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Full-Text Articles in Law
Forensic Collection Of Electronic Evidence From Infrastructure-As-A-Service Cloud Computing, Josiah Dykstra, Damien Riehl
Forensic Collection Of Electronic Evidence From Infrastructure-As-A-Service Cloud Computing, Josiah Dykstra, Damien Riehl
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
As cloud computing becomes ubiquitous, the criminal targeting and criminal use of cloud computing is inevitable and imminent. Similarly, the need for civil forensic analyses of cloud computing has become more prevalent. Forensic investigation of cloud computing matters first requires an understanding of the technology and issues associated with the collection of electronically stored information (“ESI”) in the cloud. The misuse of the broad term “cloud computing” has caused some confusion and misinformation among legal and technology scholars, leading to a muddied and incomplete analysis of cloud-based discovery issues. Cases and academic analyses have dealt primarily with popular online services …
Rethinking Reasonable Expectations Of Privacy In Online Social Networks, Bryce Clayton Newell
Rethinking Reasonable Expectations Of Privacy In Online Social Networks, Bryce Clayton Newell
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
In 1890, Warren and Brandeis “invented” the common law right to privacy in the United States. They declared the need for a right to privacy – “to be let alone” – because technological advancements (photography) and business methods (yellow journalism) enabled the media to bring previously private details to the attention of a much larger audience. Warren and Brandeis declared, “[i]nstantaneous photographs and newspaper enterprise have invaded the sacred precincts of private and domestic life; and numerous mechanical devices threaten to make good the prediction that ‘what is whispered in the closet shall be proclaimed from the house-tops.’” Because of …
Current And Emerging Transportation Technology: Final Nails In The Coffin Of The Dying Right Of Privacy?, James D. Phillips, Katharine E. Kohm
Current And Emerging Transportation Technology: Final Nails In The Coffin Of The Dying Right Of Privacy?, James D. Phillips, Katharine E. Kohm
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Transportation networks constitute “the circulatory system of our economy.” The distinct modes that constitute the American transportation system—air, rail, transit, highways, and waterways—impact the entire range of our daily activities. Just as the human body depends on its circulatory system for life and well being, the United States’ vitality would grind to a halting stop without a vibrant transportation system.
Bending Broken Rules: The Fourth Amendment Implications Of Full-Body Scanners In Preflight Screening, M. Madison Taylor
Bending Broken Rules: The Fourth Amendment Implications Of Full-Body Scanners In Preflight Screening, M. Madison Taylor
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
In the face of emerging technology, the Fourth Amendment’s guarantee of protection against unreasonable searches and seizures is especially susceptible to erosion. As Justice Scalia wrote in Kyllo v. United States, “[i]t would be foolish to contend that the degree of privacy secured to citizens by the Fourth Amendment has been entirely unaffected by the advance of technology.” In Katz v. United States, technology compelled a dramatic shift in the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Fourth Amendment. Prior to Katz, the Court generally interpreted the Fourth Amendment to prevent only the search and seizure of tangible things, and looked to …
Perfect Enforcement Of Law: When To Limit And When To Use Technology, Christina M. Mulligan
Perfect Enforcement Of Law: When To Limit And When To Use Technology, Christina M. Mulligan
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Road safety cameras can photograph your car running red lights. Some bars record information on driver’s licenses to establish that their patrons are old enough to drink. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) uses automated web crawlers to try to find illegal copies of mp3s, and iTunes embeds personal identifying information in the tracks of every song you buy.
Double-Trouble: The Underregulation Of Surreptitious Video Surveillance In Conjunction With The Use Of Snitches In Domestic Government Investigations, Mona R. Shokrai
Double-Trouble: The Underregulation Of Surreptitious Video Surveillance In Conjunction With The Use Of Snitches In Domestic Government Investigations, Mona R. Shokrai
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Technological advancements in digital imagery and visual recordings have all but vitiated any expectation of privacy in public places. Yet this Orwellian state of constant governmental surveillance has extended beyond the scope of public observation. Closely-held expectations of privacy in the most intimate locations have also become subject to government observation. The means by which the government is able to garner such detailed information concerning the minutiae of our private lives is in need of assessment.
Freedom Of Information Laws In The Digital Age: The Death Knell Of Information Privacy, Ira Bloom
Freedom Of Information Laws In The Digital Age: The Death Knell Of Information Privacy, Ira Bloom
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
With technology, everything just comes faster, smarter, and meaner. But the basics remain the same.
Brief Of Amici Curiae — United States Senate Committee On Commerce, Science, And Transportation
Brief Of Amici Curiae — United States Senate Committee On Commerce, Science, And Transportation
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
This Amicus Curiae Brief is respectfully filed by the undersigned members of the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (“Committee”). Acting in our capacity on behalf of the United States government, we may file this Brief pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 29(a). The Committee exercises oversight responsibility for both the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”). With the respect owed to a co-equal branch of government, we file this Brief to share with the Court our strongly-held views regarding the constitutional law issues in contest in this appeal and the vital public …
Fbi Internet Surveillance: The Need For A Natural Rights Application Of The Fourth Amendment To Insure Internet Privacy, Catherine M. Barrett
Fbi Internet Surveillance: The Need For A Natural Rights Application Of The Fourth Amendment To Insure Internet Privacy, Catherine M. Barrett
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Last year, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) acknowledged that it used an Internet electronic surveillance system called Carnivore to investigate and prosecute criminal suspects in more than two dozen cases. Carnivore is a software program developed by the FBI that can be installed on the network of an Internet Service Provider (“ISP”), such as America Online, to monitor, intercept and collect e-mail messages and other Internet activity made and received by individuals suspected of criminal activity. To date, the full capability of Carnivore remains a secret—the FBI refuses to disclose the source code (computer language) that would reveal how …
Conceptual Foundations Of Privacy: Looking Backward Before Stepping Forward, Robert A. Reilly
Conceptual Foundations Of Privacy: Looking Backward Before Stepping Forward, Robert A. Reilly
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
In cyberspace, as in today's real world, there seems to be confusion in regard to what privacy is and what it is not. One scholar, Ruth Granson highlights recent efforts to fully comprehend privacy: "the concept of privacy is a central one in most discussions of modern Western life, yet only recently have there been serious efforts to analyze just what is meant by privacy." Over the years, the conception of the nature and extent of privacy has been severely bent out of shape. The definitions and concepts of privacy are as varied as those in the legal and academic …
Liberty From Officials By Grace: The Fourth Amendment's Application To Automobile Passengers In Maryland V. Wilson, Michael Begland
Liberty From Officials By Grace: The Fourth Amendment's Application To Automobile Passengers In Maryland V. Wilson, Michael Begland
University of Richmond Law Review
On February 19, 1997, the United States Supreme Court handed down its decision in Maryland v. Wilson, and put an end to twenty years of speculation regarding a police officer's authority to order a passenger out of a lawfully stopped automobile. In finding that such an order does not violate a passenger's Fourth Amendment privacy interests, the Supreme Court reversed Maryland's Court of Special Appeals and sided with the majority of states that have considered this narrow issue. The Court's decision provides important insight into the current state of Fourth Amendment jurisprudence and the Supreme Court's increasing willingness to sacrifice …
Warrantless Searches And Seizures In Virginia, Ronald J. Bacigal
Warrantless Searches And Seizures In Virginia, Ronald J. Bacigal
University of Richmond Law Review
There is a well-recognized lack of consistency and clarity in fourth amendment decisions. At times, each search and seizure case seenis unique and the decisions appear to rest on factual determinations rather than on legal principles. Nonetheless, it is desirable to have some understanding of the basic principles of the fourth amendment, and the way in which these principles affect individual cases.
Search And Seizure Of Containers Found In Automobiles: The Supreme Court Struggles For A "Bright Line" Rule, James M. Mccauley
Search And Seizure Of Containers Found In Automobiles: The Supreme Court Struggles For A "Bright Line" Rule, James M. Mccauley
University of Richmond Law Review
Two recent decisions by the United States Supreme Court have added a new dimension to the law of search and seizure of automobiles and containers found within motor vehicles. The plurality opinion in Robbins v. California'held that a closed opaque container found in the luggage compartment of a station wagon during the course of a lawful vehicle search could not be seized without a warrant. However, in New York v. Belton, a majority held that a police officer, incident to a lawful custodial arrest of an occupant of an automobile, may search the passenger compartment of that automobile and examine …
A Case For Jury Determination Of Search And Seizure Law, Ronald J. Bacigal
A Case For Jury Determination Of Search And Seizure Law, Ronald J. Bacigal
University of Richmond Law Review
In a criminal case the option to return a general verdict of acquittal invests the jury with the raw power to nullify many legal determinations, including the trial judge's ruling that a search is constitutional. While courts grudingly acknowledge the existence of an extra-legal jury nullification power, courts do not recognize any jury prerogative to determine the lawfulness of a search. The United States Supreme Court's discussion of the jury's role in interpreting and applying the fourth amendment consists of one terse statement that the legality of a search "is a question of fact and law for the court and …
Criminal Procedure And Criminal Law: Virginia Supreme Court Decisions During The 70'S, Michael J. Barbour, Thomas E. Carr, Sarah H. Finley, Jeannie L. Pilant
Criminal Procedure And Criminal Law: Virginia Supreme Court Decisions During The 70'S, Michael J. Barbour, Thomas E. Carr, Sarah H. Finley, Jeannie L. Pilant
University of Richmond Law Review
The purpose of this note is to examine the decisions of the Virginia Supreme Court during the period between 1970-1980 in the area of criminal procedure and substantive criminal law. Legislative changes will not be dealt with in depth except as they have affected these decisions. Because of space constraints, a complete review of all areas is impossible; therefore, review has been limited to those issues most likely to be of interest to the practicing attorney. The discussion will also attempt to establish the position of the Virginia Supreme Court on these matters in relation to the United States Supreme …
The New Warrant Requirements: Payton V. New York And Wallace V. King, Robert B. Lloyd Jr.
The New Warrant Requirements: Payton V. New York And Wallace V. King, Robert B. Lloyd Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
Since the original Bill of Rights was drafted, the diverse warrant requirements necessary for reasonable searches and seizures under the fourth amendment have led to chaos and confusion. A dichotomy has existed between the requirements necessary for the search and seizure of property and those necessary for the search and seizure of persons. Generally, a warrant has been required when the object of the search and seizure was property while no warrant has been necessary for the seizure of an individual. The Supreme Court decision in Payton v. New York has erased much of this distinction, holding that the fourth …
Privacy Revisited: The Downfall Of Griswald, Martin R. Levy, C. Thomas Hectus
Privacy Revisited: The Downfall Of Griswald, Martin R. Levy, C. Thomas Hectus
University of Richmond Law Review
This article presents a review of the Supreme Court's privacy decisions since Griswold v. Connecticut, and concentrates on Doe v. Commonwealth's Attorney for City of Richmond as a vehicle to review the Burger Court's trends in the privacy area. Doe is a good vehicle because, though decided without opinion, the summary affirmance of a lower court decision denying homosexuals constitutional protection resolved the tension developing between Douglas' penumbra theory of privacy, which was the opinion of the Court in Griswold, and the more modern substantive due process analysis. The authors conclude that the opinions in Griswold are dead as far …
A Review Of Prisoners' Rights Litigation Under 42 U .S.C . §1983, Scott D. Anderson, Theodore I. Brenner, Vera Duke, James E. Gray, Ronald M. Maupin
A Review Of Prisoners' Rights Litigation Under 42 U .S.C . §1983, Scott D. Anderson, Theodore I. Brenner, Vera Duke, James E. Gray, Ronald M. Maupin
University of Richmond Law Review
Before the mid-1960's, the federal courts frequently invoked the "hands-off" doctrine, a rule of deference to state correctional administrators, when petitioned by inmates to review conditions in state jails and prisons. When applied, the doctrine essentially held that a state prisoner's grievance was beyond the scope of authority or competence ofthe federal judiciary. With an increasing realization during the late 1960's and early 1970's that federal court intervention into state prison matters would be necessary, the 42 U.S.C. § 19831 civil rights complaint became the leading tool for effecting change in the area of prisoners rights. In order to gain …
Recent Decisions
University of Richmond Law Review
This is a summary of the case law from 1969.
Sodomy And The Married Man
University of Richmond Law Review
Although the Constitution does not provide for a specific right of privacy, the existence of such a right is beyond dispute. The extent of the right is, however, difficult to determine when one considers the point beyond which the right of privacy will prohibit intrusion by either state or federal authorities into an individual's affairs. Only by balancing the individual's need for privacy with the state's interest in regulating private conduct, can a delineation be made.