Law Commons^™

"If You're On Time, You're Late": Law School Application Timing Among Historically Underrepresented Applicants, Sherrie K. Godette, K. L. Risman, Tiffane Cochran, Baylee Jenkins

AccessLex Institute Research

The “not so big” secret of college and graduate school admissions is that applicants who apply early are more likely to receive an offer of admission than those who apply closer to the final deadline. The same is true for law school applicants. When applicants submit applications later, their admission chances may be lower simply due to the timing of their application rather than their qualifications. Applicants who identify as underrepresented people of color (uPOC) or socioeconomically disadvantaged are less likely to apply early to law school or utilize formal early decision programs. In other words, applicants who identify as …

Law School In A Pandemic Ungrouped: How Online J.D. Experiences Varied Across Students, Tiffane Cochran, Sherrie Godette, Gallup

AccessLex Institute Research

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, law schools and students resiliently forged ahead, endeavoring — many for the first time — to pursue their J.D. programs online. AccessLex Institute® and Gallup partnered to survey law students about their experiences with online J.D. courses during this time, releasing two Law School in a Pandemic reports in 2021 and 2022 to discuss each year’s findings. This third and final report in the series examines the extent to which student perceptions of their J.D. programs during the pandemic differed by various characteristics — namely race/ethnicity, age, enrollment status, caregiver status, and law …

"Freedom Is Not Enough...": Affirmative Action And J.D. Completion Among Underrepresented People Of Color, Jason M. Scott, Paige Wilson, Andrea Pals

AccessLex Institute Research

In Fall 2022, the Supreme Court heard arguments regarding the future of affirmative action in higher education. Initially, affirmative action policies were adopted to give equal opportunity to communities who have been and continue to be harmed by discriminatory systems and practices. As we wait for the Court’s decision, it is crucial to understand how existent affirmative action bans impact underrepresented people of color’s (uPOC) graduate/professional degree attainment. Data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, the U.S. Census Bureau, and the Center for Reproductive Rights is analyzed to determine whether affirmative action bans decrease the proportion of uPOC completing …

Protecting Diversity: Can We Afford To Throw Out Grutter Before Its Expiration Date?, Jason M. Scott, Paige Wilson, Tiffane Cochran, Andrea Pals

AccessLex Institute Research

With landmark affirmative action decisions pending from the United States Supreme Court in Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina, this paper examines whether the educational benefits that flow from diversity acknowledged in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) persist twenty years later in a law school context. Using data from the American Bar Association (ABA), the U.S. Census Bureau, and the Law School Survey of Student Engagement (LSSSE), we model law school campus diversity as a predictor of attrition, predicted law school GPA, and first-time bar …

What Is Quality? Advancing Value-Added Approaches To Assessing Law School Bar Exam Performance, Jason M. Scott, Josh Jackson

AccessLex Institute Research

U.S. News & World Report rankings and tier groupings are often used as proxy measures of law school quality. But many of the factors that contribute to both law school outcomes and U.S. News rankings (e.g., undergraduate GPAs [UGPA], LSAT scores, admission rates) do not reflect the impact law schools have on student outcomes, such as bar passage and employment. We propose a method for measuring institutional quality that is based on a school’s ability to improve its graduates’ likelihood of first-time bar passage while controlling for those students’ preadmission characteristics. Using a value-added modeling technique, we first isolate each …

Are Law Schools Cream-Skimming To Bolster Their Bar Exam Pass Rates?, Jason M. Scott, Josh Jackson

AccessLex Institute Research

Law schools are held accountable on many fronts to achieve and maintain high bar passage rates. ABA Standard 316 is likely the strongest accountability measure. While the course of legal education itself, along with academic and bar success interventions, is a key driver of bar exam performance, Bahadur et al. suggests that other, obscure institutional practices can serve to inflate institutional bar passage performance. Such practices could include recruitment and admission of transfer students and academic attrition. We examine this hypothesis to assess the influence of both attrition and transfer on law schools’ bar passage rates.

Show Them The Money: Improving Consumer Information On Need And Merit-Based Gift Aid To Equitably Empower Prospective Law Students, Domonique Edwards, Kelsey Risman, Tiffane Cochran

AccessLex Institute Research

Historically, Black and Hispanic or Latino/a/x (Latine) applicants have been admitted to law school at disproportionately lower rates than White and Asian applicants. While there is no shortage of law school applicants from all racial/ethnic backgrounds, Black and Hispanic or Latine applicants are less likely to gain admission to any law school and, when admitted, are less likely to obtain financial aid in the form of grants and scholarships (gift aid). As a result, these students tend to finance more of their legal education with student loans and graduate with higher debt balances compared to White and Asian law school …

It's Not Where You Start, It's How You Finish: Predicting Law School And Bar Success, Aaron N. Taylor, Jason M. Scott, Josh Jackson

AccessLex Institute Research

In this study, we examine the extent to which academic and student engagement factors explain law school grades and first-time bar exam performance. Applying fixed effects linear and logit modeling, our analysis leverages law student transcript data and responses to the Law School Survey of Student Engagement (LSSSE) among students from a diverse group of 20 law schools to estimate academic performance and odds of bar passage. Most notably, we find that GPA improvement during law school is associated with greater odds of passing the bar exam, particularly among students who struggle the most during the first semester. Furthermore, while …

Approaching The Bar: An Analysis Of Post-Graduation Bar Exam Study Habits, Joshua L. Jackson, Tiffane Cochran

AccessLex Institute Research

For most law graduates, passing the bar exam is the culmination and most critical outcome of their legal education. The typical two months spent preparing after law school graduation are essential to success. However, empirical understanding of post-graduation bar preparation is limited; only a few studies in the legal academy have examined this period. Generally, law graduates are advised to treat bar preparation like a full-time job. But we lack research and data on the specific time management strategies and tactics that are correlated with bar passage. Given impending changes to the bar exam, such inquiries are critical to determining …

Analyzing First-Time Bar Exam Passage On The Ube In New York State, New York State Board Of Law Examiners, Accesslex Institute

AccessLex Institute Research

This report is the culmination of three years of work to collect, analyze, summarize, and interpret data on the experiences and outcomes of first-time and second-time New York State Bar candidates. After careful collaboration and review between AccessLex Institute and the New York State Board of Law Examiners to finalize this publication, a release date was anticipated for Spring 2020 to share its findings publicly and to provide recommendations for how the legal education community could build on efforts to equitably and effectively prepare law school graduates for first-time bar exam passage. Of course, at the time nobody had any …

Analyzing Pathways To The J.D. With National Student Clearinghouse Data, Tiffane Cochran, Lauren Walker

AccessLex Institute Research

The lack of diversity in legal education and the profession is a well-established fact. Data and rich commentary from law school scholars clearly illustrate barriers to entry for historically underrepresented groups. Yet, we continue to see persistent gaps in law school and bar admission among ethnic minorities—particularly, Black and Latinx students. And although information on first-generation and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups is harder to obtain, we also find inequitable access for these students where data are available.

Although discussions of law school diversity necessitate examination of students’ racial and socioeconomic backgrounds, they also require an analysis of the pathways students must …

Distance Learning Questionnaire Findings, Accesslex Institute

AccessLex Institute Research

Distance learning is now a central component of the law school curriculum. The COVID-19 pandemic forced law schools to engage in emergency remote teaching after in-person instruction became too dangerous. As a result, nearly every law school is now engaging in some form of distance learning, at least temporarily. Fortunately, sophisticated models exist for both synchronous and asynchronous online learning. And online delivery of the J.D. curriculum is not brand new to legal education. There are hundreds of practicing lawyers today who earned their law degrees through programs that were delivered in significant part online. Just prior to the sudden, …

Future In Law? A Profile Of Graduating College Seniors Interested In Legal Education And Careers, Accesslex Institute

AccessLex Institute Research

The recent decline in law school applicants is well-documented. Despite a slight increase in 2018, the number of law school applicants remains substantially lower than levels observed prior to 2011. This decrease in the demand for legal education presents an opportunity to better understand the pathway to law school and the formation of interest in pursuing a law degree or career.

The American Association of Law Schools pioneered inquiry in this area with their groundbreaking study, Before the JD: Undergraduate Views on Law School, which surveyed undergraduates from 25 four-year institutions and first-year law students from 44 law schools, …

Roadmap To Enrolling Diverse Law School Classes, Volume 4: Contextualizing Admission Factors, Accesslex Institute

AccessLex Institute Research

Law student diversity is critical to the robust exchange of ideas that is the basis of legal education. Unfortunately, many law schools struggle to enroll classes that reflect the demographics of the regions, states, and even cities in which they are located. A commonly cited reason for the dearth of diversity in many schools is that the pool or “pipeline” of eligible prospective students is not diverse itself.

The premise of this critique is rooted in the manner in which “merit” in the admission process is conceived. LSAT scores are the most prominent admission factor. Past academic performance, typically undergraduate …

Priming The Pump: How Pipeline Programs Seek To Enhance Legal Education Diversity, Accesslex Institute

AccessLex Institute Research

AccessLex Institute has developed this research brief to provide an overview of legal education pipeline programs in the U.S. – the channel by which we, as stakeholders in legal education, can improve access to law school. The prevalence of these programs and their components are discussed in detail. The brief also takes preliminary steps towards assessing their impact and effectiveness. The immediate goal is to provide useful information to aspiring students, their advisors, and others concerned about legal education diversity. The ultimate goals for future research are to identify components shared by the most effective and impactful pipeline programs, and …

Law School Applicants By Degrees: A Per Capita Analysis Of The Top Feeder Schools, Accesslex Institute

AccessLex Institute Research

In this research publication, AccessLex Institute explores "applicant concentration" at the top 240 feeder schools, as published in the Law School Admission Council's (LSAC) Top 240 Feeder Schools for ABA Applicants list. The resulting "per-capita" figures help contextualize the feeder school trends.

From The Bachelor's To The Bar: Using College Completion Data To Assess The Law School Pipeline, Accesslex Institute

AccessLex Institute Research

The story of declining law school applications is well known among the legal education community. Over 100,000 individuals applied to law school for admission in fall 2004, but demand for legal education has since declined — only 54,000 applicants sought admission in fall 2015. Accesslex Institute examined college completion data to determine whether undergraduate interest in fields most popular among law school applicants has also waned in recent years. In particular, this research brief summarizes bachelor’s degree completion in the top 10 law school feeder majors over the last 10 years, and compares degree production in these fields to those …