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Chapter 11: Treatment Of Detained Persons
Chapter 11: Treatment Of Detained Persons
International Law Studies
The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations is used in the United States and throughout the world as a restatement of U.S. doctrinal law positions on matters affecting the operations of the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Marine Corps, and the U.S. Coast Guard. Judge advocates and legal advisers have occasion to conduct deeper research to identify the context and source of the rules reflected in the Commander’s Handbook. Responding to this need, an Annotated Supplement to The Commander’s Handbook was produced in 1997 and published as volume 73 of International Law Studies. In the intervening decades, …
Chapter 12: Deception During Armed Conflict
Chapter 12: Deception During Armed Conflict
International Law Studies
The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations is used in the United States and throughout the world as a restatement of U.S. doctrinal law positions on matters affecting the operations of the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Marine Corps, and the U.S. Coast Guard. Judge advocates and legal advisers have occasion to conduct deeper research to identify the context and source of the rules reflected in the Commander’s Handbook. Responding to this need, an Annotated Supplement to The Commander’s Handbook was produced in 1997 and published as volume 73 of International Law Studies. In the intervening decades, …
Awakening The Law Of Contraband In The Russia-Ukraine Conflict, Martin Fink
Awakening The Law Of Contraband In The Russia-Ukraine Conflict, Martin Fink
International Law Studies
Following the collapse of the Black Sea Grain Initiative, both Russia and Ukraine announced measures against shipping that may have introduced counter-contraband operations into the maritime dimension of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The law of contraband, which is at the heart of the law of naval warfare, regulates such operations. The law of contraband has, however, not been often used in current conflicts and some of its details are not crystalized as generally accepted law. Awakening this instrument in the current conflict brings questions for both belligerents and non-State parties, some of whom have adopted a position of qualified neutrality that …
Adjusting The Aperture: The International Law Case For Qualifying Unmanned Vessels As Warships, Malgorzata Materna
Adjusting The Aperture: The International Law Case For Qualifying Unmanned Vessels As Warships, Malgorzata Materna
International Law Studies
A number of stakeholders in the international community have advocated for the establishment of restrictions on the development and acquisition of unmanned vessels capable of contributing to naval warfare. These efforts are often based on the notion that the law did not anticipate the existence and use of unmanned vessels, and therefore the drafters of applicable legal frameworks—including the longstanding international law definition of a “warship”—did not consider them. However, this article evaluates, element by element, how unmanned vessels can, should, and already do meet the requirements for the warship designation under international law, based on a reading compatible with …
The Newport Manual On The Law Of Naval Warfare, James Kraska, Raul "Pete" Pedrozo, David Letts, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg, Rob Mclaughlin, James Farrant, Yurika Ishii, Gurpreet S. Khurana, Koki Sato
The Newport Manual On The Law Of Naval Warfare, James Kraska, Raul "Pete" Pedrozo, David Letts, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg, Rob Mclaughlin, James Farrant, Yurika Ishii, Gurpreet S. Khurana, Koki Sato
International Law Studies
The Newport Manual on the Law of Naval Warfare is the first effort to restate the law of naval warfare as a purely lex lata exercise since 1955. It is designed to provide a practical guide for commanders and seafarers, lawyers and officials, and educators and students. In doing so, the Manual also factors in the developments in warfighting technologies in recent decades, which have significantly influenced the nature of war at sea.
Russia-Ukraine Conflict: The War At Sea, Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
Russia-Ukraine Conflict: The War At Sea, Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
International Law Studies
Although much has been written about the Russia-Ukraine conflict, most writings have focused on land warfare. This article explores the conflict at sea and a host of legal issues arising from that aspect of the conflict. The article begins with a discussion of a series of events at sea that preceded the Russian invasion in 2022, including the Kerch Strait incidents and interference with freedom of navigation in the Black Sea. It then discusses multiple post-invasion legal issues involving the war at sea, including access to the Black Sea, maritime exclusion zones, naval mines, naval bombardment, unmanned maritime systems, targeting …
Neutral State Access To Ukraine’S Food Exports, James Kraska
Neutral State Access To Ukraine’S Food Exports, James Kraska
International Law Studies
This article originally appeared in Articles of War, the online publication of the Lieber Institute at the U.S. Military Academy, May 18, 2022, https://lieber.westpoint.edu/neutral-state-access-ukraines-food-exports/.
The Attack On The Vasily Bekh And Targeting Logistics Ships, James Kraska
The Attack On The Vasily Bekh And Targeting Logistics Ships, James Kraska
International Law Studies
This article originally appeared in Articles of War, the online publication of the Lieber Institute at the U.S. Military Academy, July 11, 2022, https://lieber.westpoint.edu/attack-vasily-bekh-targeting-logistics-ships/.
International Law Considerations For 21st Century Engagements At Sea, Vice Admiral Darse E. “Del” Crandall Jr.
International Law Considerations For 21st Century Engagements At Sea, Vice Admiral Darse E. “Del” Crandall Jr.
International Law Studies
Keynote address by the Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Navy at the Alexander C. Cushing International Law Conference at the U.S. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, May 16, 2022.
Booty, Bounty, Blockade, And Prize: Time To Reevaluate The Law, Andrew Clapham
Booty, Bounty, Blockade, And Prize: Time To Reevaluate The Law, Andrew Clapham
International Law Studies
This article considers the so-called belligerent rights of States in times of war. In particular it focuses on booty of war, blockade, and the capture of merchant ships and their cargo. It is suggested that, while the rules may not often be applied today, they nevertheless continue to exert a certain influence, contributing to confusion about the boundaries of the legitimate use of force and a blurring of the distinction between military objectives and civilian objects.
Considering that the UN Charter has outlawed the use of force, the article also questions why such rules concerning capture should continue to have …
China’S Container Missile Deployments Could Violate The Law Of Naval Warfare, Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
China’S Container Missile Deployments Could Violate The Law Of Naval Warfare, Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
International Law Studies
China is reportedly developing long-range cruise missiles that can be fired from standard shipping containers loaded on merchant vessels. China is also converting heavy-lift civilian ships and roll-on roll-off (RORO) ferries to serve as de facto amphibious assault ships to support People’s Liberation Army (PLA) amphibious operations. While none of these activities are illegal per se, they do raise potential concerns under the law of naval warfare. Only warships can engage in offensive belligerent rights during an international armed conflict. Using merchant vessels to engage in belligerent rights would violate international law unless China first converts the vessels into warships …
Professor Howard S. Levie: In Memoriam, Yoram Dinstein
Professor Howard S. Levie: In Memoriam, Yoram Dinstein
International Law Studies
Professor Howard S. Levie: In Memoriam
Legal Advisers In The Field During Armed Conflict, Yoram Dinstein
Legal Advisers In The Field During Armed Conflict, Yoram Dinstein
International Law Studies
Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 requires that legal advisers be made available to military commanders, particularly during hostilities. This treaty stipulation was quite innovative in 1977, but it has achieved widespread implementation, even among non-Contracting Parties. It is noteworthy that the United States—which objects to numerous provisions of Additional Protocol I—does not dissent from the article requiring legal advisers. A study of the practice of States, made by the International Committee of the Red Cross, confirms that the norm requiring that legal advisers be made available to advise military commanders in time of armed conflict currently …
Legal Reviews Of War Algorithms, Tobias Vestner, Altea Rossi
Legal Reviews Of War Algorithms, Tobias Vestner, Altea Rossi
International Law Studies
States and scholars recognize legal reviews of weapons, means or methods of warfare as an essential tool to ensure the legality of military applications of artificial intelligence (AI). Yet, are existing practices fit for this task? This article identifies necessary adaptations to current practices. For AI-enabled systems that are used in relation to targeting, legal reviews need to assess the systems’ compliance with additional rules of international law, in particular targeting law under international humanitarian law (IHL). This article discusses the procedural ramifications thereof. The article further finds that AI systems’ predictability problem needs to be addressed by the technical …
Ukraine V. The Russian Federation: Navigating Conflict Over Sovereignty Under Unclos, NilüFer Oral
Ukraine V. The Russian Federation: Navigating Conflict Over Sovereignty Under Unclos, NilüFer Oral
International Law Studies
Following Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, or according to Russia, its accession following a referendum, Ukraine brought several international cases against the Russian Federation, including two cases under Annex VII of UNCLOS: The Dispute Concerning Coastal State Rights in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov, and Kerch Strait in 2016 and The Detention of Three Ukrainian Naval Vessels in 2019. At the center of these disputes is the conflict between Ukraine and Russia over sovereignty of Crimea. Russia contested jurisdiction in all cases invoking different exceptions under UNCLOS, including the argument that the dispute concerns sovereignty over Crimea and …
Encirclement, Deprivation, And Humanity: Revising The San Remo Manual Provisions On Blockade, Tom Dannenbaum
Encirclement, Deprivation, And Humanity: Revising The San Remo Manual Provisions On Blockade, Tom Dannenbaum
International Law Studies
Among the most pernicious trends in contemporary armed conflict is the return of mass starvation in war, in some cases as its primary source of human suffering. This has prompted a renewed focus on the relevant rules of international humanitarian law (IHL). On some issues, there is relative consensus. On the issue of deprivation by encirclement, however, there is confusion.
Some have questioned whether the prohibition on the starvation of civilians as a method of warfare applies to encirclements at all, particularly in the naval context. Others have interpreted the prohibition vanishingly narrowly. In contrast to the more extreme of …
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships: New Possibilities—And Challenges—In Ocean Law And Policy, Joel Coito
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships: New Possibilities—And Challenges—In Ocean Law And Policy, Joel Coito
International Law Studies
Landmark developments in autonomous vessel technology have the potential to deliver economic, environmental, and security benefits on the world’s oceans. Tempering the promise of that future is the stark reality that maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) challenge the existing international order of the seas. This article examines the promise and perils of MASS in three areas of enduring significance to commercial vessels, naval forces, and industry regulators: search and rescue (SAR), maritime counterdrug operations, and navigational safety. This article concludes that autonomous vessel technology will lead to a superior global regime for maritime SAR operations, enhanced detection and interdiction of …
Introduction To The Indo-Pacific Command Paper Series, Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
Introduction To The Indo-Pacific Command Paper Series, Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Air Defense Identification Zones, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
Air Defense Identification Zones, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Archipelagic States, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
Archipelagic States, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Military Activities In The Exclusive Economic Zone, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
Military Activities In The Exclusive Economic Zone, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
General Principles Of The Law Of The Sea, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
General Principles Of The Law Of The Sea, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
U.S. Position On The U.N. Convention On The Law Of The Sea, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
U.S. Position On The U.N. Convention On The Law Of The Sea, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
U.S. Protests China's Maritime Claims In The South China Sea, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
U.S. Protests China's Maritime Claims In The South China Sea, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Navigational Regimes, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
Navigational Regimes, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
U.S. Policy On The South China Sea, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
U.S. Policy On The South China Sea, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
The South China Sea Arbitration Award, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
The South China Sea Arbitration Award, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
China's Excessive Maritime Claims, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
China's Excessive Maritime Claims, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
International Straits, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Straits, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
U.S. Freedom Of Navigation Program, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
U.S. Freedom Of Navigation Program, Office Of The Staff Judge Advocate
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.