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Articles 1 - 30 of 73
Full-Text Articles in Law
The New Global Financial Regulatory Order: Can Macroprudential Regulation Prevent Another Global Financial Disaster?, Behzad Gohari, Karen E. Woody
The New Global Financial Regulatory Order: Can Macroprudential Regulation Prevent Another Global Financial Disaster?, Behzad Gohari, Karen E. Woody
Karen Woody
This Article posits that the success of macroprudential regulation will depend on four factors. First, the economic philosophy of the central banker in charge of the domestic institution with jurisdiction over macroprudential regulation will prove crucial in the implementation of adopted regulation. If, like Chairman Greenspan, the banker is averse to the exercise of the Central Bank's regulatory oversight authority, then no amount or volume of policy or regulation will prevent or mitigate systemic risks and the accompanying shocks. Second, a sufficiently deep level of international cooperation is required to mitigate regulatory arbitrage, without being so broad that the ensuing …
From Fire Hose To Garden Hose: Section 13(3) Of The Federal Reserve Act, Christian A. Johnson
From Fire Hose To Garden Hose: Section 13(3) Of The Federal Reserve Act, Christian A. Johnson
Christian A. Johnson
Commissioning The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Jolina C. Cuaresma
Commissioning The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Jolina C. Cuaresma
Jolina C. Cuaresma
Imperfect Alternatives: Networks, Salience, And Institutional Design In Financial Crises, Robert B. Ahdieh
Imperfect Alternatives: Networks, Salience, And Institutional Design In Financial Crises, Robert B. Ahdieh
Robert B. Ahdieh
With the benefit of hindsight — and some aspiration to foresight — it is useful to consider the type of regulatory regime that might best address financial crises. What could policymakers have done to prevent the recent crisis? And once the crisis started, what interventions might have alleviated it? These questions have been widely debated, with an eye to both substantive policy and the design of effective regulatory institutions. This Article speaks to the latter project — one of comparative institutional analysis — though with a framework that implicates our substantive policy choices as well. It begins with an account …
After The Fall: Financial Crisis And The International Order, Robert B. Ahdieh
After The Fall: Financial Crisis And The International Order, Robert B. Ahdieh
Robert B. Ahdieh
Recent years have challenged the international order to a degree not seen since World War II — and perhaps the Great Depression. As the U.S. housing crisis metastasized into a financial and economic crisis of grave proportions, and spread to nearly every corner of the globe, the strength of our international institutions — the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, the Group of Twenty, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, and others — was tested as never before. Likewise tested, were the limits of our national commitment to those institutions, to our international obligations, and to global engagement more …
Paper Dragon Thieves, J.S. Nelson
Paper Dragon Thieves, J.S. Nelson
J.S. Nelson
Shareholder Wealth Maximization As Means To An End, Robert P. Bartlett, Iii
Shareholder Wealth Maximization As Means To An End, Robert P. Bartlett, Iii
Robert Bartlett
In several recent cases, the Delaware Chancery Court has emphasized that where a conflict of interest exists between holders of a company’s common stock and holders of its preferred stock, the standard of conduct for directors requires that they strive to maximize the value of the corporation for the benefit of its common stockholders rather than for its preferred stockholders. This article interrogates this view of directors’ fiduciary duties from the perspective of incomplete contracting theory. Building on the seminal work of Sanford Grossman and Oliver Hart, incomplete contracting theory examines the critical role of corporate control rights for addressing …
So Now Who Is Special?: Business Model Shifts Among Firms That Borrow To Lend, José Gabilondo
So Now Who Is Special?: Business Model Shifts Among Firms That Borrow To Lend, José Gabilondo
José Gabilondo
No abstract provided.
The Environmental Deficit: Applying Lessons From The Economic Recession, Christine A. Klein
The Environmental Deficit: Applying Lessons From The Economic Recession, Christine A. Klein
Christine A. Klein
In 2007, the nation entered its greatest financial downturn since the Great Depression of the 1930s. What followed was a period of national introspection. Although prescriptions for financial rescue varied widely in the details, a surprisingly broad consensus emerged as to the underlying pathology of the crisis. This Article explores three principal contributing factors and the lessons associated with each that make up this pathology. These factors include: rejecting rules through deregulation, trivializing risk through overly optimistic analyses, and overconsumption supported by reckless borrowing and lending practices. The powerful lessons from this pathology, considered by a stunned nation in the …
The Corporate Shell Game, J.S. Nelson
The Corporate Shell Game, J.S. Nelson
J.S. Nelson
When 'Good' Corporate Governance Makes 'Bad' (Financial) Firms: The Global Crisis And The Limits Of Private Law, Nicholas Howson
When 'Good' Corporate Governance Makes 'Bad' (Financial) Firms: The Global Crisis And The Limits Of Private Law, Nicholas Howson
Nicholas Howson
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, investors, analysts, legislators, and pundits have spotlighted “good” or “improved” corporate governance as a remedy for all that presently ails us. It is one remedy in a long wish list that includes tougher requirements for risk capital, liquidity, and leverage; compensation and bonus reform; reimposition ofthe Glass-Steagall-like separation of bank “utility” and “casino” functions; the downsizing or breakup of institutions deemed “too big to fail;” enhanced consumer protection; securities law liability for secondary violators (like credit rating agencies); direct taxation of proprietary trading; “macroprudential” regulation; and new transparency requirements for …
Regulatory Arbitrage, Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, And Dodd-Frank: The Implications Of Us Global Otc Derivative Regulation, Christian Johnson
Regulatory Arbitrage, Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, And Dodd-Frank: The Implications Of Us Global Otc Derivative Regulation, Christian Johnson
Christian A. Johnson
No abstract provided.
Bankruptcy Or Bailouts?, Kenneth Ayotte, David Skeel
Bankruptcy Or Bailouts?, Kenneth Ayotte, David Skeel
Kenneth Ayotte
The usual reaction if one mentions bankruptcy as a mechanism for addressing a financial institution’s default is incredulity. Those who favor the rescue of troubled financial institutions, and even those who prefer that their assets be promptly sold to a healthier institution, treat bankruptcy as anathema. Everyone seems to agree that nothing good can come from bankruptcy. Indeed, the Chapter 11 filing by Lehman Brothers has been singled out by many the primary cause of the severe economic and financial contraction that followed, and proof that bankruptcy is disorderly and ineffective. As a result, ad-hoc rescue lending to avoid bankruptcy …
Reframing Financial Regulation, Charles K. Whitehead
Reframing Financial Regulation, Charles K. Whitehead
Charles K Whitehead
Financial regulation today is largely framed by traditional business categories. The financial markets, however, have begun to bypass those categories, principally over the last thirty years. Chief among the changes has been convergence in the products and services offered by traditional intermediaries and new market entrants, as well as a shift in capital-raising and risk-bearing from traditional intermediation to the capital markets. The result has been the reintroduction of old problems addressed by (but now beyond the reach of) current regulation, and the rise of new problems that reflect change in how capital and financial risk can now be managed …
Underwriting Sustainable Homeownership: The Federal Housing Administration And The Low Down Payment Loan, David J. Reiss
Underwriting Sustainable Homeownership: The Federal Housing Administration And The Low Down Payment Loan, David J. Reiss
David J Reiss
The United States Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) has been a versatile tool of government since it was created during the Great Depression. The FHA was created in large part to inject liquidity into a moribund mortgage market. It succeeded wonderfully, with rapid growth during the late 1930s. The federal government repositioned it a number of times over the following decades to achieve a variety of additional social goals. These goals included supporting civilian mobilization during World War II; helping veterans returning from the War; stabilizing urban housing markets during the 1960s; and expanding minority homeownership rates during the 1990s. It …
License To Deal: Mandatory Approval Of Complex Financial Products, Saule Omarova
License To Deal: Mandatory Approval Of Complex Financial Products, Saule Omarova
Saule T. Omarova
“There is definitely going to be another financial crisis around the corner because we haven’t solved any of the things that caused the previous crisis,” said hedge fund legend Mark Mobius, speaking in Tokyo nearly a full year after the United States officially embarked upon the greatest reform of financial services regulation since the New Deal. Today, the world is still reeling from the recent financial crisis, which ravaged even the strongest economies and left them battling recession, budget deficits, soaring unemployment, and political discontent. Facing another financial crisis in this situation is a frightening prospect. National governments, individually or …
Bank Resolution In The European Banking Union: A Transatlantic Perspective On What It Would Take, Jeffrey N. Gordon
Bank Resolution In The European Banking Union: A Transatlantic Perspective On What It Would Take, Jeffrey N. Gordon
Jeffrey N Gordon
The project of creating a European Banking Union is designed to overcome the fatal link between sovereigns and their banks in the Eurozone. As part of this project, political agreement for a common supervision framework and a common resolution scheme has been reached with difficulty. However, the resolution framework is weak, underfunded and exhibits some serious flaws. Further, Member States’ disagreements appear to rule out a federalized deposit insurance scheme, commonly regarded as the necessary third pillar of a successful Banking Union. This paper argues for an organizational and capital structure substitute for these two shortcomings that can minimize the …
Incentivizing Credit Rating Agencies Under The Issuer Pay Model Through A Mandatory Compensation Competition, Robert J. Rhee
Incentivizing Credit Rating Agencies Under The Issuer Pay Model Through A Mandatory Compensation Competition, Robert J. Rhee
Robert Rhee
Credit rating agencies are important institutions of the global capital markets. If they had performed properly, the financial crisis of 2008-2009 would not have occurred. This article offers the simplest fix proposed thus far, and it is contrarian. This Article accepts the central role of rating agencies in the regulation of bond investments, the realities of a duopoly, and the issuer-pay model of compensation. The status quo is the baseline. The role of regulation should be to create the conditions necessary to induce competition. This article proposes that a small, recurring portion of revenue earned by the largest rating agencies …
Crossing The Fault Line In Corporate Criminal Law, Amy Sepinwall
Crossing The Fault Line In Corporate Criminal Law, Amy Sepinwall
Amy J. Sepinwall
Why is it that so few bankers have been prosecuted and punished in the wake of the financial meltdown? Pundits are quick to point to inadequate funding for addressing financial crime or, more cynically, the revolving door between government regulatory agencies and Wall Street. But the ultimate answer may be at once more banal and more dispiriting, lying as it does at the very foundations of our criminal law.
The conception of responsibility underpinning much of our criminal law contemplates the individual in isolation from others. As a result, our criminal law has tremendous difficulty tracking culpability in organizational contexts. …
Remic Tax Enforcement As Financial-Market Regulator, Bradley T. Borden, David J. Reiss
Remic Tax Enforcement As Financial-Market Regulator, Bradley T. Borden, David J. Reiss
David J Reiss
Lawmakers, prosecutors, homeowners, policymakers, investors, news media, scholars and other commentators have examined, litigated, and reported on numerous aspects of the 2008 Financial Crisis and the role that residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) played in that crisis. Big banks create RMBS by pooling mortgage notes into trusts and selling interests in those trusts as RMBS. Absent from prior work related to RMBS securitization is the tax treatment of RMBS mortgage-note pools and the critical role tax enforcement should play in ensuring the integrity of mortgage-note securitization.
This Article is the first to examine federal tax aspects of RMBS mortgage-note pools formed …
The Federal Reserve's Supporting Role Behind Dodd-Frank's Clearinghouse Reforms, Colleen Baker
The Federal Reserve's Supporting Role Behind Dodd-Frank's Clearinghouse Reforms, Colleen Baker
Colleen Baker
This Article analyzes the Federal Reserve’s expanded role in payment, clearing, and settlement systems, particularly in connection with certain clearinghouses that have been designated by the newly created Financial Stability Oversight Council as “systemically significant.” The Federal Reserve’s expanded role is a little understood, but critical supporting component of domestic and international regulatory reforms to the $639 trillion over-the-counter (OTC) derivative markets. These reforms mandate the increased use of clearinghouses in OTC derivative markets. Due to critical reforms in Title VIII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the Federal Reserve is now positioned to …
Systemic Harms And Shareholder Value, Jeffrey N. Gordon
Systemic Harms And Shareholder Value, Jeffrey N. Gordon
Jeffrey N Gordon
The financial crisis has demonstrated serious flaws in the corporate governance of systemically important financial firms. In particular, the Shareholder Value norm, which has guided corporate governance reform for a generation, proves to be a faulty guide for managerial action in systemically important firms. This is not only because the failure of such firms will have spillovers that defy the cost-internalization of the tort system but also because these spillovers will harm their own majoritarian shareholders. The interests of diversified shareholders fundamentally diverge from the interests of managers and other controllers because the failure of a systemically important financial firm …
Ignoring The Writing On The Wall: The Role Of Enterprise Risk Management In The Economic Crisis, Michelle M. Harner
Ignoring The Writing On The Wall: The Role Of Enterprise Risk Management In The Economic Crisis, Michelle M. Harner
Michelle M. Harner
No abstract provided.
Dirt Lawyers And Dirty Remics, Bradley T. Borden, David J. Reiss
Dirt Lawyers And Dirty Remics, Bradley T. Borden, David J. Reiss
Bradley T. Borden
It is appropriate that the day-to-day practice of real estate law did not touch on the intricacies of the securitization of mortgages, let alone the tax laws that apply to mortgage-backed securities. Securitization professionals did not, however, account for the day-to-day practices of real estate lawyers as they relate to the transfer and assignment of mortgage notes and mortgages when structuring mortgage-backed securities. The consequences of this may turn out to be severe for investors, underwriters, and securitization professionals.
One of the consequences of the sale of a negotiable note not done in accordance with the requirements of the holder …
The Regulation Of U.S. Money Market Funds: Lessons From Europe, Latoya C. Brown
The Regulation Of U.S. Money Market Funds: Lessons From Europe, Latoya C. Brown
Latoya C. Brown, Esq.
The recent financial crisis challenged long held perceptions of money market funds (“MMFs”) as stable and highly liquid instruments. Regulators in the US and in Europe now seek to impose additional rules on MMFs to avoid another significant failure as happened to the Reserve Fund. In the US, the debate is drawing even more media attention as question of which regulatory body - such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Treasury Department, and the Financial Stability Oversight Council – should lead the way has taken interesting twists and turns. This paper examines primary reform options being proposed in the …
Responsibility, Repair And Redistribution In The Wake Of The Financial Crisis, Amy Sepinwall
Responsibility, Repair And Redistribution In The Wake Of The Financial Crisis, Amy Sepinwall
Amy J. Sepinwall
The point of departure for this paper is a claim about widespread shared responsibility for the financial crisis and the bailout it necessitated. We are inclined to decry Wall Street’s villainy, all the while conveniently overlooking our own role in precipitating the crisis. But individuals, we now know, prefer to spend rather than save and, as a result, require the kind of financial alchemy that can transform one’s house into a virtual ATM, or one’s exceedingly modest savings into a fiscal cushion that can sustain a long, comfortable retirement. Risk, then, is the inevitable price of our preferences for leisure …
Comment On The Federal Housing Finance Agency’S Strategic Plan: Fiscal Years 2013-2017, David J. Reiss
Comment On The Federal Housing Finance Agency’S Strategic Plan: Fiscal Years 2013-2017, David J. Reiss
David J Reiss
This is a comment upon Performance Goal 4.3 from the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s Strategic Plan: Fiscal Years 2013-2017. Performance Goal 4.3 addresses the future of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as well as the future of the infrastructure of the residential housing finance market. This comment will address the future of Fannie and Freddie after they exit conservatorship. Once analyzed in the context of regulatory theory, Fannie and Freddie’s future seems clear. They should be privatized so that they can compete on an even playing field with other financial institutions, and their public functions should be assumed by pure …
Criminal Affirmance: Going Beyond The Deterrence Paradigm To Examine The Social Meaning Of Declining Prosecution Of Elite Crime, Mary K. Ramirez
Criminal Affirmance: Going Beyond The Deterrence Paradigm To Examine The Social Meaning Of Declining Prosecution Of Elite Crime, Mary K. Ramirez
mary k ramirez
Recent financial scandals and the relative paucity of criminal prosecutions against elite actors that benefitted from the crisis in response suggest a new reality in the criminal law system: some wrongful actors appear to be above the law and immune from criminal prosecution. As such, the criminal prosecutorial system affirms much of the wrongdoing giving rise to the crisis. This leaves the same elites undisturbed at the apex of the financial sector, and creates perverse incentives for any successors. Their incumbency in power results in massive deadweight losses due to the distorted incentives they now face. Further, this undermines the …
Barriers To Market Discipline: A Comparative Study Of Regulatory Reforms, Vincent Di Lorenzo
Barriers To Market Discipline: A Comparative Study Of Regulatory Reforms, Vincent Di Lorenzo
Vincent Di Lorenzo
Barriers to Market Discipline: A Comparative Study of Mortgage Market Reforms This article explores regulatory reforms in the U.S. and U.K. in response to the recent mortgage market crisis. These reform efforts serve as case studies for evaluation of necessary reforms being considered in many nations. Two issues are examined. First, the article explores the extent to which regulatory bodies have recognized behavioral barriers to market discipline on the part of both consumers and industry actors. The academic literature has long identified such barriers, but recognition by government regulators has lagged. Second the article examines the varied response in the …
The Virtue Of Home Ownership And The Vice Of Poorly Secured Lending: The Great Financial Crisis Of 2008 As An Unintended Consequence Of Warm-Hearted And Bone-Headed Ideas, Mark S. Klock
Mark S Klock
This article utilizes a simple economic model of asymmetric information to model a pooling equilibrium in the housing market. There are two types of households in the model—disciplined and undisciplined. Disciplined households are able to distinguish themselves by saving a significant portion of their income for a down payment on a home leading to a stable equilibrium. A change in government policy which requires a rate of home ownership greater than the proportion of disciplined households causes the equilibrium to collapse. I argue that changes in U.S. housing policy driven by federal legislation had exactly this effect on the housing …