Law Commons^™

Pretrial Detention And Bail, Megan Stevenson, Sandra G. Mayson

All Faculty Scholarship

Our current pretrial system imposes high costs on both the people who are detained pretrial and the taxpayers who foot the bill. These costs have prompted a surge of bail reform around the country. Reformers seek to reduce pretrial detention rates, as well as racial and socioeconomic disparities in the pretrial system, while simultaneously improving appearance rates and reducing pretrial crime. The current state of pretrial practice suggests that there is ample room for improvement. Bail hearings are often cursory, with no defense counsel present. Money-bail practices lead to high rates of detention even among misdemeanor defendants and those who …

Policing As Administration, Christopher Slobogin

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

Police agencies should be governed by the same administrative principles that govern other agencies. This simple precept would have significant implications for regulation of police work, in particular the type of suspicionless, group searches and seizures that have been the subject of the Supreme Court's special needs jurisprudence (practices that this Article calls "panvasive"). Under administrative law principles, when police agencies create statute-like policies that are aimed at largely innocent categories of actors-as they do when administering roadblocks, inspection regimes, drug testing programs, DNA sampling programs, and data collection-they should have to engage in notice-and-comment rulemaking or a similar democratically …

"Screening" The Poor: The Legality Of Drug Testing For Welfare Benefits, Jacquelyn Bolen

Law Student Publications

On March 8, 2014, at the conclusion of the 2014 Virginia General Assembly regular session, Virginia joined at least 17 other states that, in this year alone, have introduced proposals to screen or test applicants for illegal substances prior to obtaining public assistance.1 Following the enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, which permitted states to conduct drug testing as part of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, states began proposing drug screenings for applicants of public welfare benefits.2 Despite a 2003 Sixth Circuit decision holding that suspicionless drug testing is un-constitutional, in …

Public Assistance, Drug Testing, And The Law: The Limits Of Population-Based Legal Analysis, Candice T. Player

All Faculty Scholarship

In Populations, Public Health and the Law, legal scholar Wendy Parmet urges courts to embrace population-based legal analysis, a public health inspired approach to legal reasoning. Parmet contends that population-based legal analysis offers a way to analyze legal issues—not unlike law and economics—as well as a set of values from which to critique contemporary legal discourse. Population-based analysis has been warmly embraced by the health law community as a bold new way of analyzing legal issues. Still, population-based analysis is not without its problems. At times, Parmet claims too much territory for the population perspective. Moreover, Parmet urges courts …

Pledge Your Body For Your Bread: Welfare, Drug Testing, And The Inferior Fourth Amendment, Jordan C. Budd

Law Faculty Scholarship

Proposals to subject welfare recipients to periodic drug testing have emerged over the last three years as a significant legislative trend across the United States. Since 2007, over half of the states have considered bills requiring aid recipients to submit to invasive extraction procedures as an ongoing condition of public assistance. The vast majority of the legislation imposes testing without regard to suspected drug use, reflecting the implicit assumption that the poor are inherently predisposed to culpable conduct and thus may be subject to class-based intrusions that would be inarguably impermissible if inflicted on the less destitute. These proposals are …

Random Drug Testing, Henry L. Chambers, Jr.

Law Faculty Publications

Random drug testing coexists uneasily with a general Fourth Amendment right to be free of suspicionless government searches. Typically, a governmental search is accompanied by a warrant supported by individualized suspicion, that is, probable cause. Random drug testing involves a search without any particularized suspicion that the subject of the search has used drugs.

Random Vs. Suspicion-Based Drug Testing In The Public Schools -- A Surprising Civil Liberties Dilemma, Martin H. Belsky

Akron Law Faculty Publications

The Tecumseh School District had a policy that all students who wished to participate in extracurricular activities that involved some sort of competition had to agree to drug testing before the competition and then randomly thereafter. ... Those selected for accusatory drug testing might be perceived to be wearing a "badge of shame" and be subject to the arbitrary whim of an administrator. ... Vernonia involved a rule requiring drug testing as a condition for participation in extracurricular competitive sports. ... In Earls, the Tecumseh School District adopted a "Student Activities Drug Testing Policy" that required all students who wished …

Predicting Pretrial Misconduct With Drug Tests Of Arrestees, Us Department Of Justice

National Institute of Justice Research in Brief

No abstract provided.

Drug Testing/Use, Sandra S. Klein

Journal Articles

Drug testing is one of the most controversial of recent privacy issues. The bibliography which follows provides the reader with access to a wide range of discussion on this topic which is, or should be, of interest to everyone. Whether in our private lives, or on the job, drug use and drug testing will have an impact on every one of us.

The Effect Of Drug Testing In New Orleans, Us Department Of Justice

National Institute of Justice Research in Brief

No abstract provided.

Pretrial Drug Testing, Us Department Of Justice

National Institute of Justice Research in Brief

No abstract provided.

The Fourth Amendment: The Right Of The People To Be Secure In Their Persons, Homes, Papers, And Effects, Yale Kamisar

Book Chapters

Three quarters of a century ago, the Supreme Court expressed some thoughts on constitutional interpretation that bear repeating today (Weems v. United States):

Time works changes, brings into existence new conditions and purposes. Therefore, a principle to be vital must be capable of wider application than the mischief which gave it birth. This is particularly true of constitutions .... [In interpreting] a constitution, therefore, our contemplation cannot be only of what has been but what may be. Under any other rule a constitution would indeed be as easyof application as it would be deficient in efficacy and power.

The Fourth …

Random Drug Testing Of Student Athletes By State Universities In The Wake Of Von Raab And Skinner, Leroy Pernell

Journal Publications

No abstract provided.

Drug Testing Of Student Athletes: Some Contract And Tort Implications, Leroy Pernell

Journal Publications

No abstract provided.

Random Drug Testing Of Student Athletes By State Universities In The Wake Of Von Raab And Skinner, Leroy Pernell

Journal Publications

This article will focus on the particularly complicated question of the legality of drug testing at state universities. State universities comprise a significant number of the universities involved in intercollegiate athletics at the major conference level. The state university at the same time is a branch of the state and operates under color of state law. As such, its actions fall under the additional scrutiny of the constitutional principles contained in, and incorporated through, the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution. In examining the legal significance of drug testing of student-athletes at a state university, this article will closely …

Charleston Policy: Substance Or Abuse, The , Kimani Paul-Emile

Faculty Scholarship

In 1989, the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) adopted a policy that, according to subjective criteria, singled out for drug testing, certain women who sought prenatal care and childbirth services would be tested for prohibited substances. Women who tested positive were arrested, incarcerated and prosecuted for crimes ranging from misdemeanor substance possession to felony substance distribution to a minor. In this Article, the Author argues that by intentionally targeting indigent Black women for prosecution, the MUSC Policy continued the United States legacy of their systematic oppression and resulted in the criminalizing of Black Motherhood.

Status Of Drug Testing In The Workplace, Senate Select Committee On Substance Abuse

California Senate

No abstract provided.

Employment Law, Office Of Continuing Legal Education At The University Of Kentucky College Of Law, Matthew R. Westfall, Alvin L. Goldman, Jon L. Fleishaker, Carl B. Boyd Jr., Marvin L. Coan, Carolyn S. Bratt, Michael W. Hawkins, Richard C. Stephenson, Dorothy M. Pitt, Paul H. Tobias, Judith B. Hoge

Continuing Legal Education Materials

Outlines of speaker presentations at the Employment Law Seminar held by UK/CLE on January 22-23, 1988.

Unions And Urinalysis, Deborah A. Schmedemann

Faculty Scholarship

Many private employers seem to be busy deciding whether and how to test employees for drug use. Presumably most of these decisions are made by management acting alone. However, in unionized workplaces—one out of five private sector employees are represented by unions—federal labor law prescribes a different method. That method features collective bargaining by unions and management to set the rules, the use of a private third-party neutral to resolve disputes which arise under those rules (arbitration), and relatively little involvement by the government (the National Labor Relations Board, legislatures, and the courts). This system that labor law prescribes for …

Interim Hearing On Drug Testing In The Workplace - Volume Ii, Select Committee On Drug And Alcohol Abuse

California Joint Committees

Five interim hearings were held in the following locations: Orange County - October 7th; San Francisco - October 14th; Los Angeles - October 16th; Sacramento - October 27th; and San Diego - October 28th.

The constitutionality and legal implications, testing technology, and programs and policies of drug testing were the three key areas which the committees examined and heard testimony on from experts throuqhout the State. The following are only a few of the questions for which we hoped to receive answers: What is the appropriate balance between the employer's right to ensure for himself or herself, as well as …

Interim Hearing On Drug Testing In The Workplace - Volume I, Select Committee On Drug And Alcohol Abuse

California Joint Committees

Five interim hearings were held in the following locations: Orange County - October 7th; San Francisco - October 14th; Los Angeles - October 16th; Sacramento - October 27th; and San Diego - October 28th.

The constitutionality and legal implications, testing technology, and programs and policies of drug testing were the three key areas which the committees examined and heard testimony on from experts throuqhout the State. The following are only a few of the questions for which we hoped to receive answers: What is the appropriate balance between the employer's right to ensure for himself or herself, as well as …