Law Commons^™

Targeted Reform Of Commercialized Intercollegiate Athletics, Matt Mitten, Jim Musselman, Bruce Burton

Matt Mitten

This article observes that American society’s passion for intercollegiate sports competition is an extremely powerful, naturally evolved cultural force. The marketplace responds to cultural forces, and the commercialization of college sports directly reflects the marketplace realities of our society. For example, colleges and universities rationally utilize their intercollegiate athletic programs, particularly NCAA Division 1 FBS football and basketball, as a means to achieve a wide range of legitimate objectives of higher education. Thus, the authors advocate that university athletic department revenues should continue to be exempt from federal taxation, specifically the unrelated business income tax (UBIT), despite the increasingly commercialized …

How The Courts, Along With Public Dissatisfaction With The Status Quo, Ironically Aided In The Creation Of New Hollywood, Which Promoted Films Of Lawlessness, Disorder And Instability, Sam A. Blaustein

Sam A Blaustein

The period known as New Hollywood in American film was brought about by several seminal American legal decisions coupled with a growing dissatisfaction with the status quo. A series of First Amendment cases, along with the 1948 Paramount decision, forced Hollywood to produce graphic and existential films that showcased in unprecedented style the issues faced by the emerging disaffected youth generation.

The Private Antitrust Remedy: Lessons From The American Experience, Edward D. Cavanagh

Edward D. Cavanagh

Europeans are considering adoption of a private right of action in antitrust cases. They are hesitant, however, because of their concern that American approach--notice pleading, broad pretrial discovery, mandatory treble damages, runaway juries, attorneys' fees for prevailing plaintiffs (but not prevailing defendants) and class actions--is a "toxic cocktail" that will corrupt their system. I argue that (1) the private recovery system is on balance beneficial to antitrust enforcement; (2) many of the perceived problems with the US system--notice pleading, broad discovery, juries--are not present in European courts; (3)upon examination, the US system is not really toxic: and (4) if the …

Anti -Competitve Activites In India, Pralika Jain, Arpit Solanki

Pralika Jain

This is an article on Anti-Competitve Activities in India with respect to the Competition Act,2002 and the MRTP Act,1956.It describes the material differece between the schemes of the two acts and how they work respectively. Written by Pralika Jain,Government Law college,Mumbai (4th year Arpit Solanki,Symbiosis Law School, Pune (4th Year)-

Myths About Mutual Fund Fees: Economic Insights On Jones V. Harris, D. Bruce Johnsen

D. Bruce Johnsen

Mutual funds stand ready at all times to sell and redeem common stock to the investing public for the net value of their assets under management. In the language of transaction cost economics, they are open-access common pools subject to virtually free investor entry and exit. The Investment Company Act (1940) requires mutual funds to be managed by an outside advisory firm pursuant to a written contract, which normally pays the adviser a small share of net asset value, say, one-half of one percent per year. Following 1970 amendments to the Investment Company Act imposing a fiduciary duty on advisers …

Essay: Justice Sotomayor On The Supreme Court: A Boon For Business?, Dana M. Muir, David Baumer, Stephanie Greene, Gideon Mark, Robert E. Thomas

Dana M. Muir

In this essay, five business law professors with specialties in five different doctrinal areas analyze Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s jurisprudence in those areas and consider the implications of her appointment to the Supreme Court. Each of the areas, intellectual property, antitrust, securities, ERISA, and employment law, involves an area of federal law of significant importance to businesses. Although employment law also is a matter of state law, this essay focuses on the federal employment law statutes. Based on our analysis, we believe that Justice Sotomayor will approach business cases from a neutral perspective. Overall, we find support for the generally accepted …

The Italian Chamber Of Lords Sits On Listed Company Boards. An Empirical Analysis Of Italian Listed Company Boards From 1998 To 2006 - Presentation (Powerpoint Format), Paolo Santella, Carlo Drago, Andrea Polo

Paolo Santella

No abstract provided.

The Italian Chamber Of Lords Sits On Listed Company Boards. An Empirical Analysis Of Italian Listed Company Boards From 1998 To 2006 - Presentation (Powerpoint Format), Paolo Santella, Carlo Drago, Andrea Polo

Carlo Drago

No abstract provided.

“T’Was Three Years After Twombly And All Through The Bar, Not A Plaintiff Was Troubled From Near Or From Far.” The Unremarkable Effect Of The U.S. Supreme Court’S Re-Expressed Pleading Standard In Bell Atlantic Corp. V. Twombly, Daniel R. Karon

Daniel R Karon

No U.S. Supreme Court case in recent memory has caused more confusion and suffering than Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly. Post-Twombly commentary falls largely into two camps: Twombly is wrong because it raised Rule 8’s pleading standard or Twombly is right because it did. But scant, if any, discussion exists suggesting that Twombly is right because it didn’t alter this standard. My Article argues that the Court properly honored longstanding Court precedent when deciding Twombly and merely reaffirmed Rule 8’s pleading requirements. After chronicling the Federal Rules’ creation—with an emphasis on Rule 8—my Article dissects the trilogy of U.S. Supreme …

Does The Nba Still Have Market Power? Exploring The Implications Of An Increasingly Global Market For Men's Basketball Player Labor, Marc Edelman

Marc L Edelman

In the March 2002 case Fraser v. Major League Soccer, the First Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a jury’s finding that America’s twelve Major League Soccer clubs (“MLS”) compete in an international market for men’s professional soccer labor. The court then held that the MLS clubs do not have enough market power to collude illegally under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. At the time when Fraser was decided, few believed the case would become relevant to America’s other professional sports leagues. Indeed, at that time, most other American sports clubs did not compete with foreign clubs for premier men’s …

A Horse Of A Different Color: A Study Of Color Bias, Anti-Trust, And Restraint Of Trade Violations In The Equine Indsutry, Mary W. Craig

Mary W Craig

In 2000, Kay Floyd sued the American Quarter Horse Association, and changed not only the way the Association did business, but changed the law as it applied to voluntary associations. The court ruled that an association cannot economically discriminate against some of its members and artificially devalue the property held by those members. Subsequently, the American Quarter Horse Association has changed its own registration rules to reflect the principle behind the Floyd suit, even though the parties settled and dismissed the case. A sister equine association in Texas, however, has refused to amend its rules concerning equine registration, resulting in …

The Italian Chamber Of Lords Sits On Listed Company Boards. An Empirical Analysis Of Italian Listed Company Boards From 1998 To 2006 - Presentation (Powerpoint Format), Paolo Santella, Carlo Drago, Andrea Polo

Paolo Santella

No abstract provided.

The Italian Chamber Of Lords Sits On Listed Company Boards. An Empirical Analysis Of Italian Listed Company Boards From 1998 To 2006 - Presentation (Powerpoint Format), Paolo Santella, Carlo Drago, Andrea Polo

Carlo Drago

No abstract provided.

Sarbanes-Oxley & The Culture Of Bribery: Expanding The Territorial Scope Of Private Whistleblower Suits To Overseas Employees, Matt A. Vega

Matt A Vega

SARBANES-OXLEY & THE CULTURE OF BRIBERY: EXPANDING THE TERRITORIAL SCOPE OF PRIVATE WHISTLEBLOWER SUITS TO OVERSEAS EMPLOYEES, by Matt A. Vega

This article has been accepted for publication in Vol. 46, No. 2 Harvard J. on Legis. 425 (Summer 2009).

Abstract: This paper examines the use of private transnational litigation to enforce the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA). Small, but repetitive bribery of foreign officials by local employees is the Achilles heel of corporate ethics. In fact, it is what perpetuates the “culture of bribery” that makes major corruption possible. Unless overseas employees refuse to give in to …

Concerted Action And The Preemption Of State Fair Trade Provisions After Leegin, Christopher J. Heck

Christopher J. Heck

ABSTRACT The issue of whether a state fair trade statue or regulation designed to protect domestic retailers or wholesalers should be preempted under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution and the Sherman Antitrust Act has vexed states, courts and litigants ever since the Supreme Court first recognized the doctrine of state action immunity in Parker v. Brown more than 65 years ago. Decisions in this area are often ambiguous and contradictory. Currently, litigants who challenge a state fair trade act or regulation must prove first that the statute in question creates inadequately regulated “concerted action” or a “meeting …

Concerted Action And The Preemption Of State Fair Trade Provisions After Leegin, Christopher J. Heck

Christopher J. Heck

ABSTRACT The issue of whether a state fair trade statue or regulation designed to protect domestic retailers or wholesalers should be preempted under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution and the Sherman Antitrust Act has vexed states, courts and litigants ever since the Supreme Court first recognized the doctrine of state action immunity in Parker v. Brown more than 65 years ago. Decisions in this area are often ambiguous and contradictory. Currently, litigants who challenge a state fair trade act or regulation must prove first that the statute in question creates inadequately regulated “concerted action” or a “meeting …

Concerted Action And The Preemption Of State Fair Trade Provisions After Leegin, Christopher J. Heck

Christopher J. Heck

ABSTRACT The issue of whether a state fair trade statue or regulation designed to protect domestic retailers or wholesalers should be preempted under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution and the Sherman Antitrust Act has vexed states, courts and litigants ever since the Supreme Court first recognized the doctrine of state action immunity in Parker v. Brown more than 65 years ago. Decisions in this area are often ambiguous and contradictory. Currently, litigants who challenge a state fair trade act or regulation must prove first that the statute in question creates inadequately regulated “concerted action” or a “meeting …

Concerted Action And The Preemption Of State Fair Trade Provisions After Leegin, Christopher J. Heck

Christopher J. Heck

ABSTRACT The issue of whether a state fair trade statue or regulation designed to protect domestic retailers or wholesalers should be preempted under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution and the Sherman Antitrust Act has vexed states, courts and litigants ever since the Supreme Court first recognized the doctrine of state action immunity in Parker v. Brown more than 65 years ago. Decisions in this area are often ambiguous and contradictory. Currently, litigants who challenge a state fair trade act or regulation must prove first that the statute in question creates inadequately regulated “concerted action” or a “meeting …

Concerted Action And The Preemption Of State Fair Trade Provisions After Leegin, Christopher J. Heck

Christopher J. Heck

ABSTRACT The issue of whether a state fair trade statue or regulation designed to protect domestic retailers or wholesalers should be preempted under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution and the Sherman Antitrust Act has vexed states, courts and litigants ever since the Supreme Court first recognized the doctrine of state action immunity in Parker v. Brown more than 65 years ago. Decisions in this area are often ambiguous and contradictory. Currently, litigants who challenge a state fair trade act or regulation must prove first that the statute in question creates inadequately regulated “concerted action” or a “meeting …

Exporting Class Actions To The European Union, Tiana Leia Russell

Tiana Leia Russell

In this paper, I present the theoretical debates regarding the value of class action litigation, both with respect to compensation and deterrence. I begin by reviewing the class action litigation model in the United States. The paper then explores the current state of private antitrust enforcement in the European Union, with specific focus on the availability of class action litigation within Europe. I discuss recent calls within the European Union for greater private enforcement of competition law and outline steps the Commission has taken in addressing that need, including the recently published White Paper on Damages for Breach of EC …

Stepping Up To The Plate: The Google-Doubleclick Merger And The Role Of The Federal Trade Commission In Protecting Online Data Privacy, Eli Edwards

Eli Edwards

The recent acquisition of DoubleClick by Google was seen by privacy organizations such as the Electronic Privacy Information Center, the Center for Digital Democracy, and others as an opportunity to have those questions answered by U.S. and EU regulators. But the merger was approved without conditions, despite the work of those concerned with privacy to encourage the merger reviews on both sides of the Atlantic to consider the implications of one company having so much personally identifiable data of Web users as a factor. The point of this paper is not to argue that the merger should have been denied, …

Rethinking The Foreign Direct Investment Process In Post Conflict Transition Couuntries, Kojo Yelpaala

Kojo Yelpaala

ABSTRACT Burdened by the remnants of conflict, continuing threats of security lapses, significant market failures and weak institutions, post conflict transition countries can hardly be described as normal economies. The task of transforming them into vibrant, productive and self-sustaining economies is no simple assignment. Constructing the blueprint for reconstruction and economic development requires creativity of the first order. Conventional theories or pure neo-liberal market driven policy levers preached by the Washington Consensus group are not likely to be productive. The design of the investment regime for development should therefore focus on non conventional policy constructs. Contrary to the received theories, …

Distinguishing The Right Of Publicity: Property Rights, Free Speech Privilege, And Competition Policy, Steven Semeraro

Steven Semeraro

The right of publicity is an enigmatic property right. Its many critics argue that it should not be a property right at all, because 1) it is unnecessary to stimulate the pursuit of fame; 2) unneeded to manage the value of publicity; and 3) undeserved in any recognized moral sense. Yet, this ostensibly persuasive critique has had little practical impact. The right of publicity today is stronger than ever. This article contends that the prevailing critique of publicity rights has failed to influence the courts in large part because each quiver in its arsenal would be just as fatal were …

The Law And Economics Of Price Discrimination In Modern Economies: Time For Reconciliation?, Daniel J. Gifford

Daniel J Gifford

The Law and Economics of Price Discrimination in Modern Economies: Time for Reconciliation? Daniel J. Gifford Robert T. Kudrle Abstract This paper examines the forms, goals, and results of price discrimination. It reviews various economic analyses and critiques of the three Pigovian types of price discrimination. It observes that economists’ traditional concern with aggregate welfare has not, until recently, been accompanied by a similar concern by lawyers. Until the late twentieth century lawyers tended to focus on “fairness” instead. These different concerns have impeded mutual understanding, as have the various meanings that lawyers and economists have attributed to such basic …

Enhancing Competition Through The Cy Pres Remedy: Suggested Best Practices, Albert A. Foer

Albert A. Foer

In class action litigation involving the antitrust laws, it is often impossible or impracticable to compensate all victims. In such cases courts sometimes employ the doctrine of “cy pres” to put the unclaimed damage funds to “the next best use,” which may include awarding funds to public interest organizations for purposes related in some way to the case. It is increasingly, and appropriately, being recognized that the cy pres doctrine can be utilized as part of a remedy for the purpose of carrying out the objectives of the antitrust laws by enhancing competition. At the same time, cy pres opens …

Interoperability: Intellectual Property Vs. Anti-Trust, Kevin W. Reckamp

Kevin W Reckamp

In the past few years, the European Union and the United States have taken differing paths in the name of consumer welfare. The European courts recently struck Microsoft with the largest fine ever for violating the EU competition laws, because Microsoft had refused to release proprietary codes to rival companies that would allow the rivals to make their products “interoperable” with Microsoft’s dominate system. The Microsoft decision is the latest in a line of cases that goes down a path of stripping intellectual property rights from an individual or company that becomes too successful. The United States has been much …

Permissible Product Hopping: Why A Per Se Legal Rule Barring Antitrust Liability Is Necessary To Protect Future Innovation In The Pharmaceutical Industry, Michelle L. Ethier

Michelle L. Ethier

Pharmaceutical product hopping is a relatively new phenomenon in which a brand-name pharmaceutical company tactically reformulates a drug and patents the reformulation in an attempt to avoid competition by a generic competitor. When viewed in the context of the Hatch-Waxman framework, product hopping can effectively eliminate generic competitors from the market, thereby implicating § 2 of the Sherman Act. In addressing antitrust liability, this Note advocates a per se legal approach to product hopping so long as the hop is supported by a valid patent. Although some have argued that deference to the United States Patent and Trademark Office and …

Can More (Foreclosure) Be Less (Harmful)? A Closer Look At Exclusivity Agreements, Ittai Paldor

Ittai Paldor

Exclusive dealing agreements, agreements whereby a firm commits to purchasing exclusively from or selling exclusively to another firm, have both pro- and anti- competitive effects. Their legality is therefore determined on a case-by-case basis under the rule of reason. Within the framework of the rule of reason, the share of the market foreclosed by the agreements is a key (although in no way the sole) element of the analysis. The prevailing view is that, all else equal, the larger the market share foreclosed – the greater the competitive danger posed by exclusivity. In the following I suggest that a careful …

A Comparison Among The Director Networks In The Main Listed Companies In France, Germany, Italy, And The United Kingdom (Powerpoint Format), Paolo Santella, Carlo Drago, Andrea Polo, Enrico Gagliardi

Paolo Santella

No abstract provided.

A Comparison Among The Director Networks In The Main Listed Companies In France, Germany, Italy, And The United Kingdom (Powerpoint Format), Paolo Santella, Carlo Drago, Andrea Polo, Enrico Gagliardi

Carlo Drago

No abstract provided.