Law Commons^™

Exercising Environmental Human Rights And Remedies In The United Nations System, Linda A. Malone, Scott Pasternack

Linda A. Malone

No abstract provided.

Grading Patent Remedies: Dependent Claims And Relative Infringement, Daniel Harris Brean

Daniel Harris Brean

Medicare Fraud In The United States: Can It Ever Be Stopped?, Chelsea Hill, Alex Hunter, Leslie Johnson, Alberto Coustasse

Alberto Coustasse, DrPH, MD, MBA, MPH

The majority of the United States health care fraud has been focused on the major public program, Medicare. The yearly financial loss from Medicare fraud has been estimated at about $54 billion. The purpose of this research study was to explore the current state of Medicare fraud in the United States, identify current policies and laws that foster Medicare fraud, and determine the financial impact of Medicare fraud. The methodology for this study was a literature review. Research was conducted using a scholarly online database search and government Web sites. The number of individuals charged with criminal fraud increased from …

Patenting Physibles: A Fresh Perspective For Claiming 3d-Printable Products, Daniel Harris Brean

Daniel Harris Brean

The Market In Unmatured Tort Claims: Twenty-Five Years Later, Stephen G. Marks

Stephen G Marks

Twenty-five years ago, in 1989, Professor Robert Cooter, writing in the Virginia Law Review, proposed changes in the law that would facilitate the development of a market in unmatured tort claims. On this twenty-fifth anniversary of this groundbreaking paper, it is fitting to reexamine this proposal, speculate on why it has not been adopted, and to explore whether revisions in the proposal might lead to greater legislative acceptance. In this paper I reexamine the proposal as to its likely intended and unintended effects. This article argues that, for such a market in unmatured tort claims to work, three modifications must …

Assessing The Exposure Of Asian States To Investment Claims, Julien Chaisse

Julien Chaisse

The developments which are now taking place show that Asian states are increasingly negotiating international investment agreements (hereinafter IIAs) — in the form of BITs or PTAs — which form a dense network of obligations. Although few cases had been brought against Asian states by 2009, the pattern has changed since 2010, with a sharp increase in the initiation of investor-state arbitration proceedings over the last three years bringing the total of investment claims against Asian States to a significant total of 87 international disputes. Although some IIAs have generated a few disputes for technical reasons (for example, those concluded …

Setting The Bar For "Injury" In Environmental Exposure Cases: How Low Can It Go?, John C. Cruden, Carla Burke, John Guttmann, Robert V. Percival

Robert Percival

On May 16, 2012, ELI convened a panel of experts to provide an overview and analysis of the tension between regulatory and common-law standards for injury in the context of toxic tort litigation. The speakers discussed and debated emerging trends in toxic tort litigation, including claims for property damage or medical monitoring regarding exposure to environmental contamination that never exceeds applicable regulatory standards. The panel also analyzed recent court opinions on the bounds of "injury" in environmental contamination cases and the potential for plaintiffs to recover damages based upon relatively low concentrations of chemicals. Issues explored by the panel included …

Recognition Of Palestinian Statehood: A Clarification Of The Interests Of The Concerned Parties, Winston Nagan, Aitza Haddad

Winston P Nagan

This paper reviews the history of the claims to statehood and sovereignty of the Palestinian people, from the period of the League of Nations mandate to the current move to secure UN approval of a Palestinian State. The article examines the claims to statehood in international law and examines the problem in the broader context of claims about human rights and humanitarian violations, the Israeli claims to security and legitimacy and the US claims for its mediation goal to ensure that the problem does not descend into a legal vacuum in which the fundamental interests of all parties in security …

Supreme Court Section 1983 Developments, Martin A. Schwartz

Martin A. Schwartz

No abstract provided.

Fundamentals Of Section 1983 Litigation, Martin A. Schwartz

Martin A. Schwartz

No abstract provided.

Supreme Court Section 1983 Developments: October 1998 Term, Martin A. Schwartz

Martin A. Schwartz

No abstract provided.

Supreme Court Section 1983 Decisions: (October 2001 Term), Martin A. Schwartz

Martin A. Schwartz

No abstract provided.

Due Process And Fundamental Rights, Martin A. Schwartz

Martin A. Schwartz

No abstract provided.

Cleaning Up Bankruptcy: Limiting The Dischargeability Of Environmental Cleanup Costs, Sonali P. Chitre

Sonali P Chitre

This article reconciles the joint aims of environmental and bankruptcy law after Judge Posner’s myopic opinion in the Seventh Circuit’s resolution of U.S. v. Apex Oil. These two areas of law represent alternative means to the same end—the equitable distribution of limited resources—and share equity’s traditional emphasis of function over form. Ignoring these principles, Judge Posner ruled in Apex that a cleanup order constitutes a dischargeable “claim” when styled as a legal judgment but not when styled as an equitable injunction. This despite the fact that in either case the liability amounts to the same thing-payment must be made for …

Machine-Or-Transformation Test Hit The Board: Patent-Eligible Subject Matter Following Bilski, Peter L. Ludwig

Peter L. Ludwig

In In re Bilski the Federal Circuit held that the machine-or-transformation test is the test to apply to determine subject matter eligibility of process claims under 35 U.S.C. § 101. The en banc majority opinion of the Federal Circuit introduced the machine-or-transformation test based upon Supreme Court precedent. The Supreme Court will soon hand down a ruling letting the public know if this is the test that will be applied to process claims. Although patent practitioners may have a test to apply, application of the test is far from certain.

The Perfect Storm Of Patent Reform?, Ron D. Katznelson

Ron D. Katznelson

No abstract provided.

Brief Of Amicus Curiae In Support Of Plaintiffs’ Motion For Summary Judgment,, Ron D. Katznelson

Ron D. Katznelson

No abstract provided.

A View Of The Future In Semiconductor Process: Patent Prosecution In Class 438 Under The United States Patent And Trademark Office’S Final Claims And Continuations Rules, Adam R. Stephenson

Adam Stephenson

While the US patent prosecution process appears carefully defined and heavily regulated, a statistical review of 530 randomly selected issued patents and published patent applications from class 438 (semiconductor process) over a six year period indicates that since the system is run by people, ordinary negotiating norms significantly explain the outcomes observed. The results are driven by interests created within patent examiners by the performance management metrics and systems in place within the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). The data indicates that practitioners willing to spend the time to prepare by understanding the average examiner’s interests and to …

Bad Science In Search Of “Bad” Patents, Ron D. Katznelson

Ron D. Katznelson

This paper draws attention to fundamental deficiencies in studies that have been relied upon as authoritative sources on patent grant rate comparisons among national patent offices. The two prominent studies analyzed here had employed erroneous methods to compare patent grant rates, resulting in false high indications of such rates at the U.S. patent office compared to foreign patent offices. The three identified categories of analysis errors found in these studies were (i) the misapplication of conditional probability; (ii) miscounting invention applications; and (iii) failure to account for patent obsolescence and application attrition due to the widely differing delays among national …

Patent Continuations, Product Lifecycle Contraction And The Patent Scope Erosion. – A New Insight Into Patenting Trends., Ron D. Katznelson

Ron D. Katznelson

This study was initiated in order to provide more factual insight into the recent debates on patent reforms in general and more particularly, the practice of patent continuations in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”). Several important trends that have not been previously quantified are brought to light. A quantitative analysis of various components of the flow of patent applications to the USPTO was carried out and insight into the ever-increasing propensity of patentees to file patent applications is presented. It is shown that with the exception of isolated transients due to patent law changes, the growth trend …

Universal Human Rights: A Generational History, Eric A. Engle

Eric A. Engle

The article outlines the generational theory of human rights evolving from first generation procedural individual freedoms from through second generation collective rights to into third generational aspirational goals. That model is generally true but womens rights and rights of non-white persons do not perfectly fit into that model being approximately one or even two generations delayed.

Alien Torts In Europe? Human Rights And Tort In European Law, Eric A. Engle

Eric A. Engle

Human rights are universally recognized. Their enforcement, however, often requires the action of particular states. This paper examines private law remedies in tort in several Member states of the European Union to remedy human rights violations occurring outside the European Union. It concludes that the laws examined are examples of universal jurisdiction and rights and duties of private persons under international law, which are two key elements of the post-Westphalian state system.

Developing Construction Claims For Arbitration: Two Arbitrators' Viewpoint, Douglas D. Gransberg, Charles A. Joplin

Douglas D. Gransberg

Two arbitrators' viewpoints of construction claims development are provided in the hope that the information will be useful to those needing to resolve construction claims by arbitration. It also may help to reduce the volume of costly and unnecessary documentation. Because of arbitration's relative formality, attorneys representing construction contractors and owners tend to prepare their cases in the same way as they would for litigation. This leads to potential information overkill, which threatens the arbitration panel's ability to easily sort through and understand the issues in its quest for a fair and equitable decision.