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The Concept Of Substantial Proportionality In Title Ix Athletics Cases, Mary W. Gray
The Concept Of Substantial Proportionality In Title Ix Athletics Cases, Mary W. Gray
Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy
I. Introduction In the past several years, four federal court decisions interpreting Title IX 1 have sent tremors through the collegiate athletic establishment. 2 In all of these cases, the courts found the universities to have failed to provide effec- tive accommodation for the athletic interests and abilities of their women students, as required by the regulations issued pursuant to Title IX. 3 Al- though the regulations state that such accommodation is only one of the factors to be considered in determining compliance with Title IX, it was because of deficiencies in this area that courts found the institutions in …
Pay Equity And Women’S Wage Increases: Success In The States, A Model For The Nation, Heidi I. Hartmann, Stephanie Aaronson
Pay Equity And Women’S Wage Increases: Success In The States, A Model For The Nation, Heidi I. Hartmann, Stephanie Aaronson
Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy
By 1989, twenty states had implemented programs to raise the wages of workers in female-dominated job classes in their state civil services. A study of these pay equity programs, conducted by the Institute for Women's Policy Research and the Urban Institute, found that all twenty states were successful in closing the female/male wage gap without substantial negative side effects such as increased unemployment. The extent to which the states succeeded depended on many factors including how much money was spent, the proportion of women affected, and the standard to which female wages were raised. As women's responsibilities for their families' …