Law Commons^™

The Transatlantic Gmo Dispute Against The European Communities: Some Preliminary Thoughts, David A. Wirth

David A. Wirth

Any day now, a World Trade Organization panel is expected to rule in a dispute between the U.S. and the EU concerning market access for genetically-engineered foods and crops. This piece, written before the release of the WTO panel's report, analyzes novel systemic issues concerning the impact of WTO law on regulatory design, at both the national and international levels, that are raised by this dispute. These include (1) the application of WTO disciplines to regulatory schemes that require prior governmental approval to protect the environment and public health from newly-introduced products and substances; (2) the role of precaution as …

Through The Looking Glass Of Eminent Domain: Exploring The “Arbitrary And Capricious” Test And Substantive Rationality Review Of Governmental Decisions, Zygmunt J.B. Plater, William Lund Norine

Zygmunt J.B. Plater

No abstract provided.

Tax Compliance And The Love Molecule, Susan Morse

Susan Cleary Morse

If oxytocin is the source of human reciprocity, then perhaps storytelling that evokes close human relationships is the key to using reciprocity to further tax compliance.

Enforcing The Enforcer: Enhancing The Fbi’S Accountability For The Use Of National Security Letters, Joshua C. Mcdaniel

Joshua C. McDaniel

In 2007, the U.S. Justice Department’s Office of the Inspector General issued the first in a series of three reports revealing that on thousands of occasions the FBI had improperly or illegally used its authority to issue national security letters. The national security letter enables the FBI to obtain confidential customer information from banks, ISPs, telephone companies, and other institutions without first obtaining a warrant or a grand jury subpoena and without the customer ever realizing.

This Comment argues that the abuses of NSL authority revealed in the Inspector General’s reports result significantly from the FBI’s lack of horizontal accountability …

Who Are Refugees?, Matthew Lister

Matthew J. Lister

Hundreds of millions of people around the world are unable to meet their needs on their own, and do not receive adequate protection or support from their home states. These people, if they are to be provided for, need assistance from the international community. If we are to meet our duties to these people, we must have ways of knowing who should be eligible for different forms of relief. One prominent proposal from scholars and activists has been to classify all who are unable to meet their basic needs on their own as "refugees," and to extend to them the …

The Benefits Of Capture, Dorit Reiss

Dorit R. Reiss

Observers of the administrative state warn against “capture” of administrative agencies and lament its disastrous effects. This article suggests that capture has another side: important benefits that should not be underestimated. Capture is a situation in which a regulated industry exerts a substantial amount of influence over the agency in question, leading to industry involvement in creation and enforcement of regulation. Scholars documenting the phenomenon have highlighted a number of negative results – lax enforcement of regulation; weak regulations; illicit benefits going to industry. However, not only is this picture incomplete, it is in substantial tension with another current strand …

Epa's Iris Program: Evaluating The Science And Process Behind Chemical Risk Assessment, Rena I. Steinzor

Rena I. Steinzor

No abstract provided.

The Federal Government’S Ability To Respond To A Major Terrorist Attack: Issues, Concerns And Inadequacies In The Disaster Law Construct, M. Jonathan Gil

Michael J Gil

The cunning and zeal of the world’s terrorist organizations require that this country prepare itself for large-scale disaster relief operations. As it stands, the Stafford Act, as well as federal and local government policies are lacking. The federal government has floundered in past situations, and Americans have died as a result. In order to remedy these shortcomings, the government should take two different stances: hands on, and hands off. The hands-on approach is designed to address the shortfalls of past disaster response and the current system, while the hands-off approach is designed to allow the entire relief operation to operate …

Conflict Of Interest That Led To The Gulf Oil Disaster, Peter J. Honigsberg

Peter J Honigsberg

On April 20, 2010, British Petroleum’s Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico exploded, killing eleven people and spilling billions of gallons of oil into the gulf. In the days and weeks that followed, the media pointed to the Minerals Management Services (MMS), the regulatory agency responsible for managing offshore drilling, as being complicit with BP. The MMS issued permits for deepwater drilling in violation of its regulations; provided hundreds of exemptions to the regulations; maintained lax monitoring and enforcement procedures; allowed the companies to draft regulations that suited their interests and objectives; and engaged in inappropriate relationships …

The Growing Consumer Exposure To Nanotechnology In Everyday Products: Regulating Innovative Technologies In Light Of Lessons From The Past, K Van Tassel, R Goldman

Katharine A. Van Tassel

Consumers in the United States are being exposed to steadily increasing levels of novel and untested engineered nanoparticles as a result of their contact with everyday consumer products. Nanoparticles are very small particles that are engineered using innovative technologies to be 1 to 100 nanometers in size. Just how small is small? In comparison, a human hair is 80,000 nanometers wide. Nanoscale materials are increasingly being used in a wide variety of areas, including electronic, magnetic, medical imaging, drug delivery, catalytic, materials applications, and cosmetic products. According to the National Institute of Occupational Health, new nanotechnology consumer products are coming …

Punctuated Equilibrium: A Model For Administrative Evolution, Mark Niles

Mark C Niles

PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM: A MODEL FOR ADMINISTRATIVE EVOLUTION By Mark C. Niles† The “public choice” model of the administrative state posits a federal regulatory structure that is dominated by the private entities subject to its policy proscriptions. The formidable advantages in resources and focus enjoyed by the these private entities leave governmental units, like agencies and legislatures, with little realistic chance to resist agency capture and avoid implementing the policy objectives of the parties whom they are charged with regulating. As theoretically powerful and practically descriptive as this model is, there is one significant question for which it fails to provide …

Capture In Financial Regulation: Can We Channel It Toward The Common Good?, Lawrence G. Baxter

Lawrence G. Baxter

Abstract

“Regulatory capture” is central to regulatory analysis yet is a troublesome concept. It is difficult to prove and sometimes seems refuted by outcomes unfavorable to powerful interests. Nevertheless, the process of bank regulation and supervision fosters a closeness between regulator and regulated that would seem to be conducive to “capture” or at least to fostering undue sympathy by regulators for the companies they oversee. The influence of very large financial institutions has also become so great that financial regulation appears to have become excessively distorted in favor of these entities and to the detriment of many other legitimate interests, …

Avoiding Independent Agency Armageddon, Kent Barnett

Kent H Barnett

In Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated Congress’ use of two layers of tenure protection to shield Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) members from the President’s removal. The SEC could appoint and remove PCAOB members. An implied tenure-protection provision protected the SEC from the President’s at-will removal. And a statutory tenure-protection provision protected PCAOB members from the SEC’s at-will removal. The Court held that these “tiered” tenure protections unconstitutionally impinged upon the President’s removal power because they prevented the President from holding the SEC responsible for PCAOB’s actions in the same …

Interactive Regulation, Robert C. Bird

Robert C Bird

Small businesses shoulder significant costs in order to comply with the maze of government regulation that impacts commerce. The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) was designed to alleviate that burden by making regulators more accountable in their enforcement of agency mandates. The RFA just celebrated its thirtieth birthday, and one of the most important pieces of business legislation developed during the 1970s has yet to fulfill its promise. This article examines not just the calls for statutory reform but also the motivations and perceptions of the individuals most impacted by business regulation. We propose that while legal reform can be helpful, …

Testing The Ossification Thesis: An Empirical Examination Of Federal Regulatory Volume And Speed, 1950-1990, Jason Yackee

Jason Yackee

We present one of the first empirical assessments of the prominent ossifica-tion thesis in administrative law scholarship. Scholars argue that the federal courts’ embrace of the “hard look” doctrine of judicial review in the 1970s, along with the imposition of procedural constraints on agency autonomy by the White House and Congress in the 1980s, have severely limited the ability of federal agencies to regulate in the public interest. This conventional wis-dom has remained largely untested. To test it, we constructed an original da-tabase of the universe of notice-and-comment rules proposed and promul-gated by the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) …

Who’S Afraid Of The Supremacy Clause? State Regulation Of Air Pollution From Offshore Ships Is Upheld In Pacific Merchant Shipping Association V. Goldstene, Jennifer Hammitt

Jennifer Hammitt

No abstract provided.

Is The Attorney-Client Privilege A Privilege Of The Rich? Federal Hmis Database Reporting And Homeless Client Confidentiality, Jennifer Hammitt

Jennifer Hammitt

No abstract provided.

An Introduction To The 2010 Model State Administrative Procedure Act, John L. Gedid

John L. Gedid

No abstract provided.

How Australia Got A Vat, Susan C. Morse

Susan Cleary Morse

Australia got its goods and services tax – its VAT -- in 2000. It enacted GST legislation through ordinary political channels, without external pressure from a multinational organization, without the pressure of an extreme national fiscal crisis and without an unusual exercise of executive authority. And the GST-enacting center-right Liberal-National Party government retained control for seven years after the reform.

This paper tells the Australian story in four parts: (1) framing the GST as a relatively efficient tax; (2) building a coalition between business and social welfare interest groups; (3) emphasizing efficiency while addressing regressivity in the political and legislative …

Drug User Fees, Health Priorities, Politics, The Deficit And Reform Directions, Margaret Gilhooley

Margaret Gilhooley

The Food and Drug Administration now depends on user fees paid by drug companies to support more than half the salaries of the medical reviewers who advise the agency on the appropriateness of approving the drug. The funding creates a substantial risk of "capture" of the agency by the industry. Under the program,which started in 1992, drug companies pay a fee that permits the agency to hire additional reviewers to make more timely reviews on whether a drug can be approved. Under the law the agency seeks to meet performance goals for the timing of reviews, giving the program the …

Pennsylvania's 2008 Right To Know Law: Open Access At Last, John L. Gedid

John L. Gedid

No abstract provided.

Failed Exactions, Mark Fenster

Mark Fenster

Regulatory Overlap, Overlapping Legal Fields, And Statutory Discontinuities, Todd S. Aagaard

Todd S Aagaard

Lawmakers and scholars alike criticize regulatory overlap on the ground that giving administrative agencies overlapping jurisdiction leads to duplicative or conflicting regulation which is inefficient and unduly burdensome. This Article challenges this orthodox account of regulatory overlap through examination of six case studies in which the Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration have managed their jurisdictional overlap so as to create regulatory synergy rather than dysfunction. Although this Article is not the first to argue that regulatory overlap may improve the effectiveness of regulatory programs, the case studies examined here highlight two important aspects of regulatory …