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Articles 2611 - 2640 of 2710
Full-Text Articles in Law
Introduction To The Special Issue, George A. Bermann
Introduction To The Special Issue, George A. Bermann
Faculty Scholarship
The subject of this year's topical issue of the Columbia Journal of European Law promises to be topical for some time to come. Every model of European integration that has been competing for consideration-whether within the Union institutions or within the corridors of national power, or virtually anywhere for that matter presupposes a European identity of sorts. But just at the time that a "European" identity might hope to be developing in the midst of the "national" identities with which it was commonly contrasted, the identity "landscape" has itself been growing more complex. Forces of globalization, and more particularly the …
The Plenary Power Background Of Curtiss-Wright, Sarah H. Cleveland
The Plenary Power Background Of Curtiss-Wright, Sarah H. Cleveland
Faculty Scholarship
In his article The Transformation of the Constitutional Regime of Foreign Relations, Professor Ted White argues that the early twentieth century saw a major shift in constitutional understandings and expectations regarding the distribution of authority in foreign affairs. According to White, until that era the foreign affairs power, like all other powers under the Constitution, were considered subject to a formalistic, essentialist world view in which powers were distributed by the text of the Constitution according to clear principles of federalism and separation of powers. Congress and the President could only exercise powers in this area that had been dedicated …
Impeachment As A Technique Of Parliamentary Control Over Foreign Affairs In A Presidential System, Lori Fisler Damrosch
Impeachment As A Technique Of Parliamentary Control Over Foreign Affairs In A Presidential System, Lori Fisler Damrosch
Faculty Scholarship
The central inquiry for this essay is the proper use of the impeachment tool in foreign relations contexts, including war powers. In Part I, the essay begins with a brief review of British impeachment practice (limited to war and foreign policy concerns) known to the Founding generation and reflected in certain fundamental texts of the Founding; this treatment does not betoken any originalist orientation on my part (au contraire) but will set the context for later developments. Part II then turns to the travails of President Andrew Johnson as seen through the eyes of Walter Bagehot, the author of …
Retaining Mandatory Securities Disclosure: Why Issuer Choice Is Not Investor Empowerment, Merritt B. Fox
Retaining Mandatory Securities Disclosure: Why Issuer Choice Is Not Investor Empowerment, Merritt B. Fox
Faculty Scholarship
This Article advances the reopened debate over mandatory disclosure in two ways. First, it demonstrates that the proponents of issuer choice have not effectively countered the arguments that have formed the basis of the prevailing consensus for retaining mandatory disclosure. While this consensus was formed when the alternative to mandatory disclosure was total abandonment of regulation, the proponents of issuer choice have not shown how the arguments that form the basis of this consensus have any less force when applied to the new alternative of issuer choice. Nor have the proponents offered persuasive, more general rebuttals to these arguments. Second, …
Becoming A Citizen: Reconstruction Era Regulation Of African American Marriages, Katherine M. Franke
Becoming A Citizen: Reconstruction Era Regulation Of African American Marriages, Katherine M. Franke
Faculty Scholarship
While many Black people regarded slavery as a form of social death, some nineteenth-century white policy-makers extolled the virtues of slavery as a tool to uplift the characters of Africans in America: "[Slavery in America] has been the lever by which five million human beings have been elevated from the degraded and benighted condition of savage life ... to a knowledge of their responsibilities to God and their relations to society," observed a Kentucky Congressman in 1860. These sentiments were echoed by abolitionist northern officers not three years later when the institution of marriage was lauded for its civilizing effect …
Copyright And Intermediate Users' Rights, Jane C. Ginsburg
Copyright And Intermediate Users' Rights, Jane C. Ginsburg
Faculty Scholarship
The impending "Digital Millennium" has amplified the assertion of users' rights in U.S. copyright law. Copyright has been reimagined as a "law of users' rights" whose acolytes caution copyright owners not to stand as piggish impediments to the progress of learning and culture in the Digital Age. Proponents advance a variety of arguments in support of a user rights construct of copyright law, from the historical to the philosophical to the pragmatic. I propose to address some of these. But first it is important to specify what I mean by "users' rights" in U.S. copyright law today.
User rights in …
The Cyberian Captivity Of Copyright: Territoriality And Authors' Rights In A Networked World, Jane C. Ginsburg
The Cyberian Captivity Of Copyright: Territoriality And Authors' Rights In A Networked World, Jane C. Ginsburg
Faculty Scholarship
Let me start with two items of received wisdom: 1) Copyright is territorially-based; 2) Cyberspace is not. But copyrighted works circulate in cyberspace. What does that mean for their protection? I have not labeled this essay "The Cyberian Captivity of Copyright," just because the title is alliterative and fittingly portentious for an inaugural lecture. Rather, like the "Babylonian Captivity" of the papacy in Avignon that the title recalls, it suggests a displacement of an international institution. This need not mean, however, that the displacement is a Bad Thing - after all, the French probably have a more favorable view of …
Pathways To Corporate Convergence? Two Steps On The Road To Shareholder Capitalism In Germany, Jeffrey N. Gordon
Pathways To Corporate Convergence? Two Steps On The Road To Shareholder Capitalism In Germany, Jeffrey N. Gordon
Faculty Scholarship
One of the most interesting current debates in corporate law is whether worldwide corporate governance will ultimately converge on a single model in light of the increasing globalization of capital markets, and if so, whether it will be an Anglo-American model whose features are shaped by the shareholder primacy norm. Convergence skeptics have focused on the embeddedness of governance systems in national political structures that tend to protect both entrenched insider interests and non-shareholder constituencies against the incursions of Anglo-American governance agendas. Convergence optimists have focused on the evolutionary pressures of competitive international capital markets and on the tendency of …
Progressive Constitutionalism: Conceptions Of Interpretation And The Religion Clauses, Kent Greenawalt
Progressive Constitutionalism: Conceptions Of Interpretation And The Religion Clauses, Kent Greenawalt
Faculty Scholarship
In this paper, I concentrate on the narrower, more typical topic of judicial interpretation. At least in regard to the religion clauses, this may be warranted because any progressive constitution would probably include something similar to the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses, and these would be judicially enforceable to some degree.
The first part of this essay explores relations between progressive values and interpretive approaches. When I asked myself how a judge, committed to progressive values, would interpret the Federal Constitution, I was troubled by whether a progressive approach would be activist or restrained in relation to legislative authority. I …
Diverse Perspectives And The Religion Clauses: An Examination Of Justifications And Qualifying Beliefs, Kent Greenawalt
Diverse Perspectives And The Religion Clauses: An Examination Of Justifications And Qualifying Beliefs, Kent Greenawalt
Faculty Scholarship
Some of the most complex questions about constitutional provisions governing religion concern the status of various kinds of convictions. Put most simply, how do undoubted religious convictions compare with convictions that appear to have little to do with religion, with convictions that derive from negative answers to religious questions, and with convictions that seem to be on some borderline of what may count as religion? In this Essay, I focus on two kinds of questions about this range of convictions.
Part I of the Essay explores justifications underlying the religion clauses of federal and state constitutions. It asks how explicitly …
Police Reform And The Department Of Justice: An Essay On Accountability, Debra A. Livingston
Police Reform And The Department Of Justice: An Essay On Accountability, Debra A. Livingston
Faculty Scholarship
In 1994, Congress promulgated a significant piece of legislation that may prove to have an extremely important impact on the operation of local police departments. Section 14141 of Title 42, enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, prohibits governmental authorities or those acting on their behalf from engaging in "a pattern or practice of conduct by law enforcement officials" that deprives persons of "rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States." Whenever the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that a violation has occurred, …
Moral Icons: A Comment On Steven Lubet's Reconstructing Atticus Finch, William H. Simon
Moral Icons: A Comment On Steven Lubet's Reconstructing Atticus Finch, William H. Simon
Faculty Scholarship
Atticus Finch's conduct would have been justified by the bar's conventional norms even if he had known Tom Robinson to be guilty. That fact, however, is not the source of the admiration for him that To Kill a Mockingbird has induced in so many readers. That admiration depends on the clear premise of the novel that Finch plausibly believes that Tom Robinson is innocent. Thus, the bar's invocation of Finch as a sympathetic illustration of its norms is misleading. The ethics of the novel are quite different from those of the bar.
The Political Economy Of Recognition: Affirmative Action Discourse And Constitutional Equality In Germany And The U.S.A., Kendall Thomas
The Political Economy Of Recognition: Affirmative Action Discourse And Constitutional Equality In Germany And The U.S.A., Kendall Thomas
Faculty Scholarship
This paper undertakes a comparative exploration of affirmative action discourse in German and American constitutional equality law. The first task for such a project is to acknowledge an important threshold dilemma. The difficulty in question derives not so much from dissimilarities between the technical legal structures of German and American affirmative action policy. The problem stems rather from the different social grounds and groupings on which those legal structures have been erected. Because German "positive action"' applies only to women, gender and its cultural meanings have constituted the paradigmatic subject of the policy. The legal discussion of positive action has …
Sanctions Against Perpetrators Of Terrorism, Lori Fisler Damrosch
Sanctions Against Perpetrators Of Terrorism, Lori Fisler Damrosch
Faculty Scholarship
Since the title for this panel is "Presidential Uses of Force and Other Sanction Strategies," I will begin with "other sanction strategies" – that is, other than use of force. I would rather not be cast in the role of the dove on the panel to comment on illegitimacy of uses of force (presidential or otherwise), because I do not want to rule out or necessarily oppose presidential uses of force for counter-terrorism purposes in all circumstances. Indeed, I find myself in considerable agreement with Professor Reisman's lecture. Although I have disagreed with some of his writings and positions on …
Law And The Ideal Citizen, Lee C. Bollinger
Law And The Ideal Citizen, Lee C. Bollinger
Faculty Scholarship
The theme identified for this lecture series is the subject of responsibility. I assume Washington and Lee has selected that topic out of a sense that it has not received sufficient attention, as compared, for example, to the subject of "rights." I select "rights" as the counter-example because we often hear of the two in tandem – "rights and responsibilities." As such, the concept of responsibility connotes a sense of obligation as to what is due from us to others and to the community. It is, in that sense, easier to be in favor of rights than it is of …
Beyond Backyard Environmentalism, Archon Fung, Charles F. Sabel, Bradley C. Karkkainen
Beyond Backyard Environmentalism, Archon Fung, Charles F. Sabel, Bradley C. Karkkainen
Faculty Scholarship
From California habitats to Massachusetts toxics, the United States is in the midst of a fundamental reorientation of its environmental regulation, one that is as improbable as it is unremarked Minimally, the new forms of regulation promise to improve the quality of our environment At a maximum, they suggest a novel form of democracy that combines the virtues oflocalism and decentraliz.ation with the discipline of national coordination.
In substance and spirit, this new approach to regulation grows out of the tradition of backyard environmentalism. For two decades, residents of Woburn, Love Canal, and countless other communities across the country have …
Economic Development, Legality, And The Transplant Effect, Katharina Pistor, Daniel Berkowitz, Jean-Francois Richard
Economic Development, Legality, And The Transplant Effect, Katharina Pistor, Daniel Berkowitz, Jean-Francois Richard
Faculty Scholarship
This paper analyzes the determinants of effective legal institutions (legality) and their impact on economic development today using data from 49 countries. We show that the way the law was initially transplanted and received is a more important determinant than the supply of law from a particular legal family (i.e. English, French, German, or Scandinavian). Countries that have developed legal orders internally, adapted the transplanted law to local conditions, and/or had a population that was already familiar with basic legal principles of the transplanted law have more effective legality than "transplant effect" countries that received foreign law without any similar …
Frustration, Richard F. Devlin Frsc
Frustration, Richard F. Devlin Frsc
Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press
As noted elsewhere in this book, "sanctity of contract" has been identified as one of the cornerstones of the classical model of contracts. However, as the previous chapter on mistake indicated, in certain limited situations parties may be excused from their contractual obligations. Frustration provides another example of an excuse from performance obligations. Whereas mistake deals with inaccurate assumptions or lack of knowledge about past or existing circumstances, frustration relates to inaccurate assumptions about future circumstances. Sometimes it is not clear whether a mistake or a frustration analysis is appropriate.
Precedential Cascades: An Appraisal, Eric Talley
Precedential Cascades: An Appraisal, Eric Talley
Faculty Scholarship
About a half century ago, a handful of social scientists began to formalize what was to become the analytical heart of neoclassical economics. Under the broad rubric of "general equilibrium theory," these scholars demonstrated (in varying degrees of mathematical sophistication) the longstanding intuition behind the so-called "invisible hand": that is, that competitive markets could convert apparent disarray and fragmentation into order and harmony. More explicitly, general equilibrium theory demonstrated how a decentralized collection of self-interested individuals could, through competitive market transactions, allocate scarce goods and services in a socially efficient manner. An equally powerful corollary attended this central insight: that …
The Place Of Victims In The Theory Of Retribution, George P. Fletcher
The Place Of Victims In The Theory Of Retribution, George P. Fletcher
Faculty Scholarship
Remarkably, the theory of criminal law has developed without paying much attention to the place of victims in the analysis of responsibility or in the rationale for punishment. You can read a first-rate book like Michael Moore's recent Placing Blame and not find a single reference to the relevance of victims in imposing liability and punishment. In the last several decades we have witnessed notable strides toward attending to the rights and interests of crime victims, but these concerns have yet to intrude upon the discussion of the central issues of wrongdoing, blame, and punishment.
Admittedly, victims and their sentiments …
In God's Image: The Religious Imperative Of Equality Under Law, George P. Fletcher
In God's Image: The Religious Imperative Of Equality Under Law, George P. Fletcher
Faculty Scholarship
This Essay argues that the principle of equality under law is best grounded in a holistic view of human dignity. Rejecting modem attempts to justify equality by reducing humanity to a particular actual characteristic, it articulates a religious imperative to treat people equally by drawing on biblical as well as modern philosophical sources. The principle "all men are created equal," as celebrated in the Declaration of Independence and Gettysburg Address, draws on this holistic understanding of humanity. This admittedly romantic approach to equality generates a critique of contemporary Supreme Court doctrine, including the prevailing approaches to strict scrutiny, affirmative action, …
Disenfranchisement As Punishment: Reflections On The Racial Uses Of Infamia, George P. Fletcher
Disenfranchisement As Punishment: Reflections On The Racial Uses Of Infamia, George P. Fletcher
Faculty Scholarship
The practice of disenfranchising felons, though decreasing, is still widespread. In this Article, Professor George Fletcher reflects on the use of disenfranchisement as punishment, the lack of a convincing theoretical justification for it, and its disproportionate impact on the African.American community. Fletcher presents a number of powerful arguments against the constitutionality of the practice, but he emphasizes that there is a deeper problem with disenfranchisement as punishment: It reinforces the branding of felons as an "untouchable" class and thus helps to prevent their effective reintegration into our society.
Introduction: Looking Ahead In Canadian Law School Education, Joost Blom
Introduction: Looking Ahead In Canadian Law School Education, Joost Blom
All Faculty Publications
The author [who was then Dean] speculates on the coming decade or two in Canadian legal education.
Taking The "I" Out Of "Team": Intra-Firm Monitoring And The Content Of Fiduciary Duties, Eric L. Talley
Taking The "I" Out Of "Team": Intra-Firm Monitoring And The Content Of Fiduciary Duties, Eric L. Talley
Faculty Scholarship
Depending on whom one asks, the last decades' proliferation of statutory business structures is a cause for either celebration or concern. Some laud this recent trend, arguing that a highly permutated menu of tax treatments, liability limitations, and governance hierarchies facilitates the alignment of legal status with organizational need. Others view statutory variety more skeptically, warning that it may simply portend greater cost externalization, strategic behavior, and distributional inequity. But one set of legal doctrines has persisted throughout: the concept of fiduciary duty. Indeed, fiduciary obligations remain fundamental to the legal governance structure of virtually every statutory business entity.
That …
A Note On Presumptions With Sequential Litigation, Antonio E. Bernardo, Eric L. Talley
A Note On Presumptions With Sequential Litigation, Antonio E. Bernardo, Eric L. Talley
Faculty Scholarship
This note extends the Bernardo, Talley & Welch (1999) model of legal presumptions to study situations where litigation efforts are spent sequentially rather than simultaneously. The equilibria of the litigation stage are presented as functions of the underlying presumption. The equilibria and comparative statics are shown to be qualitatively similar to those of the simultaneous version. However, sequentiality allows the principal to pre commit to a litigation strategy, and thus possibly preempt any litigation effort whatsoever by the agent.
Rethinking The Uniformity Norm In Commercial Law: Optimal Institutional Design For Regulating Incomplete Contracts, Robert E. Scott
Rethinking The Uniformity Norm In Commercial Law: Optimal Institutional Design For Regulating Incomplete Contracts, Robert E. Scott
Faculty Scholarship
This paper begins with the claim that the state's primary role in uniformly enforcing commercial contracts is to regulate incomplete contracts efficiently. This role requires the state to perform two interdependent but conceptually distinct functions. The first is an interpretive function – the task of correctly (and uniformly) interpreting the meaning of the contract terms chosen by parties to allocate contract risk. The second is a standardizing function – the task of creating broadly suitable default rules or assigning standard meanings to widely used contract terms. Correct interpretation argues for a "textualist" or plain meaning interpretation of the express terms …
Privatization And Corporate Governance: The Lessons From Securities Market Failure, John C. Coffee Jr.
Privatization And Corporate Governance: The Lessons From Securities Market Failure, John C. Coffee Jr.
Faculty Scholarship
Should privatization be "fast" or "slow"? Should policymakers adopt a "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead" approach that accepts the inevitability of some overreaching by controlling shareholders, but justifies this cost as necessary to realize and expedite the efficiency gains incident to privatization? Or should privatization proceed more cautiously because of the risks of market failure and political corruption that may result when control seekers are tempted to bribe and seduce the judicial and regulatory systems to achieve the private benefit of control? These tempting private benefits arise, of course, precisely to the extent that privatization preceded the creation of …
Interpreting The Income Tax Act - Part 2: Toward A Pragmatic Approach, David G. Duff
Interpreting The Income Tax Act - Part 2: Toward A Pragmatic Approach, David G. Duff
All Faculty Publications
Part 1 of this two-part article reviewed the four main doctrines to which Canadian courts have referred in interpreting the Income Tax Act (strict construction, purposive interpretation, the plain meaning rule, and the words-in-total-context approach) and examined leading cases in which these doctrines have been defined and applied. Part 2 of the article evaluates each of the interpretive doctrines examined in part 1 and develops, as an alternative, an explicitly "pragmatic" approach. This alternative approach builds on the words-in-total-context doctrine by interpreting the words of the Act "in their entire context," having regard to the scheme of the Act, the …
Secured Credit And Software Financing, Ronald J. Mann
Secured Credit And Software Financing, Ronald J. Mann
Faculty Scholarship
Software is a relatively new type of business asset, but already has taken on a central role in all sectors of the economy; when any asset brings such a crucial value to businesses, the desire for lending based on that asset cannot be far behind. Unfortunately, the existing academic literature contains no sustained examination of software-related lending.
Because the software industry is in its infancy, the existing empirical evidence is inadequate to support any understanding of it. Accordingly, I undertook a series of twenty-nine informal interviews with industry participants, including lenders in both the Massachusetts Route 128 corridor and Silicon …
Verification Institutions In Financing Transactions, Ronald J. Mann
Verification Institutions In Financing Transactions, Ronald J. Mann
Faculty Scholarship
One of the most common problems in commercial transactions is the resolution of information asymmetries, situations in which one party to the transaction knows more about a relevant fact than the other party. The natural response of the disadvantaged party is to attempt to investigate the transaction for itself – to investigate the matter with "due diligence" – but often such an investigation will be expensive and, however diligently undertaken, leave the truth of the matter uncertain. A law-centered approach to the problem would call for the development of warranties and covenants that the party with superior information would give …