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Articles 1 - 30 of 32
Full-Text Articles in Law
Trafficking In Europe: An Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of European Law, Saadiya Chaudary
Trafficking In Europe: An Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of European Law, Saadiya Chaudary
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Essay looks at the manifestation of various forms of human trafficking within Europe and analyzes the effectiveness of current European law provisions in combating trafficking and protecting victims. The Essay will accomplish this by examining recent and current cases before the European Court of Human Rights and the comparative gap between European standards and domestic procedures in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is a well-known destination state for trafficking victims' and consequently is required to meet obligations under international law toward a significant number of individuals who have been forced into exploitation in the United Kingdom.
Human Rights Legislation In The Arab World: The Case Of Human Trafficking, Mohamed Y. Mattar
Human Rights Legislation In The Arab World: The Case Of Human Trafficking, Mohamed Y. Mattar
Michigan Journal of International Law
In the Arab World, human rights legislation has not always enhanced human rights. In fact, many national laws have been adopted that restrict human rights. Some countries' laws regulating nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) do not allow NGOs to receive funding from foreign entities. Media laws impose various limitations on the press. Jordan is the only Arab nation to enforce a comprehensive law on combating violence against women. Jordan is also the only country that has a law on access to information. Despite these gaps in human rights legislation, many Arab countries have passed comprehensive laws to combat human trafficking since the …
Prohibiting Sex Purchasing And Ending Trafficking: The Swedish Prostitution Law, Max Waltman
Prohibiting Sex Purchasing And Ending Trafficking: The Swedish Prostitution Law, Max Waltman
Michigan Journal of International Law
At the symposium on "Successes and Failures in International Human Trafficking Law" at the University of Michigan Law School in February 2011, I addressed the topic of international sex trafficking law, particularly the Swedish law that prohibits the purchase of sex while simultaneously decriminalizing the prostituted person. Being asked to address trafficking, I was surprised by the name given to my panel: "Kidnapped at Home, Sold Abroad: Sex Trafficking in the International Community." This surprise was owing to the fact that in the most current international instrument defining trafficking, the United Nation's so-called Palermo Protocol, nowhere is the term "kidnapping" …
An Issue Of Invocability Of Provisions Of The Wto Covered Agreements Before Domestic Courts, Ramesh Karky
An Issue Of Invocability Of Provisions Of The Wto Covered Agreements Before Domestic Courts, Ramesh Karky
Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law
This paper examines and covers relevant provisions of the Uruguay Round Agreements and laws of Nepal, provides arguments favoring and opposing invocability and non-invocability, analyzes the constitutionality and validity of Nepal’s accession to the WTO, the direct applicability of the Uruguay Round Agreements in Nepal’s internal law, and the invocability of the provisions of the Uruguay Round Agreements before the courts of Nepal, and finally draws conclusion on the issue.
The Death Of Good Faith In Treaty Jurisprudence And A Call For Resurrection, Michael P. Van Alstine
The Death Of Good Faith In Treaty Jurisprudence And A Call For Resurrection, Michael P. Van Alstine
Michael P. Van Alstine
This article addresses the absence of the venerable doctrine of good faith interpretation, as well as its companion “liberal interpretation canon,” from modern Supreme Court treaty jurisprudence. Although scholarly accounts suggest that the spirit is still alive, the article demonstrates that the doctrine was silently interred by the Supreme Court early in the last century. From all appearances, the disappearance of good faith from treaty jurisprudence was not by design. Nonetheless, the article demonstrates that even such an unintended drift can have serious negative consequences. In the context of treaty jurisprudence, the consequence of the departure of good faith interpretation …
Federal Common Law In An Age Of Treaties, Michael P. Van Alstine
Federal Common Law In An Age Of Treaties, Michael P. Van Alstine
Michael P. Van Alstine
In this article Professor Van Alstine explores the interaction between the limitations on the doctrine of federal common law and the power of federal courts to interpret the law within the scope of treaties. The article first reviews the constitutional foundation for the operation of treaties as directly applicable ("self-executing") federal law. It then explains that, notwithstanding the Erie doctrine, federal courts may obtain lawmaking powers from either a delegation by Congress or in certain areas of "uniquely federal interest." Professor Van Alstine then argues that the judicial relationship with self-executing treaty law in principle proceeds from the same source …
Palestine Is A State: A Horse With Black And White Stripes Is A Zebra, John Quigley
Palestine Is A State: A Horse With Black And White Stripes Is A Zebra, John Quigley
Michigan Journal of International Law
The article Israel, Palestine, and the ICC by Daniel Benoliel and Ronen Perry, published in Volume 32 of the Michigan Journal of International Law, makes a case against a possible assertion of jurisdiction by the International Criminal Court over war crimes that may have been committed by persons on either side of the 2008-2009 war in Gaza. Benoliel and Perry argue that the International Criminal Court is powerless to investigate or to prosecute such war crimes, despite the strong possibility that such crimes were committed. Concern over such possible crimes has been widely expressed at the international level, including a …
Toward A Trips Truce, Patricia L. Judd
Toward A Trips Truce, Patricia L. Judd
Michigan Journal of International Law
The World Trade Organization's (WTO's) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS or Agreement), now over fifteen years old, regulates a marketplace characterized by extraordinary dynamism, influenced by the constant forces of globalization and technological evolution. Attempts to regulate this market raise natural, persistent questions concerning the Agreement's ability to serve its respective constituencies and adapt to change. The Agreement operates in the midst of an age-old dynamic pitting developing and developed countries against one another, especially when it comes to domestic enforcement against piracy and counterfeiting-a dynamic in which TRIPS has been criticized as a one-sided instrument. …
From Control To Communication: Science, Philosophy, And World Trade Law, Sungjoon Cho
From Control To Communication: Science, Philosophy, And World Trade Law, Sungjoon Cho
Cornell International Law Journal
Recently, science has become increasingly salient in various fields of international law. In particular, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement stipulates that a regulating state must provide scientific justification for its food safety measures. Paradoxically, however, this ostensibly neutral reference to science often complicates treaty interpretation. It tends to take treaty interpretation beyond the conventional methodology provided by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which is primarily concerned with clarifying and articulating the text of treaties. The two decades old transatlantic trade dispute over the safety of hormone-treated beef is a case in point. …
International Child Abduction And Children's Rights: Two Means To The Same End, Eran Sthoeger
International Child Abduction And Children's Rights: Two Means To The Same End, Eran Sthoeger
Michigan Journal of International Law
The Hague Convention aims to deter future abductors and demonstrate mutual respect for the laws of its member states, while presumably serving the best interests of the child. It operates as a jurisdictional mechanism by reinstating the status quo prior to the removal through the prompt return of the child to his or her place of habitual residence. This return, as clearly stated in the Hague Convention itself, bears no effect on the merits of any existing or future custody dispute between the parents. The Hague Convention demands that contracting states respect past or future decisions pertaining to custody decided …
Redefining The Supremacy Clause In The Global Age: Reconciling Medellin With Original Intent, Sarah Elizabeth Nokes
Redefining The Supremacy Clause In The Global Age: Reconciling Medellin With Original Intent, Sarah Elizabeth Nokes
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Exporting Subjects: Globalizing Family Law Progress Through International Human Rights, Cyra Akila Choudhury
Exporting Subjects: Globalizing Family Law Progress Through International Human Rights, Cyra Akila Choudhury
Michigan Journal of International Law
In our popular culture and social consciousness, women are no longer the second-class citizens they used to be. Magazines, television advertisements, and billboards featuring women show us how we have achieved independence, wealth, desirability, and our intelligence. We are no longer the supporting role in movies and entertainment but stars in our own right. For this, we can thank both changing society and the unrelenting work of many women who refused to bring the coffee for the boss. The women's movement in the United States has made large gains for women through the use of social activism and legal action. …
Questioning The Peremptory Status Of The Prohibition Of The Use Of Force, James A. Green
Questioning The Peremptory Status Of The Prohibition Of The Use Of Force, James A. Green
Michigan Journal of International Law
It is incontrovertible that the prohibition of the unilateral use of force is a fundamental aspect of the United Nations (U.N.) era system for governing the relations between states. Given this fact, the prohibition, as set out most crucially in Article 2(4) of the U.N. Charter, is often seen as the archetypal example of a jus cogens norm (a "peremptory norm" of general international law). Certainly, an overwhelming majority of scholars view the prohibition as having a peremptory character. Similarly, the International Law Commission (ILC) has taken this view and it is arguable that the International Court of Justice (ICJ) …
An Emerging Norm - Determining The Meaning And Legal Status Of The Responsibility To Protect, Jonah Eaton
An Emerging Norm - Determining The Meaning And Legal Status Of The Responsibility To Protect, Jonah Eaton
Michigan Journal of International Law
The responsibility to protect, from its recent nativity in the 2001 report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), is the latest round in an old debate pitting the principle of nonintervention in the internal affairs of states against allowing such intervention to prevent gross and systematic violations of human rights. Advocates for the concept see it as an important new commitment by the international community, injecting new meaning into the tragically threadbare promise to never again allow mass atrocities to occur unchallenged. ICISS offered the concept of responsibility to protect as a new way to confront …
Rationalizing Costs In Investment Treaty Arbitration, Susan D. Franck
Rationalizing Costs In Investment Treaty Arbitration, Susan D. Franck
Scholarly Articles
International investment and related disputes are on the rise. With national courts generally unavailable and difficulties resolving disputes through diplomacy, investment treaties give investors a right to seek redress and arbitrate directly with states. The costs of these investment treaty arbitrations - including the costs of lawyers for both sides, as well as administrative and tribunal expenses - are arguably substantial. This Article offers empirical research indicating that even partial costs could represent more than 10% of an average award. The data suggested a lack of certainty about total costs, which parties had ultimate liability for costs, and the justification …
Acta's State Of Play: Looking Beyond Transparency, Michael Geist
Acta's State Of Play: Looking Beyond Transparency, Michael Geist
American University International Law Review
No abstract provided.
Transparency Soup: The Acta Negotiating Process And "Black Box" Lawmaking , David S. Levine
Transparency Soup: The Acta Negotiating Process And "Black Box" Lawmaking , David S. Levine
American University International Law Review
No abstract provided.
Acta And The Specter Of Graduated Response , Annemarie Bridy
Acta And The Specter Of Graduated Response , Annemarie Bridy
American University International Law Review
No abstract provided.
Acta - Risks Of Third-Party Enforcement For Access To Medinces, Brook K. Baker
Acta - Risks Of Third-Party Enforcement For Access To Medinces, Brook K. Baker
American University International Law Review
No abstract provided.
Mandatory Versus Default Rules: How Can Customary International Law Be Improved?, Curtis A. Bradley, Mitu Gulati
Mandatory Versus Default Rules: How Can Customary International Law Be Improved?, Curtis A. Bradley, Mitu Gulati
Faculty Scholarship
Customary International Law (CIL) is plagued with uncertainties about its sources, its content, its manipulability, and its normative attractiveness. The rise of law-making through multilateral treaties also makes the proper role of CIL increasingly uncertain. This is an opportune time, therefore, to be thinking of ways to revive and improve CIL. In a prior article, we argued that the "Mandatory View" of CIL, pursuant to which nations are barred from ever withdrawing unilaterally from rules of CIL, is functionally problematic, at least when applied across the board to all of CIL. We also suggested that CIL might be improved by …
Emergency And Escape: Explaining Derogations From Human Rights Treaties, Laurence R. Helfer, Emilie M. Hafner-Burton, Christopher J. Fariss
Emergency And Escape: Explaining Derogations From Human Rights Treaties, Laurence R. Helfer, Emilie M. Hafner-Burton, Christopher J. Fariss
Faculty Scholarship
Several prominent human rights treaties attempt to minimize violations during emergencies by authorizing states to “derogate”—that is, to suspend certain civil and political liberties—in response to crises. The drafters of these treaties envisioned that international restrictions on derogations and international notification and monitoring mechanisms would limit rights suspensions during emergencies. This article analyzes the behavior of derogating countries using new global datasets of derogations and states of emergency from 1976 to 2007. We argue that derogations are a rational response to domestic political uncertainty. They enable governments facing serious threats to buy time and legal breathing space from voters, courts, …
Introductory Note To The International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes: Aes Summit Generation Ltd. V. Republic Of Hungary, Charles O. Verrill Jr.
Introductory Note To The International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes: Aes Summit Generation Ltd. V. Republic Of Hungary, Charles O. Verrill Jr.
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Widening Our Lens: Incorporating Essential Perspectives In The Fight Against Human Trafficking, Jonathan Todres
Widening Our Lens: Incorporating Essential Perspectives In The Fight Against Human Trafficking, Jonathan Todres
Michigan Journal of International Law
In 2000, the international community formally launched the modern movement to combat human trafficking with the United Nations' adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (Trafficking Protocol). With the Trafficking Protocol, the international community created a new cornerstone upon which to build a global initiative to combat this modem form of slavery. As the first major international treaty on human trafficking in half a century, the Trafficking Protocol represented a significant step forward. One hundred forty-seven countries are now party to the …
Successes And Failures In International Human Trafficking Law, Luis Cdebaca
Successes And Failures In International Human Trafficking Law, Luis Cdebaca
Michigan Journal of International Law
Professor Carr yesterday remarked that human trafficking is too often discussed only in theoretical or academic ways. I've spent most of my career in the field, where interactions with victims, traffickers, and defense attorneys are anything but theoretical. But as keynote speaker for an academic symposium this morning, I'm going to try to lay out a bit of the conceptual state of play from my current vantage point. The title of this symposium, "Successes and Failures in International Human Trafficking Law," is a bit binary. Perhaps, in the best diplomatic tradition, we can temper that to "Limitations and Opportunities in …
Aboriginal Title In The Canadian Legal System: The Story Of Delgamuukw V. British Columbia, Robert T. Anderson
Aboriginal Title In The Canadian Legal System: The Story Of Delgamuukw V. British Columbia, Robert T. Anderson
Chapters in Books
Canada is grappling with legal issues surrounding indigenous property rights on a scale not seen in the United States since the mid-nineteenth century. Fundamental questions of fairness and justice related to indigenous peoples’ property rights are in flux in the province of British Columbia–an area the size of the states of California, Oregon, and Washington combined. The recognition of aboriginal rights in the Canadian Constitution in 1982 and recent judicial developments made it clear to the provincial government that nearly the entire province may be subject to aboriginal title claims. Consequently, the aboriginal nations and B.C. government have embarked on …
The Human Element: The Impact Of Regional Trade Agreements On The Human Rights And The Rule Of Law, Claudio Grossman
The Human Element: The Impact Of Regional Trade Agreements On The Human Rights And The Rule Of Law, Claudio Grossman
Articles in Law Reviews & Other Academic Journals
No abstract provided.
International Law And Domestic Legal Systems: Incorporation, Transformation, And Persuasion (Introduction), Dinah L. Shelton
International Law And Domestic Legal Systems: Incorporation, Transformation, And Persuasion (Introduction), Dinah L. Shelton
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
This book discusses developments in international law and their relationship to national legal systems. The introduction of the book notes that countries who received their independence from authoritarian regimes are more receptive to international law. A country may adopt either a monist approach to international law, where it considers international law part of its domestic law, or a dualist approach, in which a country separates its national law from international law. The introduction then proceeds to identify sources of international law, including treaties and countries’ methods of complying, customary international law, and declarations. The introduction concludes by noting the increasing …
What Is International Economic Law?, Steve Charnovitz
What Is International Economic Law?, Steve Charnovitz
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
This article attempts to define international economic law and its role in the international legal regime. After describing various options for the definition of international economic law, the article discusses the history of policy developments that led to the creation of international economic law as a field of legal scholarship. The article then discusses the role that various academics have played in the development of scholarship in this area and notes that international economic law garnered high popularity in the early 1980s because of a treatise written by Pieter VerLoren van Themaat. The article concludes by considering the relationship of …
Withdrawing From International Custom: Terrible Food, Small Portions, Carlos Manuel Vázquez
Withdrawing From International Custom: Terrible Food, Small Portions, Carlos Manuel Vázquez
Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works
Curtis A. Bradley and Mitu Gulati’s Withdrawing from International Custom brings to mind the old joke recounted by Woody Allen in Annie Hall: “Two elderly women are at a Catskill mountain resort, and one of ’em says, ‘Boy, the food at this place is really terrible.’ The other one says, ‘Yeah, I know; and such small portions.’” Similarly, while Bradley and Gulati attack international law’s current prohibition of unilateral withdrawal from custom, they propose an alternative that differs only modestly from it (small portions). At the same time, the doctrinal change they propose would take customary international law in the …
The Legal Status Of Normative Pronouncements Of Human Rights Treaty Bodies, Dinah L. Shelton
The Legal Status Of Normative Pronouncements Of Human Rights Treaty Bodies, Dinah L. Shelton
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
This essay examines international human rights treaties and the statements that tribunals and other organizations make about them. Next, the essay discusses the general non-binding nature of treaties and describes use of General Comments and other interpretive statements. The essay concludes that increasing unofficial commentary on human rights organs’ decisions and increased compliance will encourage more states to comply and make it “increasingly difficult for a single state to hold out.”