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Articles 1 - 30 of 62
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Federal Sentencing Guidelines: A Guideline To Remedy Ohio's Sentencing Disparities For White-Collar Criminal Defendants, Joelle Livorse
The Federal Sentencing Guidelines: A Guideline To Remedy Ohio's Sentencing Disparities For White-Collar Criminal Defendants, Joelle Livorse
Cleveland State Law Review
Over the past few decades, white-collar crimes have significantly increased across the country, especially in Ohio. However, Ohio’s judges are ill-equipped to handle the influx of cases. Unlike federal judges who are guided by the U.S. Sentencing Commission’s Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Ohio’s judges have significantly more sentencing discretion because the Ohio legislature provides minimal guidance for these crimes. As a result, Ohio’s white-collar criminal defendants are experiencing dramatic sentencing variations. To solve this problem, Ohio should look to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and neighboring states to adopt and create an innovative sentencing model tailored to white-collar crime. Unlike the federal …
Ohio's Targeted Community Alternative To Prison Program: How A Good Idea Is Implemented Through Bad Policy, Samantha Sohl
Ohio's Targeted Community Alternative To Prison Program: How A Good Idea Is Implemented Through Bad Policy, Samantha Sohl
Cleveland State Law Review
Just because a legislature can make a law doesn’t mean that they should. The Ohio General Assembly enacted the Targeted Community Alternatives to Prison (T-CAP) program to decrease the number of convicted defendants sent to state prison and to increase funding for community control efforts. While the law may be upheld under the Ohio Constitution’s Uniformity Clause, the law should still be repealed because legislative control and financial influence have no place in the judicial branch, specifically the criminal sentencing process. However, the law is rooted in good intentions, and many judges have found the additional funding useful, but the …
Public Requitals: Corrective, Retributive, And Distributive Justice, Bailey Kuklin
Public Requitals: Corrective, Retributive, And Distributive Justice, Bailey Kuklin
Cleveland State Law Review
The currently predominant view of public requitals for criminal behavior draws on the deontic guidance provided rather sketchily by Kant’s writings. He offers a broad, formal framework for the mandate to respect others and punish those who criminally violate the mandate. As ethical beings, people have the duty to avoid invading the "autonomy space" of others that is delineated by maxims designed to reasonably and fairly balance everyone’s equal liberty and security interests. Once society settles on a complete and coherent set of maxims that determines the reach of one’s autonomy space, it must then turn to maxims that address …
When Is A Trafficking Victim A Trafficking Victim? Anti-Prostitution Statutes And Victim Protection, Michele Boggiani
When Is A Trafficking Victim A Trafficking Victim? Anti-Prostitution Statutes And Victim Protection, Michele Boggiani
Cleveland State Law Review
Victims of sex-market trafficking are often criminalized under anti-prostitution statutes rather than protected under anti-trafficking laws. As a result, trafficking victims suffer ramifications resulting from both the exploitation of their captors and the social stigma of criminalization. The combined hardships make it exponentially more difficult for victims to overcome their past and safely reintegrate into society. This Article first identifies the sources of the double-victimization problem, including the perpetuated stereotypes regarding trafficking victims and the methods of exploitation, inadequate law enforcement training, and statutes that conflate sex-market victims with prostitution. Having identified the source of the problem, the author proposes …
Courts Caught In The Web: Fixing A Failed System With Factors Designed For Sentencing Child Pornography Offenders, Brendan J. Sheehan
Courts Caught In The Web: Fixing A Failed System With Factors Designed For Sentencing Child Pornography Offenders, Brendan J. Sheehan
Cleveland State Law Review
This Article introduces a Study, compiling data of 238 internet crimes against children occurring between 2008-2012, and concludes there is no correlation between presentence risk assessment scores and the subsequent sentences imposed by Northeast Ohio judges. The current risk assessment tools are insufficient and should be replaced by a comprehensive multi-factor approach that assesses relevant factors and identifies an offender’s placement on the “Spiral of Abuse” to aid Northeast Ohio judges in crafting fair, just, and consistent sentences for CPOs.
The Marriage Of State Law And Individual Rights And A New Limit On The Federal Death Penalty, Jonathan Ross
The Marriage Of State Law And Individual Rights And A New Limit On The Federal Death Penalty, Jonathan Ross
Cleveland State Law Review
Since the 1990s, federal prosecutors have, with increasing frequency, sought the death penalty for federal offenses committed in and also punishable under the laws of non-death penalty states. Critics of this practice have pointed out that federal prosecutors can use the federal death penalty to circumvent a state's abolition of capital punishment. Courts, however, have almost unanimously rejected arguments that state law should be a shield from federal punishment for federal offenses. This article proposes a novel way to challenge the federal death penalty's use in a non-death penalty state—the Supreme Court's reasoning in United States v. Windsor. In Windsor, …
The "Orwellian Consequence" Of Smartphone Tracking: Why A Warrant Under The Fourth Amendment Is Required Prior To Collection Of Gps Data From Smartphones, Matthew Devoy Jones
The "Orwellian Consequence" Of Smartphone Tracking: Why A Warrant Under The Fourth Amendment Is Required Prior To Collection Of Gps Data From Smartphones, Matthew Devoy Jones
Cleveland State Law Review
This Note argues that a warrant under the Fourth Amendment, rather than under the ECPA or no warrant at all, must be obtained prior to collection of GPS data from a user’s smartphone, whether payment for the phone is contractual or pay-asyou-go. This Note discusses smartphones and how the purpose of the Fourth Amendment applies to smartphone tracking. This Note also discusses the legislative intent behind the ECPA and its inapplicability to smartphone tracking. In addition, this Note addresses United States Supreme Court decisions regarding electronic monitoring by law enforcement, as well as the development and present use of GPS …
The Rise And Fall Of The Miranda Warnings In Popular Culture, Ronald Steiner, Rebecca Bauer, Rohit Talwar
The Rise And Fall Of The Miranda Warnings In Popular Culture, Ronald Steiner, Rebecca Bauer, Rohit Talwar
Cleveland State Law Review
While Dickerson's rationale is certainly correct in presuming that those over thirty have already learned about the Miranda warning from decades of television, younger generations only have today's Miranda-less programming on which to form their assumptions about law enforcement. Miranda can still be found on television, but its presence has severely diminished over the years. If this trend continues, how will America's current youth internalize the Miranda warning in the way older generations have? Near-universal awareness of Miranda is an artifact of a shared popular culture in which the repetition of the warnings was pervasive and inescapable. But how can …
The Police-Prosecutor Relationship And The No-Contact Rule: Conflicting Incentives After Montejo V. Louisiana And Maryland V. Shatzer, Caleb Mason
Cleveland State Law Review
In this paper, I examine the consequences of the divergence of ethical and constitutional rules, with particular attention to the institutional dynamics of criminal investigation and specifically the relationship between police and prosecutors. This relationship is of crucial importance because Montejo and Shatzer create a legal regime in which non-lawyer agents and officers may initiate investigative contact with represented defendants in circumstances in which prosecutors are absolutely forbidden to do so. This situation undermines the ability of prosecutors to effectively supervise the investigation of their cases and puts them in an untenable position when advising agents on the law.
Habeas Corpus Writ Of Liberty, Boumediene And Beyond, Scott J. Shackelford
Habeas Corpus Writ Of Liberty, Boumediene And Beyond, Scott J. Shackelford
Cleveland State Law Review
This book review focuses on Robert Walker's Habeas Corpus Writ of Liberty: English and American Origins and Development.
Dangerously Sidestepping The Fourth Amendment: How Courts Are Allowing Third-Party Consent To Bypass Warrants For Searching Password-Protected Computer, David D. Thomas
Dangerously Sidestepping The Fourth Amendment: How Courts Are Allowing Third-Party Consent To Bypass Warrants For Searching Password-Protected Computer, David D. Thomas
Cleveland State Law Review
This Note sets forth that it is unacceptable for law enforcement to ignore the presence of passwords simply because they may not be immediately visible. Furthermore, it is contrary to the Fourth Amendment for law enforcement to rely on third parties who grant access to search the data without knowledge of the password to unlock the data. Principles hammered out over time for searches and seizures of physically locked objects can easily be transposed and extended to fit the virtual world while still providing people the protections of the Fourth Amendment.
Stripped Of Justification: The Eleventh Circuit's Abolition Of The Reasonable Suspicion Requirement For Booking Strip Searches In Prisons, Andrew A. Crampton
Stripped Of Justification: The Eleventh Circuit's Abolition Of The Reasonable Suspicion Requirement For Booking Strip Searches In Prisons, Andrew A. Crampton
Cleveland State Law Review
Part II of this Note will provide an historical judicial background of the decisions leading up to the Powell v. Barrett decision. This section will first take a brief look at the history of the prison strip search before conducting an in-depth analysis at the Bell v. Wolfish decision, including the facts, rationale, and ambiguities of the decision. Next, this Note will examine the subsequent use of the Bell v. Wolfish decision by the federal courts in the context of strip searches conducted pursuant to facilities' booking policies, focusing on the rise of the “reasonable suspicion” standard. Part III of …
What The High Court Giveth The Lower Courts Taketh Away: How To Prevent Undue Scrutiny Of Police Officer Motivations Without Eroding Randolph's Heightened Fourth Amendment Protections, Marc Mcallister
Cleveland State Law Review
Beginning in 1969 with Frazier v. Cupp and extending through early 2006, the Supreme Court followed a trend of expanding the scope of lawful warrantless consent searches and correspondingly limiting privacy rights under the Fourth Amendment. Most likely, Georgia v. Randolph will be remembered as a bump along the road toward an ever-expanding consent doctrine. Despite Chief Justice Roberts' concerns, post-Randolph case law reveals that Randolph is not the watershed case its dissenters feared. Part II of this article summarizes the Randolph decision with emphasis on the Court's express limitations of its rule. Part III describes various post-Randolph cases that …
Inconsistent Methods For The Adjudication Of Alleged Mentally Retarded Individuals: A Comparison Of Ohio's And Georgia's Post-Atkins Frameworks For Determining Mental Retardation, Scott R. Poe
Cleveland State Law Review
This Note compares Ohio's and Georgia's post-Atkins frameworks for determining mental retardation. Ohio's framework offers a fairer application of Atkins and should serve as a guide for a national legal standard for use by state trial courts to determine mental retardation. Specifically, Ohio's use of preponderance of the evidence is a more appropriate standard of proof for determining mental retardation because it better reaches the overall goal in Atkins. Allowing the judge to make the mental retardation determination protects the alleged mentally retarded defendant from potential jury bias. Because Ohio's and Georgia's definitions of mental retardation are substantially similar and …
Aedpa Statute Of Limitations: Is It Tolled When The United States Supreme Court Is Asked To Review A Judgment From A State Post-Conviction Proceeding, Diane E. Courselle
Aedpa Statute Of Limitations: Is It Tolled When The United States Supreme Court Is Asked To Review A Judgment From A State Post-Conviction Proceeding, Diane E. Courselle
Cleveland State Law Review
This thirty-seven word provision [the tolling provision in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act] has been construed by the United States Supreme Court three times since 1996, and yet several questions remain unanswered. One such unanswered question is whether tolling occurs when a petitioner files a petition for writ of certiorari to the United State Supreme Court from the state court postconviction decision. In other words, does seeking the United States Supreme Court's review from a state court's final decision on an "application for State post-conviction or other collateral review" keep the state post-conviction application "pending?" That is the …
Booker And Our Brave New World: The Tension Among The Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Judicial Discretion, And A Defendant's Constitutional Right To Trial By Jury, Kristina Walter
Cleveland State Law Review
This Note examines the inherent conflict among the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, judicial discretion, and a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury. Part two of this Note will provide a historical overview of the Guidelines. Part three will discuss the application of the Guidelines and the role of juries and judges at sentencing hearings. Part four will highlight criticisms relating to how the Guidelines often usurp power from juries and judges. Part five will examine the milestone cases of Blakely v. Washington, United States v. Booker, and United States v. Fanfan (hereinafter "Booker" refers to the combined cases …
The Legal Presumption Of Reason: Noble Truth, Useful Fiction, Ignoble Lie, Ngaire Naffine
The Legal Presumption Of Reason: Noble Truth, Useful Fiction, Ignoble Lie, Ngaire Naffine
Cleveland State Law Review
In criminal law theory and doctrine there appear to be several competing assumptions about the sort of people that we are. My task in this paper is, first, to expound and compare what I see as the three prevailing theories of our rational natures to be found in criminal law theory, doctrine and procedure. Second, I will consider the relation between these theories of our rational natures and the actual practices of the criminal courts. And third, in the course of so doing, I will consider the beneficiaries and casualties of this criminal law theory and practical justice.
Nothing Less Than The Dignity Of Man: Evolving Standards, Botched Executions And Utah's Controversial Use Of The Firing Squad , Christopher Q. Cutler
Nothing Less Than The Dignity Of Man: Evolving Standards, Botched Executions And Utah's Controversial Use Of The Firing Squad , Christopher Q. Cutler
Cleveland State Law Review
While outrage boils to the surface when Utah uses its firing squad option, there is little substantive legal development concerning the firing squad's use. Few cases have challenged the firing squad's constitutionality. This article discusses the legal and political implications of the firing squad. Using the Supreme Court's everdeveloping Eighth Amendment jurisprudence as a guide, this article discusses whether the firing squad, both historically and in its present application, passes constitutional muster. Beyond those factors that trigger constitutional protection, this article discusses those elements of the firing squad's use which define society's humanity and demonstrate our dignity. In the end, …
Questioning The Rights Of Juvenile Prisoners During Interrogation , Adam Mizock
Questioning The Rights Of Juvenile Prisoners During Interrogation , Adam Mizock
Cleveland State Law Review
Part I of this Note will review a recent Colorado case involving the interrogation of a juvenile prisoner and the application of the additional-restraint factors within a totality-of-the-circumstances analysis. Part II will analyze how the decision in the Colorado case and the additional-restraint factors comport with the meaning of "custody" as set forth in U.S. courts' jurisprudence on custodial interrogations. Part III will propose that juvenile prisoners should be presumed in custody for Miranda purposes absent exceptional circumstances. It then will present the justification for this presumption, including a discussion of the solicitude normally provided to juveniles in the criminal …
Judicial Reform Of Habeas Corpus: The Advocates' Lament, Christopher E. Smith
Judicial Reform Of Habeas Corpus: The Advocates' Lament, Christopher E. Smith
Cleveland State Law Review
The U. S. Supreme Court has engineered significant changes in habeas corpus procedures. Any change in law or public policy has consequences for the human beings whose lives come into contact with the changed law or policy. Critics have accused the Rehnquist Court of "dismantling access to federal habeas corpus review guaranteed by statute since 1867." As a result, concerns have emerged regarding the consequences for potential petitioners whose claims can no longer be reviewed by federal judges. While the fate of death row inmates is the most important consequence of habeas corpus reform, anecdotal reports on these controversial cases …
Rethinking Venue In Light Of The Rodney King Case: An Interest Analysis, Marvin Zalman, Maurisa Gates
Rethinking Venue In Light Of The Rodney King Case: An Interest Analysis, Marvin Zalman, Maurisa Gates
Cleveland State Law Review
This article analyzes the California Court of Appeals decision in Powell v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County that issued a writ of mandate on pretrial appeal directing the trial judge to order a defense motion for change of venue. The premise of the article is that the decision was inadequate in significant ways and concludes that the court of appeals improperly exercised its discretion. The venue in the "Rodney King" case properly belonged in Los Angeles County. Two broad lines of reasoning supporting this conclusion are offered. First, as discussed in Part II, the reasoning of Powell was wanting. …
Resisting Unlawful Arrest: A Due Process Perspective, Penn Lerblance
Resisting Unlawful Arrest: A Due Process Perspective, Penn Lerblance
Cleveland State Law Review
To resist arrest is a crime. But is it a crime if the arrest resisted is unlawful? More particularly, is a lawful arrest an issue in a trial for resisting arrest? This inquiry invokes the constitutional due process problem of proof illustrated in Hoover v. Garfield Heights Municipal Court, decided in September 1986 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Section II discusses the Hoover case, and then Section III delves into the issue of a right to resist an unlawful arrest. Section IV explains that an unlawful arrest is authorized when there is a legislative …
Multiple Convictions Statute In Ohio: Has It Achieved Its Intended Result, Dale A. Nowak, Jeffrey A. Key
Multiple Convictions Statute In Ohio: Has It Achieved Its Intended Result, Dale A. Nowak, Jeffrey A. Key
Cleveland State Law Review
The Ohio Allied Offense Statute is a codification of the common law doctrine of merger and is the Ohio legislature's attempt to insulate criminal defendants from harsh and absurd punishment. This Article discusses the relationship of certain constitutional guarantees against multiple punishments to the Allied Offense Statute and the multiple punishment controversy in Ohio.
Capital Punishment In Ohio: Aggravating Circumstances, Elaine C. Hilliard
Capital Punishment In Ohio: Aggravating Circumstances, Elaine C. Hilliard
Cleveland State Law Review
The state of Ohio enacted a new death penalty statute which became effective October 19, 1981. As of January 18, 1983, eighty-three defendants had been indicted under the new statute. It is, therefore, both necessary and timely to evaluate Ohio's statutory delineation of who may die and its effect for compliance with constitutional mandates. This Note sets forth the hypotheses and supporting legal authority for analyzing Ohio's statutory aggravating circumstances individually and in the aggregate on equal protection and procedural due process grounds.
Robbins, Belton And Ross: Reconsideration Of Bright Line Rules For Warrantless Container Searches, Christopher J. St. John
Robbins, Belton And Ross: Reconsideration Of Bright Line Rules For Warrantless Container Searches, Christopher J. St. John
Cleveland State Law Review
This Note analyzes the development of these warrantless container search and seizure exceptions to furnish a comprehensive review of their justifications. The major focus is on the underlying rationale of Belton and Ross and the possible ramifications of such far-reaching warrant exceptions. The Note recommends that state courts interpret their state constitutions to allow the less drastic alternative of warrantless seizures of certain containers rather than warrantless searches as permitted by Belton and Ross under the federal Constitution. In addition, an analytic methodology for isolating interrelated yet distinct search and seizure questions is proposed. Initially, a general background of fourth …
Student Representation Of Indigent Defendants And The Sixth Amendment: On A Collision Course, Robert M. Hardaway
Student Representation Of Indigent Defendants And The Sixth Amendment: On A Collision Course, Robert M. Hardaway
Cleveland State Law Review
This article will review the parallel patterns of development of clinical education and the sixth amendment, highlighting areas in which the practices of the former either conflict, or contain the potential for conflict with the latter. An analysis will be made of the present legal status of law student representation of indigent criminal defendants, with reference primarily to constitutional and sixth amendment considerations, but also to such related matters as the confidentiality of student-client communications, law student professional responsibility, and the applicability to students of state bar disciplinary rules. Finally, guidelines will be proposed regarding the proper scope of student …
The Putative Defendant In A Federal Grand Jury Investigation, Edward F. Marek
The Putative Defendant In A Federal Grand Jury Investigation, Edward F. Marek
Cleveland State Law Review
This article will examine substantive and procedural considerations arising in connection with the representation of a putative defendant or a subpoenaed witness who may become exposed to criminal charges or contempt in the course of a grand jury investigation. Subtle as well as obvious applications of the fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination will be addressed. In addition, certain problem areas will be explored such as whether a "target" of a grand jury investigation who is under subpoena can legally avoid an appearance, or whether illegally obtained evidence can be used to obtain an indictment, or whether and under what circumstances …
The Putative Defendant In A Federal Grand Jury Investigation, Edward F. Marek
The Putative Defendant In A Federal Grand Jury Investigation, Edward F. Marek
Cleveland State Law Review
This article will examine substantive and procedural considerations arising in connection with the representation of a putative defendant or a subpoenaed witness who may become exposed to criminal charges or contempt in the course of a grand jury investigation. Subtle as well as obvious applications of the fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination will be addressed. In addition, certain problem areas will be explored such as whether a "target" of a grand jury investigation who is under subpoena can legally avoid an appearance, or whether illegally obtained evidence can be used to obtain an indictment, or whether and under what circumstances …
Telephonic Search Warrants: A New Equation For Exigent Circumstances, Edward F. Marek
Telephonic Search Warrants: A New Equation For Exigent Circumstances, Edward F. Marek
Cleveland State Law Review
The availability of a telephonic or radio-obtained search warrant has changed the equation used by the courts in determining the exigency of a given situation which is claimed to justify a warrantless search. This Article will examine the change in the exigent circumstances equation. It will also focus on the impact of Rule 41(c)(2) on judicial remedies for warrantless searches. These remedies include suppression on traditional Fourth Amendment grounds, as well as the use of a federal court's supervisory power over the administration of criminal justice.
The Prediction Of Court Appearance: A Study Of Bail In Cleveland, Peter Tyler Enslein
The Prediction Of Court Appearance: A Study Of Bail In Cleveland, Peter Tyler Enslein
Cleveland State Law Review
Bail is an ancient device designed to allow persons charged with criminal offenses to be released from jail pending their trial, while assuring the defendant's later appearance in court. Every decision to release a criminal defendant prior to trial involves an evaluation of numerous factors that might affect the likelihood of his later court appearance. This note presents the results of a study of bail in Cleveland, Ohio (the "Cleveland Study"), designed to aid in that evaluation by developing an objective method of predicting the later court appearance of felony defendants.