Law Commons^™

“Judicial Nationalism” In International Law: National Identity And Judicial Autonomy At The Icj, Adam M. Smith

ExpressO

To many, the International Court of Justice’s allowance for a State to have a co-national on the bench when the Court hears its case is an affront to “justice.” The unstated assumption—under which both the critics of the practice and the States who demand it operate—is that national judges will view co-nationals with greater sympathy than they do foreigners. Despite its intuitive appeal, it is troubling that States, critics and academics alike have accepted this assumption with little questioning. In fact, nothing on “judicial nationalism” in the ICJ has appeared in the academic literature since the 1960s. Given the ICJ’s …

Balancing Representation: Special Representation Mechanisms Addressing The Imbalance Of Marginalized Voices In African Legislatures, Stephanie L. Kodish

ExpressO

This report focuses on four different mechanisms designed to provide marginalized groups in Africa with improved legislative representation at the national level. These special representation mechanisms include: proportional representation, guaranteed minority seating, advisory bodies and affirmative gerrymandering . These tools appear a beneficial means through which nations may eliminate discrimination, better safeguard the interests of marginalized people, boost opportunity for political expression and place each member of society on equal footing.

To situate this discussion in its proper context, this paper explores relevant international law, the case for and against special representation and the myriad problems that arise in attempting …

“Ua Koe Ke Kuleana O Na Kanaka” (Reserving The Rights Of Native Tenants): Integrating Kuleana Rights And Land Trust Priorities In Hawai`I, Jocelyn B. Garovoy

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No abstract provided.

Creating Rights In The Age Of Global Governance: Mental Maps And Strategic Interests In Europe, Francesca Bignami

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This Article takes a first step towards developing a positive theory of rights in institutions of global governance through a study of the European Commission, one of the oldest and most powerful international organizations in existence today. I draw on the extensive political science theory on the European Union, in particular historical institutionalism, to explain the constellation of rights that European citizens are guaranteed today in their relations with their executive branch. Rights against government were created in three phases, each of which was the product of a strategic move by one or more European institutions to preserve authority in …

The Law In Action At The Wto, Spencer Weber Waller

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This review of Gregory Shaffer's new book "Defending Interests: Private-Public Partnerships in WTO Litigation" argues that Shaffer has made an important contribution to the field of international economic law. Shaffer does this by using the insights of legal realism and strong empirical work to illustrate "the law in action" rather than "the law on the books" in terms of how international trade cases in the WTO are actually generated and resolved.

Human Rights And Rule Of Law: What's The Relationship?, Randall P. Peerenboom

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No abstract provided.

A Case Study In The Banning Of Political Parties: The Pan-Arab Movement El Ard And The Israeli Supreme Court, Ron Harris

ExpressO

Attempts to outlaw political groups that are alleged to approve the use of violence, to limit the expression of views that challenge the core values of democratic nation-states, and to ban radical, separatist, or religious political parties are more widespread in recent years than at any other time since 1945. They gave rise in the last few years to litigation in Constitutional Courts and Supreme Courts in Spain, Germany, Turkey, France, Israel, and Latvia, as well as in the European courts.

The present article tells the story of the encounter in the years 1959-1965 between the Pan-Arab national movement El …

The Rise Of Managerial Judging In International Criminal Law, Maximo Langer

ExpressO

Abstract This article puts the procedure of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in a completely new and previously unexplored light. Rejecting the predominant view of ICTY procedure as a hybrid between the adversarial system of the U.S. and the inquisitorial system of civil law jurisdictions, this article shows that ICTY procedure is best described through a third procedural model that does not fit in either of the two traditional systems. This third procedural model is close to the managerial judging system that has been adopted in U.S. civil procedure. The article then explores some of the …

Good Faith In The Cisg: Interpretation Problems In Article 7, Benedict C. Sheehy

ExpressO

ABSTRACT: This article examines the dispute concerning the meaning of Good Faith in the CISG. Although there are good reasons for arguing a more limited interpretation or more limited application of Good Faith, there are also good reasons for a broader approach. Regardless of the correct interpretation, however, practitioners and academics need to have a sense of where the actual jurisprudence is going. This article reviews every published case on Article 7 since its inception and concludes that while there is little to suggest a strong pattern is developing, a guided pattern while incorrect doctrinally is preferable to the current …

Assessing Human Rights In China: Why The Double Standard?, Randall P. Peerenboom

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No abstract provided.

International Legal Compliance: Surveying The Discipline, William C. Bradford

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No abstract provided.

Show Me The Money – The Dominance Of Wealth In Determining Rights Performance In Asia, Randall P. Peerenboom

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No abstract provided.

Evaluating Work: Enforcing Occupational Safety And Health Standards In The United States, Canada And Sweden, Daniel B. Klaff

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The United States’ occupational safety and health enforcement system is breaking down. Klaff argues that much of this breakdown has to do with a fundamental lack of worker participation in the United States’ safety and health system. Klaff makes his case by comparing and contrasting the history and enforcement schemes of the United States, Canada, and Sweden. After arguing for economic rights as human rights, Klaff concludes by offering a set of recommendations for the United States’ occupational safety and health system based upon his value-centered analysis.

A Deadly Dilemma: The Failure Of Nations' Organ Procurement Systems And Potential Reform Alternatives, Christy M. Watkins

ExpressO

All countries throughout the world vary in the way they procure organs, but they all have one thing in common: there is a fatal organ shortage because all the systems countries have imposed have failed. No procurement system in the world has been successful. Therefore, new procurement systems need to be implemented and tested, particularly financial incentives or a regulated organ market, to remedy these unnecessary and preventable deaths. This paper will explore the failures of current organ procurement systems as well as alternative reform systems. Part II provides a brief overview of the history of organ transplantation. Part III …

In The Minds Of Men: A Theory Of Compliance With The Laws Of War, William C. Bradford

ExpressO

Whether, and, if so, why states elect to comply with international law are now the most central questions within the international legal academy. A skein of theories has been woven over the last decade to explain and predict state compliance, and a number of factors, including, inter alia, a desire to generate reciprocity, an interest in reducing transaction costs, normative commitments, domestic considerations, the degree of domestic incorporation of international legal regimes, reputational concerns, and fear of punishment, are purported to be causally linked.

However, as the study of international legal compliance ["ILC"] has matured, intramural divisions have been compounded …

Democratic Responses To Terrorism: A Comparative Study Of The United States, Israel And India, Arunabha Bhoumik

ExpressO

This paper compares counter-terrorist policies in the United States, Israel and India through the lens of three models of counter-terrorist policies: the war model, the intelligence model, and the criminal justice model. After describing each model, the paper introduces different variables that are relevant in understanding a country’s counter-terrorist policies. Using these variables, the paper attempts to analyze and classify each country’s counter-terrorist policies.

“Which One Of You Did It?” Criminal Liability For “Causing Or Allowing” The Death Of A Child, Lissa Griffin

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No abstract provided.

Universal Jurisdiction In Absentia, Ryan P. Rabinovitch

ExpressO

The issue of universal jurisdiction has become increasingly relevant in recent years as proceedings have been initiated in certain States against individuals such as Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. It remains unclear whether the concept of universal jurisdiction permits proceedings to be initiated against these individuals even though they are not present in the prosecuting State. This issue has received a great deal of media attention over the past year, in the wake of the Belgian Cour de Cassation’s ruling in September 2003 (overturning a decision by the Belgian Court of …

The Lessons Stem Cells Provide Vis-À-Vis Patents: Working Towards An International/Universal Patent Regime. , Charles F. Hall

ExpressO

Biotechnology research has much to promise human society. Beyond the obvious benefits of being able to clone rare animal species or potentially to revitalize extinct species , there are many practical applications that are beneficial to human society directly. Rare blood types might be created from specialized stem cells. The tragedies of Christopher Reeve and others like him who have suffered paralysis from spinal cord trauma may be reversible by using stem cells to replenish damaged and severed nerve cells in the spinal column. The dire shortage of organs for those needing transplants can be reduced by creating an organ …

The Roadmap For Failure: Israeli And Palestinian Discountenance And Misunderstanding, John J. Marciano

ExpressO

As tensions rise with the assassination of key Hamas figures, the situation in Israel and the Occupied Territories call out for committed, reasoned action. In the past, the peace process has consisted of half-hearted attempts to pacify both the Israeli and Palestinian populaces. This is exemplified by the recent Roadmap for peace, which was supported by the United States.

However, the lack of true dedication among the players has arguably resulted in crimes against humanity on both sides. The previous peace plans fail to recognize this, and have perpetuated the violence with cookie-cutter approaches that are not closely tailored to …

Constitutional Crisis Over The Proposed Supreme Court For The United Kingdom, Peter L. Fitzgerald

ExpressO

No abstract provided.

The Right To Family Life And Civil Marriage Under International Law And Its Implementation In The State Of Israel, Yuval Merin

ExpressO

The article deals with the protection of the right to family life under international law and its implementation in the State of Israel on three levels: protection of the family cell as a single unit; protection of the individuals comprising the family unit; and protection of the family in special circumstances (e.g., immigration rights).

The article begins by analyzing the characteristics of the right to family life and examining various definitions of the “family” under international and Israeli law. It also examines what it is that the right to family life encompasses and how it should be classified within the …

Fine Art Online: Digital Imagery And Current International Interpretations Of Ethical Considerations In Copyright Law, Molly A. Torsen

ExpressO

This writing explores the fast-changing intersection of law, technology and ethical considerations related to the visual arts. My paper explores differences in domestic intellectual property laws as well as regional considerations in moral rights law application.

The Rise Of The Code Of Conduct In Japan: Legal Analysis And Prospect, Koji Ishikawa

ExpressO

A code of conduct is a set of rules adopted by transnational corporations (“TNCs”) to regulate mainly working conditions and the management of contract factories. TNCs adopted codes of conduct to cope with the rising criticisms from the public in late 1980s and 1990s about unfair labor practices in contract factories in Third World countries. As the globalization of the economy progressed, like American TNCs, Japanese TNCs also transferred their production bases to developing countries like China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia in search of low wage labor. The development of a code of conduct in Japan is, however, quite different …

Assessing The Options For Designing A Mandatory U.S. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Program, Robert R. Nordhaus, Kyle W. Danish

ExpressO

The United States faces growing pressure – both from domestic and international sources – to adopt a mandatory greenhouse gas reduction program to address the risk of global climate change. If policy-makers decide to establish such a program, they could end up creating an environmental regulatory regime of potentially unprecedented scope and impacts. A domestic greenhouse gas program could break ground in other ways too. Many policy-makers are considering innovative market-based approaches to regulation, including a multi-billion dollar economy-wide “cap-and-trade” program. In this paper, we: (1) set forth criteria for evaluating program options; (2) analyze the leading design options and …

Not Enough? An Examination Of China’S Compliance With The Intentions Of The Trips Accord, Jonathan Mark W.W. Chu

ExpressO

As China is in its third year as a member of the World Trade organization, there is much anticipation as to whether its protection of intellectual property rights is up to international standards. Being one of the largest trading nations in the world, much attention has been given to China’s development since its accession to the WTO. The US Chamber of Commerce has recently made a visit to China in order to examine its progress on implementing WTO rules and the WTO’s Sixth Session of the Ministerial Conference will be hosted by Hong Kong, China. As an increasing amount of …

Book Review: Analysis Of The Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants, Dru Stevenson

ExpressO

First book review of Marco Olsen's treatise, "Analysis of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants"

Trips' Rebound: How The Agreement On Trade-Related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights ("Trips") Can Ricochet Back Against The United States: An Historical Analysis, Donald Harris

ExpressO

No abstract provided.

Globalization: Panacea For The World Or Conquistador Of International Law And Statehood?, Aaron J. Lodge

ExpressO

Recent powerful occurrences have led to an unprecedented world wide move in the direction of globalization. Globalization involves eliminating trade barriers, exchanging products and services across national borders, and the emergence of truly global corporations. Governments have embraced globalization in hopes of building stronger economies, creating jobs, and providing increased services and products. Debate has centered on the effect of globalization on sovereignty and the effect on individuals. However, the effect of globalization on international law has been largely ignored.

Today, international law—in the form of free trade agreements—enables the globalization process to occur faster than ever before. This article …

The Customary International Law Supergame, Joel P. Trachtman, George Norman

ExpressO

Customary international law is an enigma. It is produced by the decentralized actions of states, and it generally lacks centralized enforcement mechanisms. Political science realists and some rationalist legal scholars argue that customary international law cannot affect state behavior: that it is “epiphenomenal.”

This article develops a model of an n-person prisoner’s dilemma in the customary international law context that shows that it is plausible that states would comply with customary international law under certain circumstances. These circumstances relate to: (i) the relative value of cooperation versus defection, (ii) the number of states effectively involved, (iii) the extent to which …