discretion in Federal Sentencing

Recent changes in federal sentencing have shifted discretionary decision-making back to federal district court judges, while appellate courts review challenged sentences for reasonableness. Each judge brings considerable legal experience and qualifications to the bench, however, cultural experiences cannot necessarily prepare judges for the range of persons or situations they will address on the bench. Social psychologists who have studied social cognition have determined that the human brain creates categories and associations resulting in implicit biases and associations that are often unconscious or subconscious. Moreover, research suggests that such biases may …

The Global Advocate: From Ethical Anarchy To Discernable Duties, Catherine A. Rogers

Catherine A Rogers

This Article identifies the emergence of "global advocates" as an important force on the world legal stage. By definition and design, these global advocates operate in a professional “space” that is distinct from the jurisdiction in which they are licensed and stretches beyond the jurisdictional boundaries of any particular tribunal. They maneuver in the nooks and crannies, the overlap and the inconsistencies between legal systems. Legal arbitrage is a core feature of their daily practice, and perhaps one of their most essential professional skills. This detachment from their licensing jurisdiction raises fundamental questions about the origin and object of their …

Curriculum Reform In Context, 1870-2008: Understanding And Overcoming The Limitations Of Contemporary Legal Education, William A. Langer

William A Langer

Curriculum Reform in Context, 1870-2008: Understanding and Overcoming the Limitations of Contemporary Legal Education

William Langer

In 2006, the law schools at Harvard and Stanford announced plans to implement innovative reforms to their traditional legal curricula. While the two law schools’ reform programs are quite different from one another, they both proceed on the premise that legal education has not kept pace with the changes that have taken place in the law, the legal profession, and the global economy over the last several decades, and that the traditional form of legal education, centered around the “case method,” has long been …

Into The Twilight Zone: Informing Judicial Discretion In Federal Sentencing, Mary K. Ramirez

mary k ramirez

Into the Twilight Zone: Informing Judicial Discretion in Federal Sentencing

Recent changes in federal sentencing have shifted discretionary decision-making back to federal district court judges, while appellate courts review challenged sentences for reasonableness. Each judge brings considerable legal experience and qualifications to the bench, however, cultural experiences cannot necessarily prepare judges for the range of persons or situations they will address on the bench. Social psychologists who have studied social cognition have determined that the human brain creates categories and associations resulting in implicit biases and associations that are often unconscious or subconscious. Moreover, research suggests that such biases may …

Comparing Judicial Compensation: Apples, Oranges, And Cherry-Picking, Matthew W. Wolfe

Matthew W. Wolfe

United States Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts describes the American judiciary as the envy of other constitutional democracies. But in one respect, the judiciary apparently trails others: judicial pay. Citing higher salaries of judges in other countries, Chief Justice Roberts and Associate Justices Stephen Breyer and Samuel Alito have all argued that inadequate judicial pay leads to a decline in judicial performance and quality. Judicial pay advocates apparently make these comparisons to emphasize that low judicial salaries “threaten” judicial quality and independence or, alternatively, that high judicial salaries “ensure” quality and independence. But the argument is incomplete, relying upon …

The New Boys: Women With Disabilities And The Legal Profession, Carrie G. Basas

Carrie G Basas

This essay fuses the fields of law, feminist theory, and cultural studies to examine the status of women attorneys with disabilities. It is the first study of its kind in the United States. The author conducted an empirical, qualitative, and ethnographic study of women attorneys with disabilities in the United States. Thirty-eight attorneys participated and their narratives form the basis for critical analysis of disability animus and discrimination in the legal profession. The results show an alarming trend toward disabled women attorneys self-accommodating in the workplace, rather than enforcing their employment rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Relying on …

Mr. Justice Blackstone: The Commentator On Common Pleas, Emily Kadens

EMILY KADENS

Although William Blackstone served longer as a judge on the English Court of Common Pleas than he had as the inaugural Vinerian Professor of English law at Oxford, his post-professorial legal life has been almost entirely ignored by scholars. Only one article, written almost fifty years ago and focused narrowly on legal doctrine, has offered any insight into Blackstone as a judge. And yet the subject is of great interest for two reasons. First, Blackstone was the first law professor to become a judge on an English common law court. Second, his judicial opinions provide an alternative, and arguably a …

Judicial Reporting Of Lawyer Misconduct, Arthur F. Greenbaum

Arthur F Greenbaum

It has long been recognized that judges can and should play a central role in the lawyer disciplinary process by reporting substantial lawyer misconduct they observe to disciplinary authorities. Despite the nearly 20-year existence of a mandatory reporting rule in such instances, the conventional wisdom suggests that the rule often is not followed. While the 2007 revision of the ABA Model Code of Judicial Conduct provided a golden opportunity to address this problem, the process resulted in little more than a hortatory reaffirmation of the basic principle. There is a better path.

In this essay, I thoroughly analyze the costs …

Predicting Law School Success: A Study Of Goal Orientations, Academic Achievement And The Declining Self-Efficacy Of Our Law Students, Leah M. Christensen

Leah M Christensen

This study asked 157 law students to respond to a survey about their learning goals and motivations for learning in law school. The student responses were correlated to different academic variables, including class rank, LSAT scores, undergraduate GPA. Further, the study explored whether any relationships existed between goal orientations (mastery or performance) and law school success (class rank). The results were illuminating: despite the performance-based curriculum of law school, the most successful students were mastery oriented learners. In contrast, there was no statistical correlation between performance-oriented learning and law school success. Further, the LSAT score was the weakest predictor of …

Judicial Independence And Nonpartisan Elections, Brandice Canes-Wrone, Tom S. Clark

Brandice Canes-Wrone

This Article argues against the conventional wisdom about nonpartisan judicial elections. In contrast to the claims of policy advocates and the scholarly literature, we suggest that nonpartisan elections do not necessarily encourage greater judicial independence than partisan elections do. Instead, nonpartisan elections create the incentive for judges to cater to public opinion, and this pressure will be particularly strong for the types of issues that attract attention from interest groups, the media, and voters. After developing this argument, we support it with new empirical evidence. Specifically, we examine patterns of judicial decisions on abortion-related cases heard by state courts of …

Anton Chekhov’S “Home” And “A Visit To Friends”: The Dichotomy Between The Personal And The Professional, Or The Lawyer Subjectified And Objectified, James Downing Redwood

James Downing Redwood

The busy life of the practicing attorney is proverbial and leaves but little room and time for the demands of home. Further, it is equally well known that the lawyer’s training emphasizes the objective over the subjective, the rational and logical over the emotional and personal. This article analyzes two short stories by the renowned Russian author Anton Chekhov, both of which give the reader a practicing lawyer attempting to reconcile the demands of the office with those of the home. In one story the attorney harmonizes the two by becoming more personal and “subjectified,” while in the other work …

Gender And The Chinese Legal Profession In Historical Perspective: From Heaven And Earth To Rule Of Woman?, Mary Szto

Mary Szto

This article first discusses the current phenomenon of women judges and male lawyers in China. Many women have joined the ranks of the Chinese judiciary because this is considered a stable job conducive to caring for one’s family, as opposed to being a lawyer, which requires business travel and heavy client entertaining. I then trace this phenomenon to ancient views of Heaven, earth, gender and law in China. In this yin/yang framework, men had primary responsibility for providing sustenance for both this life and the life to come and women were relegated to the “inner chambers”. Also, law was secondary …

“Once Upon A Time, In A Land Far, Far Away . . .” Lawyers And Clients Telling Stories About Ethics (And Everything Else), Carolyn Grose

carolyn grose

ABSTRACT

Framed by an analysis of two particular ethical rules and their application to specific situations, this piece uses the metaphor of storytelling to explore the lawyer’s role as an effective and ethical client representative. Drawing from the experiences of two sets of clients and their lawyers, the piece proposes an approach to ethical regulation (as one component of the lawyer-client relationship) that requires the lawyer to engage in a deeply contextual analysis of the specific and particular ethical conflicts presented to him in any particular case; and work with his client to determine how to resolve those conflicts.

The …

Anton Chekhov's "Home" And "A Visit To Friends": The Dichotomy Between The Personal And The Professional, Or The Lawyer Subjectified And Objectified, James Redwood

James Downing Redwood

The busy life of the practicing attorney is proverbial and leaves but little room and time for the demands of home. Further, it is equally well known that the lawyer’s training emphasizes the objective over the subjective, the rational and logical over the emotional and personal. This article analyzes two short stories by the renowned Russian author Anton Chekhov, both of which give the reader a practicing lawyer attempting to reconcile the demands of the office with those of the home. In one story the attorney harmonizes the two by becoming more personal and “subjectified,” while in the other work …

The Lawyer’S Duty To Inform His Client Of His Own Malpractice, Benjamin P. Cooper

Benjamin P Cooper

Every big-firm litigation partner has received the call from his colleague in the corporate department: “The big deal that I was working on fell apart, and now the client has been sued. Can you handle the litigation?” While this turn of events is not good news for the client, it is not necessarily bad news for the law firm, which may now be looking forward to lengthy litigation and big fees. Because of that, the litigation partner’s response is usually the same – he says, “yes,” and simply assumes that his partner was not the cause of the litigation or …

Anton Chekhov's "Home" And "A Visit To Friends": The Dichotomy Between The Personal And The Professional, Or The Lawyer Subjectified And Objectified, James Downing Redwood

James Downing Redwood

The busy life of the practicing attorney is proverbial and leaves but little room and time for the demands of home. Further, it is equally well known that the lawyer’s training emphasizes the objective over the subjective, the rational and logical over the emotional and personal. This article analyzes two short stories by the renowned Russian author Anton Chekhov, both of which give the reader a practicing lawyer attempting to reconcile the demands of the office with those of the home. In one story the attorney harmonizes the two by becoming more personal and “subjectified,” while in the other work …

Trapped In The Law? How Lawyers Reconcile The Legal And Social Aspects Of Their Work, Hadar Aviram

Hadar Aviram

This Article addresses an immensely important, and often neglected, problem faced by legal practitioners in their daily professional lives: how do legal actors feel, and act, when the cases in which they are involved have evident, and disturbing, socio-economic implications? This situation is particularly uncomfortable for prosecutors, judges, and defense attorneys, whose criminal case workload often reflects much deeper social inequalities and problems, and whose defendant population is characterized by an overrepresentation of disempowered groups. Legal actors who engage daily with "the tip of the social iceberg" in the courtroom are keenly aware of the broader aspects of the problem; …

Reconceptualizing Competence: An Appeal, Mae C. Quinn

Mae C. Quinn

This article builds on contemporary critiques of the justice system’s treatment of the mentally impaired, examining an important issue that until now has gone wholly unaddressed -- the effect of defendant impairment on the criminal appeals process. It argues that conventional wisdom stressing the importance of defendant competence during criminal trials but ignoring the incompetence of defendants during direct appeals makes little sense. Such an approach to defendant capacity not only fails to account for the realities of criminal practice, but works to undermine the fairness and efficacy of the American appellate process. Thus this paper calls for reconceptualization of …