Law Commons^™

Jurisdiction In Nineteenth Century International Law And Its Meaning In The Citizenship Clause Of The Fourteenth Amendment, Robert E. Mensel

Saint Louis University Public Law Review

This article addresses the meaning of the citizenship clauses of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment by augmenting the historical record relevant to those clauses. It argues that the key to understanding their meaning lies in the nineteenth century concept of allegiance, the central concept in the international law of citizenship and subjecthood in the nineteenth century. International law, diplomatic history, and international conflict centered around that concept, reveal complexities not fully explored in the previous scholarly literature on the citizenship clauses. Conflicting national claims to the allegiance of subjects and citizens and to the duties …

American Parent Bank Liability For Foreign Branch Deposits: Which Party Bears Sovereign Risk?, Adam Telanoff

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

Understanding Imf Stand-By Arrangements From The Perspective Of International And Domestic Law: The Experience Of Venezuela In The 1990s, Gabriel Garcia

Dr Gabriel Garcia

During the 1990s, international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) promoted the so-called 'Washington Consensus'. One of the premises of the consensus was that developing countries needed to embrace a market economy and build a legal system supportive of the rule of law in order to promote progress and defeat poverty. The onset of financial crises across South America and the inability of governments to deal with problems derived from this financial meltdown provided the proitious conditions for the IMF to implement its agenda of promoting a market economy and the rule of …

China In Africa And The Law, Salvatore Mancuso

Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law

This paper is based on the enormous amount of Chinese investments in Africa, with the objective of considering the legal aspects involved therein. Under international business law, commercial relations are usually ruled according to the law of the country hosting the investment.

This paper will examine the challenges presented by Chinese investments in Africa given that the systems of business law in Africa are generally out of date and enforcement mechanisms under Western rule of law standards are often far from the reality. This observation is accompanied by the fact that there is presently a wide movement towards legal integration …

Corruption And Bribery In Islamic Law: Are Islamic Ideals Being Met In Practice?, Mohamed A. Arafa

Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law

Islam looks to a significant degree to moral development within the individual to strengthen resolve and foster self-restraint. The focus is upon shaping the higher-order preferences elaborated in the Qur’an and the Sunnah through the law of Sharie‘a, reinforced by a powerful spiritual incentive system. Both legal systems—domestic and international—can learn from the Islamic legal system. To get a better understanding of this law, Part I will present a brief survey of Islamic law and Fiqh (“Islamic Jurisprudence”), sources of this law, the famous Islamic schools of jurisprudence (“Fiqh Al-Mazaheb/madhhabs”), and then an overview of the fundamental legal principles in …

An Overview Of The Challenges Facing The International Court Of Justice In The 21st Century, S. Gozie Ogbodo

Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law

The effectiveness of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is critical for global survival and progress in the 21st century. Unfortunately, after over six decades in existence, the Court’s influence is declining. This work argues that to revitalize the influence and effectiveness of the Court, some vital reforms must be undertaken in the ICJ system. These reforms must address: (1) the process of election and re-election of ICJ judges; (2) the conflict of interest arising from the presence of permanent members of the United Nations Security Council on the Court; (3) the issue of the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction; and (4) …

Impediments To Human Rights Protection In Nigeria, Jacob Abiodun Dada

Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law

The promotion and protection of human rights have engaged the attention of the world community, and though the African country of Nigeria has subscribed to major international human rights instruments, violations continue to occur with disturbing frequency and regularity in that nation. Why is this so? This article examines the multifarious and multidimensional impediments which have hamstrung meaningful enjoyment of human rights in Nigeria. It points out the shortcomings of the dualist model under the Nigerian Constitution and stresses the objectionable wide amplitude of the derogation clauses. It also makes suggestions for reform.

Cite as: 18 Annl. Survey Int'l. Comp. …

Corrective Rape In South Africa: A Continuing Plight Despite An International Human Rights Repsonse, Roderick Brown

Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law

First, this paper will discuss the historical and societal basis for corrective rape, then, its scope and presence globally. Subsequently, the paper will introduce the laws and policies that should address the problem of corrective rape, and how the South African state and citizens violate them, including, first, the international human rights framework that existed before corrective rape came into the spotlight; then, it will address the recent developments that were instituted in response to violations of LGBTI rights globally. Finally, the paper will provide specific laws and policies that should be implemented in order to provide effective and durable …

Regulatory Conflicts: International Tender And Exchange Offers In The 1990s, John C. Maguire

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

Federal Judicial And Legislative Jurisdiction Over Entities Abroad: The Long-Arm Of U.S. Antitrust Law And Viable Solutions Beyond The Timberlane/Restatement Comity Approach, Michael G. Mckinnon

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

International Activity And Domestic Law, Adam I. Muchmore

Journal Articles

This invited essay explores the ways States use their domestic laws to regulate activities that cross national borders. Domestic-law enforcement decisions play an underappreciated role in the development of international regulatory policy, particularly in situations where the enforcing State's power to apply its law extraterritorially is not contested. Collective action problems suggest there will be an undersupply of enforcement decisions that promote global welfare and an oversupply of enforcement decisions that promote national welfare. These collective action problems may be mitigated in part by government networks and other forms of regulatory cooperation.

Political Question Or Judicial Query: An Examination Of The Modern Doctrine And Its Inapplicability To Human Rights Mass Tort Litigation, Nancy S. Williams

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

Overreach On The High Seas?: Whether Federal Maritime Law Preempts California's Vessel Fuel Rules , Bradley D. Easterbrooks

Pepperdine Law Review

This Comment addresses whether California’s Vessel Fuel Rules, which require all foreign and U.S. flagged vessels traveling within twenty-four miles of California's coastline to use low-sulfur content fuels, is preempted by the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution. More specifically, this Comment addresses whether the Clean Air Act, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), the Submerged Lands Act, and/or general principles of federal maritime law prohibit the California Air Resources Board from enforcing its Vessel Fuel Rules against vessels engaged in maritime commerce in navigable waters, particularly waters beyond the three-mile band beyond the California …

Blue Jeans, Chewing Gum, And Climate Change Litigation: American Exports To Europe, Daniel Hare

Daniel Hare

This paper analyzes how American-style climate change litigation might be adopted by the European Union (EU) and projects potential methods by which the EU might employ the U.S. model, if it indeed chooses to take the climate change battle to the courts. By synthesizing existing U.S. case law in the environment and climate change fields, the paper roughly defines the “American model” of climate change litigation as parens patriae actions, oftentimes based in the tort of public nuisance, brought by states and other sovereign entities against polluter-defendants. The structural differences between the common law United States and predominantly civil law …

Pending Hague Convention On Protection Of Incapacitated Adults, Russell E. Carlisle

Marquette Elder's Advisor

The adoption and ratification of the proposed Hague Convention on the Protection of Incapacitated Adults will provide an expeditious and certain means of solving international problems involving the disabled and the elderly. This article looks at some of the issues addressed by the convention and at the complex process involved in its creation and execution.

"Roads? Where We're Going We Don't Need Roads:" The Transformation Of The Roadless Rule Into An American Carbon Sink, Sam W. Gieryn

Sam W. Gieryn

Abstract “Roads? Where We’re Going, We Don’t Need Roads:” The Transformation of the Roadless Rule into an American Carbon Sink. By: Sam Gieryn Climate change continues to become a global problem, but for the United States, part of the solution is closer than we think. In the search for an effective means to halt the adverse effects of global warming, scientists discovered the benefits of carbon sequestration from forests. The United States contains nearly 750 million acres of forest, which this paper proposes the nation uses to combat climate change. In 2001, the Clinton Administration took notice of the importance …

The (Too) Long Arm Of The S.E.C.: When A Foreign Employee Of A U.S.-Based Multinational Financial Services Client Is Threatened With A Subpoena, Jonathan R. Law

Jonathan R Law

As businesses and financial institutions engage in transactions with increasingly international scope, U.S. regulatory agencies follow closely behind, investigating potential violations of the securities and exchange laws. Of all the investigative powers of the Securities and Exchange Commission, one of the more feared is the ability to issue administrative subpoenas and have them enforced by a Federal court. What is troubling, however, is the SEC’s recent foray into investigating possible misconduct across U.S. borders through subpoenaing foreign employees conducting business overseas. This article argues that in certain circumstances, the SEC does not have the authority to issue or enforce an …

International Rights Of Older Persons: What Difference Would A New Convention Make To Lives Of Older People?, Israel Doron, Itai Apter

Marquette Elder's Advisor

This article tries to answer the following question: What difference, if any, would a new convention on the rights of older persons make to the lives of older people in light of the previous experiences with the Convention on the Eliminations of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)? In order to answer this question, the authors focus on the existing legal literature on international human rights law, with a particular focus on international human rights treaties. To better understand international human rights treaties, the article also discusses the CRC …

International Human Rights And The Elderly, Jaclynn M. Miller

Marquette Elder's Advisor

This article argues that despite the international instruments that make reference to the rights of the elderly, steps still need to be taken to ensure that both laws and enforcement policies are being created internationally and nationally to protect the elderly, especially those who need institutionalized care. For this to occur, better enforcement mechanisms must be created, primarily an international treaty specifically designed to protect the rights of the elderly. In the course of this argument, the article discusses the definition of old age, the existing international legal framework for the protection of the elderly, and examples of elder abuse. …

Thinking About Tax Malpractice: Outline And Hypotheticals, Michael Lang

Michael B. Lang

There may be a lot of ethical traps that face the tax practitioner but there are also common-sense ways to avoid them.

Cross-Border Ip Infringement: Patents, Marketa Trimble

Boyd Briefs / Road Scholars

Professor Marketa Trimble presented these materials at the CASRIP 20th Anniversary / IP LLM 10th Anniversary IP-across Topic Scholarship Conference on July 28, 2012.

An End To The Violence: Justifying Gender As A "Particular Social Group", Suzanne Sidun

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

Bit Unfair: An Illustration Of The Backlash Against International Arbitration In Latin America, A, David Ma

Journal of Dispute Resolution

With the survival of BITs at fulcrum, the Second Circuit recently decided a highly publicized and notorious case applying international arbitration in Chevron Corp. v. Republic of Ecuador. This comment will discuss Chevron and its effects within the wider corpus of BIT international arbitration to provide an illustration of the current debate and status of the BIT framework. The purported benefits BITs provide to signatory countries exist theoretically, and to test these theoretical underpinnings, this comment will discuss Chevron for the purpose of providing real context to a predominately academic debate. Chevron shall demonstrate that theoretical effects and practical effects …

Proposal For An International Convention On Online Gambling, Marketa Trimble

Scholarly Works

The proposal, which will be published as a chapter in a volume from the Internet Gaming Regulation Symposium co-organized by the William S. Boyd School of Law of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, in May 2012, presents the outline of an international convention ('Convention') that will facilitate cooperation among countries in enforcement of their online gambling regulations while allowing the countries to maintain their individual legal approaches to online gambling. Countries continue to vary in their approaches - some permit and regulate, and others prohibit online gambling, and even countries that permit and regulate online gambling approach the issue …

Agenda: A Low-Carbon Energy Blueprint For The American West, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center, University Of Colorado Boulder. Renewable And Sustainable Energy Institute, Western Resource Advocates, Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colo.)

A Low-Carbon Energy Blueprint for the American West (Martz Summer Conference, June 6-8)

The future of the planet may depend upon our ability to increase energy supplies even as we reduce carbon emissions. This conference will address how a low-carbon energy program might evolve with a particular focus on the American West. It will focus on the future of energy in the West--on a “managed transition” to a different energy mix, on the need to nest this effort in a framework that acknowledges interconnections, and on identifying the most salient opportunities to consider the legal, political, financial, and technical challenges.

Doping Control, Mandatory Arbitration, And Process Dangers For Accused Athletes In International Sports , Maureen A. Weston

Maureen A Weston

Athletes in a professional sports league in the United States are members of players unions, which assist their athletes in obtaining representation when they are involved in dispute resolution proceedings associated with disciplinary actions. However, individual athletes who participate in international competitions do not enjoy the same benefits. When these athletes are required to submit to mandatory drug testing, with attendant potential criminal liability, and to mandatory arbitration, they should be provided meaningful access to competent legal representation when their athletic careers are in jeopardy. This article considers the legal framework, process, and recourse for athletes in international competition to …

Climate Change, Environmental Degradation, And Migration: A Complex Nexus, Mostafa Mahmud Naser

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

The individual or combined effects of climate change are likely to trigger mass human movement both within and across international borders. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (“UNHCR”) predicts that between 50 and 200 million people may be displaced by 2050. Thus, the human impact on the environment is creating a new kind of global casualty for the twenty-first century—an emergent class of environmental migrants. The exact number of individuals cannot be predicted as scholars and international agencies provide varying statistics depending on underlying methods, scenarios, time frames, and assumptions. Many authors challenge the concept of climate change as …

Chinese Assault Rifles, Giant Pandas, And Perpetual Litigation: The Rights Without Remedies Dead-End Of The Fsia, J. F. Hulston

Missouri Law Review

This Note will examine whether execution immunity under the FSIA may be considered sua sponte by a district court judge and the broad judicial considerations in preserving the narrow and restrictive view of the FSIA to the attachment of assets of a foreign state. To do this, this Note will review the facts and holding of Walters. This Note will then survey the legal background of sovereign immunity, the adoption of the "restrictive immunity" principle in the U.S., and the creation of the FSIA and the decisions of three appellate courts to adopt the uniform holding that district courts have …

International Convergence On Flags Of Convenience, Ryan M. Mott

Ryan M Mott

In maritime law, a ship follows the laws of the flag that it flies. Ship owners, however, are not constrained to fly the flag of the country that they are from. Instead, they can choose what flag they will sail under, and thus have their pick of laws among all of the countries in the world. Much like the corporate “internal affairs rule” of common law countries that regulates a business at its place of incorporation instead of its primary source of business, a vessel is governed by the country whose flag it flies, regardless of where the ship conducts …

Holy Mackerel! How A Small Country Of Fishermen Pushed The Boundaries Of Free Press, Ryan M. Mott

Ryan M Mott

This paper is about the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative (“IMMI”), a legislative proposal enacted by the Icelandic parliament on June 16th, 2010.

The IMMI was designed to promote transparency in reaction to an economic crisis and failed gag order that shook Icelanders’ faith in their government.

The parliament set out to create the most journalist-friendly nation in the world, a “media haven,” and did so by grabbing some of the most protective media statutes in the world.

The reformations include, inter alia, protection for the reporter’s privilege and source anonymity, protection for third-party communicators between reporters and sources, whistleblower protection, …