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Articles 1 - 18 of 18
Full-Text Articles in Law
What Can Brown Do For You?: Addressing Mccleskey V. Kemp As A Flawed Standard For Measuring The Constitutionally Significant Risk Of Race Bias
Erwin Chemerinsky
This Essay asserts that in McCleskey v. Kemp, the Supreme Court created a problematic standard for the evidence of race bias necessary to uphold an equal protection claim under the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. First, the Court’s opinion reinforced the cramped understanding that constitutional claims require evidence of not only disparate impact but also discriminatory purpose, producing significant negative consequences for the operation of the U.S. criminal justice system. Second, the Court rejected the Baldus study’s findings of statistically significant correlations between the races of the perpetrators and victims and the imposition of the death …
What's A Judge To Do? Remedying The Remedy In Institutional Reform Litigation, Susan Poser
What's A Judge To Do? Remedying The Remedy In Institutional Reform Litigation, Susan Poser
Susan Poser
Democracy by Decree is the latest contribution to a scholarly literature, now nearly thirty-years old, which questions whether judges have the legitimacy and the capacity to oversee the remedial phase of institutional reform litigation. Previous contributors to this literature have come out on one side or the other of the legitimacy and capacity debate. Abram Chayes, Owen Fiss, and more recently, Malcolm Feeley and Edward Rubin, have all argued that the proper role of judges is to remedy rights violations and that judges possess the legitimate institutional authority to order structural injunctions. Lon Fuller, Donald Horowitz, William Fletcher, and Gerald …
From Louisville To Liddell: Schools, Rhetorical Neutrality, And The Post-Racial Equal Protection Clause, Cedric Merlin Powell
From Louisville To Liddell: Schools, Rhetorical Neutrality, And The Post-Racial Equal Protection Clause, Cedric Merlin Powell
Cedric M. Powell
As we commemorate the inspiring legacy of Minnie Liddell and countless liberation activists who struggled for substantive equality in education for generations, it is appropriate to reflect on the current state and future of urban education. The school desegregation (integration) movements in Louisville, Kentucky and St. Louis, Missouri can best be understood as two distinct permutations of the Process Theory. In Louisville, the process-orientation tilts toward individual choice—neighborhood schools are at the core of all of the discussions about student assignment plans. Conversely, in St. Louis, the seminal process initiative is charter schools. Neither processual outcome addresses the present day …
For Whom Does The Bell Toll: The Bell Tolls For Brown?, Angela Onwuachi-Willig
For Whom Does The Bell Toll: The Bell Tolls For Brown?, Angela Onwuachi-Willig
Angela Onwuachi-Willig
Fifty years after the landmark decision Brown v. Board of Education, black comedian and philanthropist Dr. Bill Cosby astonished guests at a gala in Washington, D.C., when he stated, "'Brown versus the Board of Education is no longer the white person's problem. (Black people] have got to take the neighborhood back . . . . (Lower economic Blacks] are standing on the comer and they can't speak English.'" Cosby, one of the wealthiest men in the United States, complained about "lower economic" Blacks "not holding up their end in this deal." He then asked the question, "'Well, Brown versus Board …
An Empirical And Constitutional Analysis Of Racial Ceilings And Public Schools, Michael Heise
An Empirical And Constitutional Analysis Of Racial Ceilings And Public Schools, Michael Heise
Michael Heise
No abstract provided.
Judicial Decision-Making, Social Science Evidence, And Equal Educational Opportunity: Uneasy Relations And Uncertain Futures, Michael Heise
Judicial Decision-Making, Social Science Evidence, And Equal Educational Opportunity: Uneasy Relations And Uncertain Futures, Michael Heise
Michael Heise
No abstract provided.
Equal Educational Opportunity By The Numbers: The Warren Court's Empirical Legacy, Michael Heise
Equal Educational Opportunity By The Numbers: The Warren Court's Empirical Legacy, Michael Heise
Michael Heise
By drawing upon empirical social science evidence to inform a core tenet of the Court's understanding of equal education the Warren Court established one of its enduring - if under-appreciated - legacies: The increased empiricization of the equal educational opportunity doctrine. All three major subsequent legal efforts to restructure public schools and equalize educational opportunities among students - post-Brown school desegregation, finance, and choice litigation - evidence an increasingly empiricized equal educational opportunity doctrine. If my central claim is correct, it becomes important to consider the consequences of this development. I consider two in this Article and find both benefits …
Assessing The Efficacy Of School Desegregation, Michael Heise
Assessing The Efficacy Of School Desegregation, Michael Heise
Michael Heise
No abstract provided.
The Effects Of Intent: Do We Know How Legal Standards Work?, Theodore Eisenberg, Sheri Lynn Johnson
The Effects Of Intent: Do We Know How Legal Standards Work?, Theodore Eisenberg, Sheri Lynn Johnson
Sheri Lynn Johnson
No one knows how the intent standard works in racial discrimination cases, though many have speculated. To test the speculation, this study examines how the intent standard actually operates. Its findings cast doubt on whether we really know how any legal standard functions.
Protecting The Dignity And Equality Of Children: The Importance Of Integrated Schools, Sharon E. Rush
Protecting The Dignity And Equality Of Children: The Importance Of Integrated Schools, Sharon E. Rush
Sharon E. Rush
The primary goal of this Article is to motivate equality-minded people to renew their commitment to the goal of invalidating the race myth – a belief in white superiority and black inferiority – that has plagued this country far too long. When the Supreme Court ruled in Brown that “separate is inherently unequal,” it understood that integrated schools were necessary to achieve racial equality because only by teaching children to respect each other’s dignity, is it possible to debunk the race myth. This Article suggests that “integration” is about more than ensuring that children have the opportunity to physically share …
The Heart Of Equal Protection: Education And Race, Sharon E. Rush
The Heart Of Equal Protection: Education And Race, Sharon E. Rush
Sharon E. Rush
Brown vs. Board of Education established more than the unconstitutionality of the separate but equal doctrine in public education. Brown also gave the importance of education a constitutional dimension. Involuntary racial segregation creates a stigma wherever it exists which indisputably affects all children's self-esteem by possibly undermining that of children of color and by artificially inflating that of White children. Unfortunately, more recent cases that raise questions about the right to a public education seem less willing to acknowledge the importance of education and the importance of integration in public education. Since Brown, the Court has held repeatedly that education …
The Nuremberg Trials And American Jurisprudence: The Decline Of Legal Realism, The Revival Of Natural Law, And The Development Of Legal Process Theory, Rodger D. Citron
The Nuremberg Trials And American Jurisprudence: The Decline Of Legal Realism, The Revival Of Natural Law, And The Development Of Legal Process Theory, Rodger D. Citron
Rodger Citron
No abstract provided.
The Price Of Fame: Brown As Celebrity, Mark Graber
The Price Of Fame: Brown As Celebrity, Mark Graber
Mark Graber
This essay examines the history of Brown I, Brown II, and Bolling in the Supreme Court of the United States. Enduring precedents, the analysis suggests, go through three stages. In the first stage, they fight for survival. This describes Brown during the first decade after that decision was handed down. No Supreme Court Justice asserted, “Brown should be overruled,” but many citations to Brown came in the context of political efforts to reverse or marginalize that decision. In the second stage, precedents fight for extension. This describes Brown in the later Warren and Burger years. Civil rights activists insisted that …
The Price Of Fame: Brown As Celebrity, Mark A. Graber
The Price Of Fame: Brown As Celebrity, Mark A. Graber
Mark Graber
This essay examines the history of Brown I, Brown II, and Bolling in the Supreme Court of the United States. Enduring precedents, the analysis suggests, go through three stages. In the first stage, they fight for survival. This describes Brown during the first decade after that decision was handed down. No Supreme Court Justice asserted, “Brown should be overruled,” but many citations to Brown came in the context of political efforts to reverse or marginalize that decision. In the second stage, precedents fight for extension. This describes Brown in the later Warren and Burger years. Civil rights activists insisted that …
Loneliness And The Law: Solitude, Action, And Power In The Living Speech Of James Boyd White, Marc L. Roark
Loneliness And The Law: Solitude, Action, And Power In The Living Speech Of James Boyd White, Marc L. Roark
Marc L. Roark
The law is filled with empty spaces – what is not written; what is not said but meant; what is unsayable or unprintable. This article describes the spaces that such emptiness creates in both individual lawyers and in the law. The article begins by considering the elements of the legal idea: the action, needed to move the idea into consciousness, and the power conveying the idea’s strength to the community. Proceeding from this framework, part one focuses on the loneliness that fosters legal ideas. Describing four types of loneliness: Indeterminacy, Ressentiment, Contemplation, and Exile, the article considers how these types …
Embracing Segregation: The Jurisprudence Of Choice And Diversity In Race And Sex Separatism In Schools, Nancy Levit
Embracing Segregation: The Jurisprudence Of Choice And Diversity In Race And Sex Separatism In Schools, Nancy Levit
Nancy Levit
Fifty years after Brown v. Board of Education, segregation based on race and sex is sweeping the nation's educational systems. Courts are rapidly dismantling desegregation orders, and when those desegregation orders end, school districts racially resegregate. At precisely the same time this end to racial desegregation is occurring, the government is beginning to sponsor sex segregation in schools as well. The No Child Left Behind Act provides over $400 million in federal funds for experiments in education, such as single-sex schools and classes. Embracing Segregation draws connections between the end of racial desegregation and the beginning of government-sponsored sex segregation …
Under A Critical Race Theory Lens – Brown V. Board Of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone And Its Troubled Legacy, Carlo Pedrioli
Under A Critical Race Theory Lens – Brown V. Board Of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone And Its Troubled Legacy, Carlo Pedrioli
Carlo A. Pedrioli
This critical book review argues that James T. Patterson’s narrative in, "Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy," is a mostly balanced historical reflection. Here, the term balanced will refer to giving consideration to both the negative and positive aspects of the phenomenon in question. To advance its thesis, the book review initially offers an overview of Patterson’s historical narrative and evaluation of the Brown legacy. Then the book review analyzes Patterson’s conclusions through a Critical Race Theory lens. Given the focus of Critical Race Theory on race and the law, especially on how …
True Integration: Advancing Brown's Goal Of Educational Equity In The Wake Of Grutter, Lia Epperson
True Integration: Advancing Brown's Goal Of Educational Equity In The Wake Of Grutter, Lia Epperson
Lia Epperson