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Articles 31 - 60 of 133
Full-Text Articles in Law
Opportunistic Originalism And The Establishment Clause, Caroline Mala Corbin
Opportunistic Originalism And The Establishment Clause, Caroline Mala Corbin
Articles
This Article argues that the Supreme Court's use of originalism is opportunistic because sometimes the Court relies on it, and sometimes it does not. This inconsistency is evident in two recent decisions with significant Establishment Clause consequences: Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014) and Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer (2017). In Town of Greece, the Supreme Court applied an originalist analysis to uphold the government's policy of sponsoring predominantly Christian prayers before town meetings. In Trinity Lutheran Church, the Supreme Court failed to conduct an originalist analysis of direct government funding to churches before ordering a state to award a …
Regulating Bot Speech, Madeline Lamo, Ryan Calo
Regulating Bot Speech, Madeline Lamo, Ryan Calo
Articles
We live in a world of artificial speakers with real impact. So-called “bots” foment political strife, skew online discourse, and manipulate the marketplace. Concerns over bot speech have led prominent figures in the world of technology to call for regulations in response to the unique threats bots pose. Recently, legislators have begun to heed these calls, drafting laws that would require online bots to clearly indicate that they are not human.
This work is the first to consider how efforts to regulate bots might run afoul of the First Amendment. At first blush, requiring a bot to self-disclose raises little …
Taking Data, Michael Pollack
Taking Data, Michael Pollack
Articles
Technological development has created new forms of information, altered expectations of privacy, and given law enforcement more tools to examine that information and intrude on that privacy. One crucial facet of these changes involves internet service providers (ISPs): as people expose more of their lives to their ISPs—all the websites they visit, people they communicate with, emails they send, files they store, and more—law enforcement efforts to access that data become more and more common. But scholars and policymakers alike recognize that the existing statutory frameworks governing those efforts are based on obsolete technology and strike balances that are difficult …
Sex, Lies, And Videotape: Deep Fakes And Free Speech Delusions, Mary Anne Franks, Ari Ezra Waldman
Sex, Lies, And Videotape: Deep Fakes And Free Speech Delusions, Mary Anne Franks, Ari Ezra Waldman
Articles
No abstract provided.
Equal Protection And The Male Gaze: An Approach To New Hampshire V. Lilley, Nicholas Mignanelli
Equal Protection And The Male Gaze: An Approach To New Hampshire V. Lilley, Nicholas Mignanelli
Articles
This Article uses New Hampshire v. Lilley, a case recently decided by the New Hampshire Supreme Court, as a starting point for an equal protection analysis of indecent exposure laws that distinguish between women and men. After discussing contemporary equal protection jurisprudence and historicizing these laws, this Article uses the film theorist Laura Mulvey's concept of the "male gaze" to demonstrate how overbroad generalizations about sex and sexuality serve as the foundation for this legal distinction. This Article concludes by emphasizing that municipalities and states may continue to enact and enforce indecent exposure laws that reflect community standards, so …
Applying The First Amendment To The Internal Revenue Code: Minnesota Voters Alliance And The Tax Law’S Regulation Of Nonprofit Organizations’ Political Speech, Edward A. Zelinsky
Applying The First Amendment To The Internal Revenue Code: Minnesota Voters Alliance And The Tax Law’S Regulation Of Nonprofit Organizations’ Political Speech, Edward A. Zelinsky
Articles
On its face, Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky is about which T-shirts, hats and buttons voters can wear at the polls. However, the U.S. Supreme Court’s First Amendment analysis in Minnesota Voters Alliance extends beyond apparel at polling places. That decision impacts the ongoing debate about the Johnson Amendment, the now controversial provision of the Internal Revenue Code which forbids Section 501(c)(3) organizations from intervening in political campaigns. Minnesota Voters Alliance also affects the proper construction of Section 501(c)(3)’s ban on lobbying by tax-exempt entities as well as other provisions of the tax law taxing and precluding campaign intervention by …
Commercial Speech Protection As Consumer Protection, Felix T. Wu
Commercial Speech Protection As Consumer Protection, Felix T. Wu
Articles
The Supreme Court has long said that “the extension of First Amendment protection to commercial speech is justified principally by the value to consumers of the information such speech provides.” In other words, consumers—the recipients or listeners of commercial speech—are the ones the doctrine is meant to protect. In previous work, I explored the implications of taking this view seriously in three contexts: compelled speech, speech among commercial entities, and unwanted marketing. In each of those contexts, adopting a listener-oriented approach leads to the conclusion that many forms of commercial speech regulation should receive far less First Amendment scrutiny than …
Catch And Kill: Does The First Amendment Protect Buying Speech To Bury It?, Leonard M. Niehoff
Catch And Kill: Does The First Amendment Protect Buying Speech To Bury It?, Leonard M. Niehoff
Articles
The news media usually chase stories in order to publish them—but sometimes not so much. In some instances, media entities vigorously pursue a story—and purchase the source’s right to tell it—for the specific purpose of ensuring that it does not see the light of day. This practice, commonly called “catch and kill,” has recently come under close scrutiny and raises a host of questions.
These include pragmatic questions: Does the practice work? Can the media entity (or a third-party beneficiary) really enforce the underlying contract? Doesn’t the source’s willingness to abide by the contract come down to a simple economic …
Fearless Speech, Mary Anne Franks
Fearless Speech, Mary Anne Franks
Articles
The American conception of free speech is primarily defined as the freedom to say whatever one wants, with little regard for the quality, context, or impact of the speech. Thus, American free speech doctrine is often characterized as neutral with regard to the speaker and the content of speech; in practice, however, it consistently privileges powerful over vulnerable speakers and harmful over critical speech.
From Philadelphia to Skokie to Charlottesville, the First Amendment has been interpreted to protect speech by white men that silences and endangers women and minorities. As free speech doctrine and practice become increasingly concerned with private …
Is There Any Silver Lining To Trinity Lutheran Church, Inc. V. Comer?, Caroline Mala Corbin
Is There Any Silver Lining To Trinity Lutheran Church, Inc. V. Comer?, Caroline Mala Corbin
Articles
No abstract provided.
Real "Fake News" And Fake "Fake News", Lili Levi
“And Yet It Moves”—The First Amendment And Certainty, Ronald K.L. Collins
“And Yet It Moves”—The First Amendment And Certainty, Ronald K.L. Collins
Articles
Surprisingly few, if any, works on the First Amendment have explored the relation between free speech and certainty. The same holds true for decisional law. While this relationship is inherent in much free speech theory and doctrine, its treatment has nonetheless been rather opaque. In what follows, the author teases out— philosophically, textually, and operationally—the significance of that relationship and what it means for our First Amendment jurisprudence. In the process, he examines how the First Amendment operates to counter claims of certainty and likewise how it is employed to demand a degree of certainty from those who wish to …
Churches' Lobbying And Campaigning: A Proposed Statutory Safe Harbor For Internal Church Communications, Edward A. Zelinsky
Churches' Lobbying And Campaigning: A Proposed Statutory Safe Harbor For Internal Church Communications, Edward A. Zelinsky
Articles
President Trump, reiterating the position he took during the presidential campaign, has recently reaffirmed his pledge to “get rid of and totally destroy the Johnson Amendment,” the provision of the Internal Revenue Code which prohibits tax-exempt institutions from participating in political campaigns. The Code also bars tax-exempt institutions, including churches, from substantial lobbying activities.
Rather than the blanket repeal of the Johnson Amendment proposed by President Trump, I argue for a statutory safe harbor for the internal communications of churches. This limited safe harbor would protect in-house church discussions from both Section 501(c)(3)’s ban on substantial lobbying and from that …
The Commercial Difference, Felix T. Wu
The Commercial Difference, Felix T. Wu
Articles
When it comes to the First Amendment, commerciality does, and should, matter. This Article develops the view that the key distinguishing characteristic of corporate or commercial speech is that the interest at stake is “derivative,” in the sense that we care about the speech interest for reasons other than caring about the rights of the entity directly asserting a claim under the First Amendment. To say that the interest is derivative is not to say that it is unimportant, and one could find corporate and commercial speech interests to be both derivative and strong enough to apply heightened scrutiny to …
A Free Speech Tale Of Two County Clerk Refusals, Caroline Mala Corbin
A Free Speech Tale Of Two County Clerk Refusals, Caroline Mala Corbin
Articles
The ever-expanding Free Speech Clause has made possible claims that would have been unthinkable until recently. This symposium Essay examines the compelled speech claims of two hypothetical county clerks who believe that marriage should be limited to unions between one man and one woman, and who argue that forcing them to issue marriage licenses to gay and lesbian couples compels them to speak in favor of same-sex marriage in violation of the Free Speech Clause.
When a government employee such as a county clerk speaks, she may not be speaking as just a private individual. She may also be speaking …
Government Employee Religion, Caroline Mala Corbin
Government Employee Religion, Caroline Mala Corbin
Articles
Picture a county clerk who refuses to issue a marriage license to an LGBT couple or a city bus driver who insists on wearing a hijab. The clerk is fired for failing to fulfill job responsibilities and the bus driver for violating official dress codes. Both claim that their termination violates the First Amendment speech and religion clauses.
There is a well-developed First Amendment government employee speech jurisprudence. Less developed is the doctrine and literature for First Amendment government employee religion. The existing Free Exercise Clause jurisprudence usually does not specifically account for the government employee context. This Article attempts …
The Weaponized Lawsuit Against The Media: Litigation Funding As A New Threat To Journalism, Lili Levi
The Weaponized Lawsuit Against The Media: Litigation Funding As A New Threat To Journalism, Lili Levi
Articles
This Article identifies a new front in the current war against the media one in which billionaire private actors clandestinely fund other people's lawsuits in an attempt to censor press entities. The use of strategic litigation to shutter media outlets constitutes a major threat to the expressive order. And the current climate of press failures, institutional disaggregation, decreasing accountability journalism, and declining public trust-the very vulnerability of the press today-significantly amplifies the chilling impact of strategic third party funding. It does so whether the strategy is death-by-a-thousand litigations or titanic, bankruptcy-inducing damage verdicts.
Still, contrary to the assertions of both …
Bankrupt Marketplace: First Amendment Theory And The 2016 Presidential Election, Leonard M. Niehoff
Bankrupt Marketplace: First Amendment Theory And The 2016 Presidential Election, Leonard M. Niehoff
Articles
In this article I advance two arguments. The first is that 2016 was a particularly important year for freedom of speech and the press, although not for conventional reasons. The second is that hte events of 2016 revealed that one of the essential components of our democracy - the central role that free expression plays in the democratic process - is in a state of serious dysfunction, if not crisis.
Public Employee Speech: Answering The Unanswered And Related Questions In Lane V. Franks, John E. Rumel
Public Employee Speech: Answering The Unanswered And Related Questions In Lane V. Franks, John E. Rumel
Articles
No abstract provided.
Ending The Pursuit: Releasing Attorney Advertising Regulations At The Intersection Of Technology And The First Amendment, Jan L. Jacobowitz
Ending The Pursuit: Releasing Attorney Advertising Regulations At The Intersection Of Technology And The First Amendment, Jan L. Jacobowitz
Articles
No abstract provided.
Are Trump's Attacks On The Media Adversely Affecting Public Opinion?, Leonard M. Niehoff
Are Trump's Attacks On The Media Adversely Affecting Public Opinion?, Leonard M. Niehoff
Articles
Both during the election cycle and as president of the United States, Donald Trump has enthusiastically and aggressively attacked the media. On Twitter, in speeches, and at rallies he has repeatedly deployed his favorite “f words” against mainstream broadcast, print, and online news sources: “fake,” “fraudulent,” “failing,” and (phonetically) “phony.” Some attacks have been personal to individual journalists, some have been more institutionally focused, and some have been made in contexts that appeared to create physical risk to reporters who were present. But whatever the variation in lavors, the frequency of the attacks has remained constant. Indeed, Trump has devoted …
Doe V. University Of Michigan: Free Speech On Campus 25 Years Later, Leonard M. Niehoff
Doe V. University Of Michigan: Free Speech On Campus 25 Years Later, Leonard M. Niehoff
Articles
I would like to use as the launching pad for my remarks today the 1989 federal district court decision in Doe v. University of Michigan. Doe is the seminal case on campus speech codes and it just recently passed its twenty-fifth anniversary. I thought this symposium would be a good occasion to look back, see where we were, assess where we are, and ask whether we have made any progress. Spoiler alert: the news is not good.
First Amendment Right To A Remedy, Benjamin Plener Cover
First Amendment Right To A Remedy, Benjamin Plener Cover
Articles
Scholars and jurists agree that the First Amendment right “to petition the Government for a redress of grievances” includes a right of court access, but narrowly define this right as the right to file a lawsuit. This dominant view fails to meaningfully differentiate between the right to petition, the freedom of speech, and due process, missing the distinct significance of the Petition Clause when individuals petition courts. The most significant threats to court access today occur after the filing stage, when courts deny or limit remedies to legally injured persons — by enforcing a mandatory arbitration provision or an exhaustion …
Justice Scalia, The Establishment Clause, And Christian Privilege, Caroline Mala Corbin
Justice Scalia, The Establishment Clause, And Christian Privilege, Caroline Mala Corbin
Articles
No abstract provided.
Deference To Claims Of Substantial Religious Burden, Caroline Mala Corbin
Deference To Claims Of Substantial Religious Burden, Caroline Mala Corbin
Articles
No abstract provided.
Ethics For Media Lawyers: The Lessons Of Ferguson, Leonard M. Niehoff
Ethics For Media Lawyers: The Lessons Of Ferguson, Leonard M. Niehoff
Articles
Ferguson, Missouri, has a population of roughly 21,000 people. Thirty cities in Missouri have larger populations. The Edward Jones Dome, where the St. Louis Rams play football, seats three times as many people. Most of us had never heard of Ferguson prior to August 9, 2014, when a police oficer named Darren Wilson shot and killed an unarmed black teenager named Michael Brown. But, to paraphrase the grim observation of Ambrose Bierce, war is how Americans learn geography. So, as violence and vandalism erupted on its streets, the nation turned its attention toward Ferguson and labored to understand the place, …
A "Faustian Pact"? Native Advertising And The Future Of The Press, Lili Levi
A "Faustian Pact"? Native Advertising And The Future Of The Press, Lili Levi
Articles
As technology undermines the economic model supporting the traditional press, news organizations are succumbing to the siren call of "native advertising" – a new marketing technique for unobtrusively integrating paid advertising into editorial content. Brands are increasingly turning to native ads to preempt consumers' well-documented ad avoidance. Although the native advertising model debuted on digital-native news sites, it is now ubiquitous in elite legacy media as well. Everyone knew "native" had arrived for good when the venerable New York Times not only introduced its online "Paid Post," but incorporated sponsored content in its print editions, and even hired an in-house …
Commentary: Exploiting Mixed Speech, Caroline Mala Corbin
Commentary: Exploiting Mixed Speech, Caroline Mala Corbin
Articles
The Supreme Court has been taking advantage of mixed speech—that is, speech that is both private and governmental—to characterize challenged speech in a way that ultimately permits the government to sponsor Christian speech. In Pleasant Grove City v. Summum, a free speech case where the government accepted a Christian Ten Commandments monument but rejected a Summum Seven Aphorisms monument, the Court held that privately donated monuments displayed in public parks were government speech as opposed to private speech and therefore not subject to free speech limits on viewpoint discrimination. In Town of Greece v. Galloway, an establishment case …
Corporate Religious Liberty, Caroline Mala Corbin
Intentional Discrimination In Establishment Clause Jurisprudence, Caroline Mala Corbin
Intentional Discrimination In Establishment Clause Jurisprudence, Caroline Mala Corbin
Articles
In Town of Greece, New York v. Galloway, the Supreme Court upheld a legislative prayer practice with overwhelmingly Christian prayers in part because the Court concluded that the exclusion of all other religions was unintentional. This requirement-that a religiously disparate impact must be intentional before it amounts to an establishment violation-is new for Establishment Clause doctrine. An intent requirement, however, is not new for equal protection or free exercise claims. This Essay explores the increased symmetry between the Establishment Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, and the Free Exercise Clause. It argues that many of the critiques of the intentional …