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Articles 1 - 22 of 22
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Legal History Of Federally Granted Railroad Rights-Of-Way And The Myth Of Congress's "1871 Shift", Darwin P. Roberts
The Legal History Of Federally Granted Railroad Rights-Of-Way And The Myth Of Congress's "1871 Shift", Darwin P. Roberts
University of Colorado Law Review
Beginning in the 1830s, the United States government granted railroads thousands of miles of rights-of-way across the public lands. In 1850, Congress began to further subsidize the construction of certain railroads by granting them title to millions of acres of the public lands. By the late 1860s, however, the public came to vehemently oppose giving vast tracts of the public domain away to railroads. As a consequence, in 1871, Congress ceased granting subsidy lands to railroads. Federal grants of railroad rights-of-way, though, continued well into the twentieth century. The Supreme Court has held that the year 1871 marked a transition …
Things Fall Apart: Regulating The Credit Default Swap Commons, Kristen N. Johnson
Things Fall Apart: Regulating The Credit Default Swap Commons, Kristen N. Johnson
University of Colorado Law Review
Financial markets are an important national and international infrastructure resource that reflect attributes similar to the those that characterize commons, as described in property law literature. Through a case study examining the credit default swap market, this Article illustrates the analogy between financial markets and a traditional commons. After exploring the attributes of a commons, this Article examines the costs and benefits of the credit default swap market. Similar to a traditional commons, tragedy in financial markets occurs when market participants capture benefits while imposing the costs or negative externalities from their activities on other members of society. Commons scholars' …
Dismantling The Trojan Horse: Mesa County Board Of County Commissioners V. State, Anna-Liisa Mullis
Dismantling The Trojan Horse: Mesa County Board Of County Commissioners V. State, Anna-Liisa Mullis
University of Colorado Law Review
Under the Taxpayer's Bill of Rights ("TABOR"), an amendment to the Colorado Constitution, the Colorado state and local governments are severely restricted in the amount of revenue they can collect and in their ability to set fiscal policy. As a result, TABOR has forced the state and local governments to shrink relative to the economy and has prevented legislators and government officials from altering TABOR's more unworkable provisions. In 2009, the Colorado Supreme Court decided Mesa County Board of County Commissioners v. State, in which the court rightfully restored a modicum of legislative discretion over the budgeting and taxation processes. …
Climate Change, Forests, And Federalism: Seeing The Treaty For The Trees, Blake Hudson
Climate Change, Forests, And Federalism: Seeing The Treaty For The Trees, Blake Hudson
University of Colorado Law Review
Despite numerous attempts over the past two decadesincluding, most recently, the Copenhagen climate discussions in late 2009-international forest and climate negotiations have failed to produce a legally binding treaty addressing global forest management activities. This failure is due in large part to a lack of U.S. leadership. Though U.S. participation in ongoing forest and climate negotiations is essential, scholars have not fully explored the potential limiting effects of federalism on the United States' treaty power in the area of forest management. Such an exploration is necessary given the debate among constitutional law scholars regarding the scope of the treaty power, …
Pagosa Area Water & Sanitation District V. Trout Unlimited And An Anti-Speculation Doctrine For A New Era Of Water Supply Plannin, Derek L. Turner
Pagosa Area Water & Sanitation District V. Trout Unlimited And An Anti-Speculation Doctrine For A New Era Of Water Supply Plannin, Derek L. Turner
University of Colorado Law Review
The prior appropriation doctrine is partly founded upon a concern with the speculation and monopolization of scarce water resources. This "anti-speculation doctrine" is anchored by the principles of public ownership of water and the beneficial use element of an appropriative water right. It is a progressive doctrine used by Colorado courts to prevent the public's water from being claimed for personal profit rather than actual beneficial uses. In the modern, high-stakes competition for water supplies needed to serve future population growth, Colorado municipalities and quasi-governmental water agencies have long escaped scrutiny for appropriations to serve undefined future populations. Under the …
The Need To Overrule Mapp V. Ohio, William T. Pizzi
The Need To Overrule Mapp V. Ohio, William T. Pizzi
University of Colorado Law Review
This Article argues that it is time to overrule Mapp v. Ohio. It contends that the exclusionary rule is outdated because a tough deterrent sanction is difficult to reconcile with a criminal justice system where victims are increasingly seen to have a stake in criminal cases. The rule is also increasingly outdated in its epistemological assumption which insists officers act on "reasons" that they can articulate and which disparages actions based on "hunches" or "feelings." This assumption runs counter to a large body of neuroscience research suggesting that humans often "feel" or "sense" danger, sometimes even at a subconscious level, …
Participatory Law And Development: Remapping The Locus Of Authority, Maggi Carfield
Participatory Law And Development: Remapping The Locus Of Authority, Maggi Carfield
University of Colorado Law Review
Participatory Law and Development: Remapping the Locus of Authority argues that law and development efforts have been ineffective, at least in part, because development agencies have failed to engage communities in the process of both setting agendas and instituting programs and policies. This work argues that there must be a fundamental shift in the law and international development paradigm. Scholars and practitioners must abandon the question, how can "we" change "them" and instead begin by asking a different question: in what ways, if any, does a community want to change the rules it operates by and how can external actors …
Rethinking Parental Incarceration, Sarah Abramowicz
Rethinking Parental Incarceration, Sarah Abramowicz
University of Colorado Law Review
Recent changes in sentencing law, in the wake of cases interpreting Blakely v. Washington and United States v. Booker, have raised the possibility that courts sentencing parents may take children's interests into account more extensively than had previously been permissible. Now is thus an opportune time to reevaluate the merits of considering children's interests when sentencing parents. This Article uses the perspective of family law to offer a new rationale for, and a new approach to, taking children's interests into account when sentencing their parents. It does so by bringing out the connection between the debate over parental incarceration and …
Denying Formalism's Apologists: Reforming Immigration Law's Cimt Analysis, Jeremiah J. Farrelly
Denying Formalism's Apologists: Reforming Immigration Law's Cimt Analysis, Jeremiah J. Farrelly
University of Colorado Law Review
Congress has long favored the "crime involving moral turpitude" as a statutory device to remove "undesirable" aliens from the United States. Unfortunately, Congress never bothered to define this important phrase. The judicial standard developed to address this shortfall has long been seen as unnecessarily formalistic, arbitrary, and both over- and under-inclusive. Until recently, however, these issues were ignored. In 2008, the Board of Immigration Appealsrightly deferred to by the Seventh Circuit-and the Attorney General finally addressed these issues, making significant revisions to the traditional standard. The Third Circuit, rather than following the Seventh Circuit in allowing the reform of an …
Dog Damages: The Case For Expanding The Available Remedies For The Owners Of Wrongfully Killed Pets In Colorado, Logan Martin
Dog Damages: The Case For Expanding The Available Remedies For The Owners Of Wrongfully Killed Pets In Colorado, Logan Martin
University of Colorado Law Review
For most people, the death of a loved one can have devastating emotional consequences. This is especially true where the person's death was the result of an accident caused by the negligent, or worse, malicious actions of another person. In most of these situations, both common law and statutory law usually provide some means of compensation for the surviving party. However, when the dead loved one is not another person, but rather a pet or companion animal, the owner's recovery is usually very limited. This Comment argues that such limited recovery is inappropriate and that Colorado should adopt a rule …
Geographical Indications: The International Debate Over Intellectual Property Rights For Local Producers, Emily Nation
Geographical Indications: The International Debate Over Intellectual Property Rights For Local Producers, Emily Nation
University of Colorado Law Review
Geographical indications are a type of intellectual property right. GIs exist where a product is named after its geographical origin and where the product has certain qualities attributable to its geography. Examples of GIs include Parmigiano- Reggiano cheese, Champagne, and Florida oranges. Governmental regulation of GIs protects producers' hardearned reputations from free-riding and reassures consumers that a product's origin is accurately represented. This Comment will explain how GIs are currently protected under international law as well as under domestic laws in the United States and the European Union. It will also discuss the international debate over the proper level of …
The Problem Of Environmental Monitoring, Eric Biber
The Problem Of Environmental Monitoring, Eric Biber
University of Colorado Law Review
Environmental law depends on the regular collection of accurate information about the state of the natural environment ("ambient monitoring") in order to assess the effectiveness of current regulatory and management policies and to develop new reforms. Despite the central role that ambient monitoring plays in environmental law and policy, the scholarly literature has almost ignored the question of whether and how effective ambient monitoring will take place-even though there is ample evidence that our current ambient monitoring data have extensive gaps and significant flaws. Moreover, the importance of ambient monitoring will only increase in the future with the shift to …
Keeping Pace?: The Case Against Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing Programs, Prentiss Cox
Keeping Pace?: The Case Against Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing Programs, Prentiss Cox
University of Colorado Law Review
Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) is a method of public financing for energy improvements through special assessments on local government property taxes. Interest in PACE exploded since its inception in 2008, with almost half the states rapidly enacting legislation enabling local governments to use their property collection power to finance residential energy investments. The growth in PACE has been suspended and existing programs have been put on hold in the face of opposition from the federal secondary mortgage market regulators. Governments and environmental advocates supporting PACE have initiated litigation against federal mortgage and banking regulators and are seeking passage of …
Parchment, Pixels, & Personhood: User Rights And The Ip (Identity Politics) Of Ip (Intellectual Property), John Tehranian
Parchment, Pixels, & Personhood: User Rights And The Ip (Identity Politics) Of Ip (Intellectual Property), John Tehranian
University of Colorado Law Review
This Article challenges copyright's prevailing narrative on personhood, which has typically focused on the identity interests that authors enjoy in their creative output. Instead, the analysis explores the personhood interests that consumers possess in copyrighted works. Drawing on a wide range of examples-from flag burning as copyright infringement, the "Kookaburra"c ontroversy, and the crowd-sourced origins of the Serenity Prayer to the reported innumeracy of the enigmatic Piraha Amazonians, the apocryphal source of ancient Alexandria's Royal Library and the unusually fragile nature of digital media-the Article advances a Hegelian refutation to intellectual property maximalism and a theory of copyright that recognizes …
A Fundamental Right To Read: Reader Privacy Protections In The U.S. Constitution, Eric Robertson
A Fundamental Right To Read: Reader Privacy Protections In The U.S. Constitution, Eric Robertson
University of Colorado Law Review
Bookstore customers and library patrons typically expect their book purchases and book-borrowing habits to remain private, but what is the legal basis for this expectation and is it justified? This Comment examines court decisions, readers' privacy scholarship, and First Amendment jurisprudence in search of a consistent answer. Although courts and scholars have taken different approaches in identifying a right to readers' privacy and what activity it encompasses, this Comment concludes that a right to reader privacy is fundamental under the First Amendment. In the end, this Comment seeks to provide a simplified solution to the complex constitutional issues that can …
Varying Declarations Of Interdependence: The Tenth Circuit's Inconsistent Analysis Of Criminal Conspiracy, Jeff Van Der Veer
Varying Declarations Of Interdependence: The Tenth Circuit's Inconsistent Analysis Of Criminal Conspiracy, Jeff Van Der Veer
University of Colorado Law Review
The Tenth Circuit distinguishes itself from its sister circuits by requiring the prosecution to prove a unique element in all federal criminal conspiracy cases: interdependence. Taken literally, interdependence exists when each conspirator relies on his fellow conspirators to achieve their collective criminal goal. While the Tenth Circuit may have enforced this literal definition in the past, it has since announced varying definitions that have relaxed the standard, thus creating an imprecise and confusing area of case law. This unfortunate evolution has transformed what was once a unique requirement into little more than a formality. The Tenth Circuit should return to …
Urbanization, Water Quality, And The Regulated Landscape, Dave Owen
Urbanization, Water Quality, And The Regulated Landscape, Dave Owen
University of Colorado Law Review
Watershed scientists frequently describe urbanization as a primary cause of water quality degradation, and recent studies conclude that even in lightly-developed watersheds, urbanization often precludes attainment of water quality standards. This Article considers legal responses to this pervasive problem. It explains why traditional legal measures have been ineffective, and it evaluates several recent innovations piloted in the northeastern United States. These innovations are potentially applicable across the nation. Specifically, the innovations involve using impervious cover total maximum daily loads, residual designation authority, and collective permitting to expand, intensify, and modify regulatory control of urban stormwater. More generally, the innovations involve …
Like Water For Energy: The Water-Energy Nexus Through The Lens Of Tax Policy, Roberta F. Mann
Like Water For Energy: The Water-Energy Nexus Through The Lens Of Tax Policy, Roberta F. Mann
University of Colorado Law Review
Water is essential for life. Inadequate potable water supplies lead to poverty, disease, starvation, and civil strife. Climate change is likely to put more pressure on the world's supply of fresh water. Rising sea levels will introduce salt into some fresh water systems. As high mountain snow cover and glaciers decline, they will store less fresh water. As regions heat up, droughts will become more persistent. Producing energy uses water. How much water is used depends on the source of the energy. Yet in the rush to transition to a renewable energy economy, policy makers have paid little heed to …
Re-Evaluating Tribal Customs Of Land Use Rights, John C. Hoelle
Re-Evaluating Tribal Customs Of Land Use Rights, John C. Hoelle
University of Colorado Law Review
Indigenous peoples developed sustainable land tenure systems over countless generations, but these customary systems of rights are barely used by American Indian tribes today. Would increasing formal recognition of these traditional customs be desirable for tribes in a modern context? This Comment examines one traditional form of indigenous land tenure-the use right-and argues that those tribes that historically recognized use rights in land might benefit from increased reliance on these traditional customs. The Comment argues that in the tribal context, use rights can potentially be just as economically efficient, if not more so, than the Anglo- American system of unqualified, …
Reimagining Western Water Law: Time-Limited Water Right Permits Based On A Comprehensive Beneficial Use Doctrine, Michael Toll
Reimagining Western Water Law: Time-Limited Water Right Permits Based On A Comprehensive Beneficial Use Doctrine, Michael Toll
University of Colorado Law Review
The dwindling supply of western water resources and the increasing water demands of a growing population necessitate a fundamental reexamination of the prior appropriation system. As a nineteenth century system of water allocation, prior appropriation, traditionally applied, is ill-equipped to effectively and efficiently cope with these twenty-first-century realities. The system must be reformed. The reimagining of western water law has two components. First, the determination of whether water is being put to a "beneficial use" should be based upon a holistic, comparative assessment of the relative value of the use of that water-an exercise in values and priorities that is …
A Prediction Market For Climate Outcomes, Shi-Ling Hsu
A Prediction Market For Climate Outcomes, Shi-Ling Hsu
University of Colorado Law Review
This Article proposes a way of introducing some organization and tractability in climate science, generating more widely credible evaluations of climate science, and imposing some discipline on the processing and interpretation of climate information. I propose a two-part policy instrument consisting of (1) a carbon tax that is indexed to a "basket" of climate outcomes, and (2) a cap-andtrade system of emissions permits that can be redeemed in the future in lieu of paying the carbon tax. The amount of the carbon tax in this proposal (per ton of C0 2) would be set each year on the basis of …
The Water Transfers Rule: How An Epa Rule Threatens To Undermine The Clean Water Act, Chris Reagen
The Water Transfers Rule: How An Epa Rule Threatens To Undermine The Clean Water Act, Chris Reagen
University of Colorado Law Review
Water transfer is a term that describes the movement of water from an area where water is available to another area where water is scarce. This process has enabled otherwise uninhabitable lands in the western United States to support large cities and agricultural districts. In Friends of the Everglades v. South Florida Water Management District, the Eleventh Circuit upheld a rule that removed federal water quality restrictions on water transfers. This rule codified the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) position that the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) requirement of the Clean Water Act (CWA) does not apply to water transfers …