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2006

Northwestern Pritzker School of Law

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Articles 1 - 26 of 26

Full-Text Articles in Law

Korea's Competition Law And Policies In Perspective Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Youngjin Jung, Seung Wha Chang Jan 2006

Korea's Competition Law And Policies In Perspective Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Youngjin Jung, Seung Wha Chang

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of competition law and competition policy in Korea and to analyze their relationship with other important national economic policies. Section II provides a historical survey of the country's competition law and policy. Section III examines the major components of the law and evaluates how the antitrust authority has actually enforced its provisions in practice. It also highlights elements of the law that have been tailored to Korea's unique economic circumstances. Section IV focuses on the relationship between competition policy and related economic policies-in particular, industrial policy and trade and investment …

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Fundamentally Conflicting Views Of The Rule Of Law In China And The West & (And) Implications For Commercial Disputes, Benedict Sheehy Jan 2006

Fundamentally Conflicting Views Of The Rule Of Law In China And The West & (And) Implications For Commercial Disputes, Benedict Sheehy

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

This paper is an examination of the notions of law, the Rule of Law, and commercial practice in the West and China. The paper outlines the basic philosophical principles and legal concomitants of the Rule of Law, and the corollary Chinese principles and concomitants. It examines the traditions, differences, and similarities in thinking about the issues in each tradition. It then examines the implications of these differences in commercial dispute resolution. After this discussion of traditions, similarities, and differences and their impact on commercial dispute resolution, the paper turns to address how the discrepancies could be dealt with in the …

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Challenges To The Effective Implementation Of Competition Policy In Regulated Sectors: The Case Of Telecommunications In Mexico Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Oliver Solano, Rafael Del Villar, Rodrigo Garcia-Verdu Jan 2006

Challenges To The Effective Implementation Of Competition Policy In Regulated Sectors: The Case Of Telecommunications In Mexico Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Oliver Solano, Rafael Del Villar, Rodrigo Garcia-Verdu

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

This article reviews Mexico's competition law and policy, with particular emphasis on the challenges that the Federal Competition Commission ("CFC") has faced in implementing an effective competition policy. Some of the difficulties analyzed are the loopholes in the current laws, the lack of cooperation between the CFC and other sectoral regulators, and the regulatory arbitrage by market participants. These challenges are then illustrated by the developments in the telecommunications sector. This sector is particularly interesting in the case of Mexico given the overwhelming power of the dominant firm and the overlapping and even conflicting mandates of the different government authorities …

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Competition Policy In Developing Economies: The Case Of Brazil Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Gesner Oliveira, Thomas Fujiwara Jan 2006

Competition Policy In Developing Economies: The Case Of Brazil Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Gesner Oliveira, Thomas Fujiwara

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The objective of this article is to discuss the implementation of competition policy in Brazil through a historical perspective. In contrast with the experience of various OECD countries, including the United States in particular, competition policy in Brazil has only recently become relevant. However, its increasing prevalence has not been preceded by the development of a competition culture and institutions. This fact has several implications for policy making. Best practices in the OECD countries cannot be automatically imported without due attention to the peculiarities of a developing economy. This paper is divided into five sections. Section II describes the different …

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The New Chapter 15 Of The Bankruptcy Code: A Step Toward Erosion Of National Sovereignty, John J. Chung Jan 2006

The New Chapter 15 Of The Bankruptcy Code: A Step Toward Erosion Of National Sovereignty, John J. Chung

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

If Chapter 15 and universalism offer uncertain benefits but certain harms, why have their principles gained such a following? One explanation is that Chapter 15 is part of today's growing trend to internationalize American law. Much like the inclination of some Supreme Court Justices to look to foreign law for guidance, it appears many bankruptcy scholars, judges, and practitioners have developed a taste for international trendiness. This article contends that the debate surrounding Chapter 15 in bankruptcy circles is a variation of the ongoing national debate regarding the citation of foreign law in Supreme Court opinions. This internationalism is a …

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Anticipating Regulation Of New Telecommunications Technologies: An Argument For The European Model, Jessica Finley Jan 2006

Anticipating Regulation Of New Telecommunications Technologies: An Argument For The European Model, Jessica Finley

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

This paper argues that the United States should look to the European Community in order to rework its telecommunications regulatory structure. More specifically, the United States should reconsider its current system of regulating various telecommunications sectors separately and follow the European Commission by developing a "single regulatory framework." By regulating the telecommunications transmission separately from telecommunications content, the United States can better anticipate emerging technologies rather than struggling to catch up with new technologies as they exceed the reach of the current regulatory framework. Part II will discuss the U.S. and European telecommunications regulatory frameworks. Part III will discuss the …

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A Comparative Analysis Of Shareholder Protections In Italy And The United States: Parmalat As A Case Study, Lorenzo Segato Jan 2006

A Comparative Analysis Of Shareholder Protections In Italy And The United States: Parmalat As A Case Study, Lorenzo Segato

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The goal of this article is to compare the protections offered to minority shareholders by the Italian system of corporate law with those offered by the U.S. legal system of corporate and securities law in order to determine if Parmalat's minority shareholders would have been better off had Parmalat been an American company listed in the U.S. financial market. This analysis will reveal several weaknesses in Italian corporate and securities laws, thereby providing a basis for suggestions on how to improve minority shareholders' rights in Italy based on the U.S. experience. Section II of this paper provides an overview of …

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Merger Control Review In The United States And The European Union: Working Towards Conflict Resolution, Kathryn Fugina Jan 2006

Merger Control Review In The United States And The European Union: Working Towards Conflict Resolution, Kathryn Fugina

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

While the economy continues to grow on a global scale, large companies seeking to stay competitive must look to international markets as a means of expansion and trade. As international mergers become a more common means of accomplishing these goals, an increasing number of countries are adopting competition laws. Unfortunately, the laws of different countries and regions can, and do, come into conflict. This paper examines the merger control laws of both the United States and the European Union, why these laws sometimes conflict, and provides suggestions for possible solutions for minimizing future conflicts. Part II reviews the relevant merger …

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At The Crossroads: Making Competition Law Effective In Pakistan Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Joseph Wilson Jan 2006

At The Crossroads: Making Competition Law Effective In Pakistan Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Joseph Wilson

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Just as the first merger wave of the late 1880's in the United States resulted in the birth of Sherman Act, the recent global merger wave of the early 2000's, coupled with the growing liberalization of trade, prompted a large number of developing and transitional economies to adopt competition laws. Pakistan is one of the few developing countries with a competition law in place for more than three decades: the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Ordinance of 1970 ("MRTPO" or the "Ordinance"). While the Ordinance contained fairly strong provisions, the agency entrusted to implement it, the Monopolies Control Authority ("MCA"), …

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Taxing The International Athlete: Working Toward Free Trade In The Americas Through A Multilateral Tax Treaty, Jeffrey Dunlop Jan 2006

Taxing The International Athlete: Working Toward Free Trade In The Americas Through A Multilateral Tax Treaty, Jeffrey Dunlop

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

At first glance, it does not appear that taxation issues facing the international athlete and developing free trade between North and South America are closely related; they represent very different aspects of cross-border transactions and investment. On the other hand, they may be related when viewed as sequential steps in the process toward developing sustained economic relationships. This article will attempt to bridge that gap. First, Part II of this article discusses the current United States approach toward taxation of international athletes. Next, Part III reviews the history and issues facing tax treaty negotiations between the United States and developing …

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Competition Law And Policy In Flux: The Developing Country Experience Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries: Introduction , David Van Zandt Jan 2006

Competition Law And Policy In Flux: The Developing Country Experience Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries: Introduction , David Van Zandt

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

This issue sheds light on the meaningful themes which are the driving forces in the global sphere of competition law and policy. It is also pertinent to note that the timing of this symposium is unique and coincides with the annual conference of the International Competition Network (ICN) to be held in South Africa in May 2006. The ICN is the only international body devoted exclusively to competition law enforcement and it consists of some ninety-four competition authorities from eighty-three countries. It has also become the premier international discussion forum on competition issues. With great pride, I invite you to …

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Competition Advocacy: Time For A Rethink Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Simon J. Evenett Jan 2006

Competition Advocacy: Time For A Rethink Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Simon J. Evenett

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

This paper examines the conventional wisdom concerning competition advocacy, paying particular attention to the applicability of such wisdom to developing countries. The definition of competition advocacy, its evaluation, and the likelihood of its successful implementation are discussed in some detail. The paper concludes with a call for considerably more thought about what, hitherto, has been one of the relatively uncontroversial aspects of many competition authorities' activities.

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Same Plant, Different Soil: Japan's New Merger Guidelines Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries, Salil K. Mehra Jan 2006

Same Plant, Different Soil: Japan's New Merger Guidelines Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries, Salil K. Mehra

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Japan's New Merger Guidelines ("New Merger Guidelines"), issued by the Japan Fair Trade Commission ("JFTC") in May 2004, mark a turning point for antitrust in Japan. It is likely that Japan's New Merger Guidelines will be seen as a model for legal transplants in the future. Despite the similarities between Japan's New Merger Guidelines and the U.S. Horizontal Merger Guidelines ("U.S. Merger Guidelines"), Japan's New Merger Guidelines are unlikely to be a "success" in the same way that the U.S. Merger Guidelines have been a success since their adoption by the American competition agencies. Although Japan is far from a …

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Taiwan's Fair Trade Act: Achieving The Right Balance Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries, Pijan Wu, Caroline Thomas Jan 2006

Taiwan's Fair Trade Act: Achieving The Right Balance Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries, Pijan Wu, Caroline Thomas

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Adopting competition laws is part-and-parcel of a global trend. Indeed, it is striking to see how many countries first implemented competition laws within the last twenty-five years. In 2000, Frederic Jenny commented that "today between 80 and 100 countries have a competition law or are in the process of adopting one whereas ten years ago no more than 50 countries had such a law." This compares to less than ten countries in 1960. Promulgated by a Presidential Order on February 4, 1991 and coming into force one year thereafter, Taiwan's Fair Trade Act ("FTA") must be interpreted in this context. …

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Development Of Competition Law In Vietnam In The Face Of Economic Reforms And Global Integration, The Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries, Alice Pham Jan 2006

Development Of Competition Law In Vietnam In The Face Of Economic Reforms And Global Integration, The Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries, Alice Pham

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

This article examines the development of a competition regime in Vietnam, with all of the existing difficulties and problems. In the context of this socialist country, we examine the economic reform and integration process and the challenges of liberalization and globalization. Finally, we provide some thoughts for the future. Specifically, Section II addresses the emergence of Vietnam's competition law since the 1980's. Section III describes some of the key legal provisions of the Competition Law of Vietnam. Section IV evaluates the current challenges in the implementation of the Vietnam competition regime, while Section V proposes some recommendations.

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Political Economy Of Competition Law: The Case Of Thailand, The Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries, Deunden Nikomborirak Jan 2006

Political Economy Of Competition Law: The Case Of Thailand, The Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries, Deunden Nikomborirak

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

This paper will address the political economy of competition law in Thailand. Section II will provide a historical perspective of Thai Competition Law. Section III will show what went wrong with the law's implementation since its promulgation in 1999. Section IV will assess the implications of the lack of competition law enforcement on business conduct and the establishment of a competition regime in Thailand. Section V will summarize major lessons learned in the Thai case that may be relevant to other developing countries considering adopting such a law or facing difficulties in its implementation. Finally, Section VI will draw conclusions …

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Competition Policy And Practice In South Africa: Promoting Competition For Development Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Trudi Hartzenberg Jan 2006

Competition Policy And Practice In South Africa: Promoting Competition For Development Symposium On Competition Law And Policy In Developing Countries , Trudi Hartzenberg

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

South Africa's new competition policy and law were drafted during the early years of South Africa's new democracy, a period characterized by important domestic policy and regulatory reform. These reforms were not only part of the comprehensive program for the country's economic, social, and political transformation, but also its integration into the global economy after decades of isolation under the apartheid regime. In the case of competition policy, however, concerns about specific development challenges entrenched by the previous era of political and economic control, had to be explicitly reflected in the new South Africa's law and policy. It was clear …

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Defragmenting World Trade, Sungjoon Cho Jan 2006

Defragmenting World Trade, Sungjoon Cho

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The global trading community is in a state of deep crisis. Its main system, multilateralism, has recently been clogged by viscous trade barriers created by a proliferation of bilateral, regional trading blocs. Globalization offers a worldwide "production value chain" which enables even small economies to take part in the global commerce by offering raw materials or labor. In fact, small economies hold a comparative advantage at certain stages of the international manufacturing process.1 However, the current pattern of regional trading blocs militates against such participation by erecting new barriers against non-members and thus compartmentalizing the global market.2 This is not …

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The Hague Convention On Choice Of Court Agreements: The United States Joins The Judgment Enforcement Band, Matthew H. Adler, Michele Crimaldi Zarychta Jan 2006

The Hague Convention On Choice Of Court Agreements: The United States Joins The Judgment Enforcement Band, Matthew H. Adler, Michele Crimaldi Zarychta

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

In 2005, the United States signed a treaty that, if ratified, would be the United States' first-ever international agreement on judgment enforcement. The treaty provides that (a) where two commercial parties elect to resolve disputes between them in a particular forum, and (b) a judgment issues from that forum, then (c) all member states must enforce the judgment. It is a document driven by party autonomy; absent a choice of court agreement (in U.S. parlance, a choice of forum clause), the treaty has no meaning or applicability. The treaty's signing was the end of a rigorous journey. The United States …

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Islamic Principles Governing International Trade Financing Instruments: A Study Of The Morabaha In English Law, Jason C. T. Chuah Jan 2006

Islamic Principles Governing International Trade Financing Instruments: A Study Of The Morabaha In English Law, Jason C. T. Chuah

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The past years have seen a clear and incontrovertible rise in the use of international financial and commercial instruments expressed to be governed by Islamic principles. Banks and other commercial entities in Islamic and non-Islamic countries are increasingly aware of the commercial need to offer services which are specifically tailored to meet this sector of the international market. Disputes over the interpretation and application of such instruments invariably arise. English courts are not insulated from such disputes, given that the City of London is at the forefront of many international commercial and financial dealings. As a matter of law, the …

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Brazil's Recent Threat On Abbott's Patent: Resolution Or Retaliation, Jennifer Bjornberg Jan 2006

Brazil's Recent Threat On Abbott's Patent: Resolution Or Retaliation, Jennifer Bjornberg

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

In June 2005, Brazil threatened to infringe the patent of an anti-AIDS medication, Kaletra, patented and produced by a U.S. based pharmaceutical company, Abbott Laboratories. The resulting controversy necessarily implicated the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property ("TRIPS Agreement") as Brazil was a Member Nation under the agreement and Abbott's product was protected under that agreement. Ultimately, the threat came to a voluntary resolution between both parties, but the dispute raised a number of unique questions relating to international trade and public health concerns. This article will discuss the recent controversy between Abbott and Brazil …

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Falling Short Of The Mark: The United States Response To The European Union's Data Privacy Directive, Morey Elizabeth Barnes Jan 2006

Falling Short Of The Mark: The United States Response To The European Union's Data Privacy Directive, Morey Elizabeth Barnes

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

In the spring and summer of 2005, the headlines of America's major newspapers provided a constant reminder of an issue about which Americans have grown increasingly worried: data security. Rather than publicizing the war in Iraq or the buzz over potential Supreme Court nominees, these headlines warned: "Info theft slams chain: 1.4 million card numbers stolen;" "Poll Says Identity Theft Concerns Rose After High-Profile Breaches;" "Data Security Breaches Alarm Consumers." In the previous few months, a series of high-profile companies such as Bank of America, Reed Elsevier Group's LexisNexis, PayMaxx, Choice Point, and SAIC had announced that millions of records …

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Choice Of Law In Contracts: A Chinese Approach, Mo Zhang Jan 2006

Choice Of Law In Contracts: A Chinese Approach, Mo Zhang

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

This article attempts to emphasize that the choice of law analysis in China is distinct from that of other countries, despite the fact that many of the theories and approaches originate in Western countries. The underlying argument is that the ongoing economic reform in China has become a dramatic and driving force for change in the country. This change necessarily shapes the development of choice of law in China in a unique way, and also de. monstrates how China is getting closer to the rest of world while searching for the "China brand" theory and approach in this regard. What …

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Enforcement Of Arbitral Awards Against Foreign States Or State Agencies, S.I. Strong Jan 2006

Enforcement Of Arbitral Awards Against Foreign States Or State Agencies, S.I. Strong

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

For years, U.S. courts took a highly deferential, "hands-off' approach to litigation involving a foreign sovereign. However, recent case law out of the D.C. Circuit has radically diminished the jurisdictional elements that plaintiffs must establish before a U.S. court will assert its power to enforce an arbitral award against a foreign state or state agency. This Article investigates this recent shift and describes what contacts, if any, a foreign state or state agency must have with the United States before a U.S. court will assert jurisdiction under sections 1605(a)(1) and 1605(a)(6) of the U.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act ("FSIA").4 This …

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Bilateralism Under The World Trade Organization, Y.S. Lee Jan 2006

Bilateralism Under The World Trade Organization, Y.S. Lee

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The establishment of the World Trade Organization ("WTO"), which replaced the five decades of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ("GATT") regime,' has significantly reinforced multilateral control over international trade on a global scale. As of October 2005, membership in the WTO has reached 148 nations, including the majority of former Soviet bloc and other communist countries,2 making the WTO the "United Nations of International Trade.",3 WTO disciplines have significant impact on world trade today; they have been enforced by the monitoring activities of various WTO bodies and by strengthened dispute resolution mechanisms. In addition, a significant number of …

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Personal Jurisdiction For Internet Torts: Towards An International Solution, Holger P. Hestermeyer Jan 2006

Personal Jurisdiction For Internet Torts: Towards An International Solution, Holger P. Hestermeyer

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

As an introduction to the issue of Internet tort jurisdiction, Part I will recount the Yahoo! case, the most divisive case on the issue recently. Parts II and III will give an overview of the current law on Internet tort jurisdiction in two different legal systems: the United States and Germany. They will show that several recent cases in both countries have applied targeting approaches as advocated by Michael Geist and Rufus Pichler. However, insecurity remains and jurisprudence is far from consistent. Part IV will argue that insecurity about Internet jurisdiction could be reduced significantly if countries were to commit …

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