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Articles 1 - 30 of 77
Full-Text Articles in Law
Failure To Function: A Potential New Shield Against Trademark Infringement?, Alyssa Yoshino
Failure To Function: A Potential New Shield Against Trademark Infringement?, Alyssa Yoshino
IP Theory
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) has recently been characterized as having a “penchant” for refusing trademark registrations on the grounds of failure to function. This trend has come with commentary, both praising the doctrine’s ability to efficiently supplement the distinctiveness analysis by assessing use and criticizing the inconsistent application of the doctrine. The sources of this academic commentary, from Alexandra J. Roberts and Lucas D. Cuatrecasas, serve as the heads of two camps regarding the failure to function doctrine. The first encourages an increased application of the doctrine as a combined distinctiveness and use analysis. The second …
The Copyright Requirement Of Human Authorship For Works Containing Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content, Runhua Wang
The Copyright Requirement Of Human Authorship For Works Containing Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content, Runhua Wang
IP Theory
The U.S. Copyright Office (the “Office”) unwaveringly refuses to register copyrights for artworks created by artificial intelligence (“AI”) systems. The prima facie reason is a lack of authorship because the U.S. copyright regime recognizes only humans as authors. However, the fundamental reason lies in the fact that legislators have not yet determined whether to grant copyrights to AI users. Despite adjustments made by the Office in response to the use of AI systems in creation, the agency’s implementation of copyright statutes suggests that it remains extremely conservative, rejecting any AI-generated content (“AIGC”) from copyright registration.
Will the copyright regime continue …
Direct To Consumer Or Direct To All: Home Dna Tests And Lack Of Privacy Regulations In The United States, Karen J. Kukla
Direct To Consumer Or Direct To All: Home Dna Tests And Lack Of Privacy Regulations In The United States, Karen J. Kukla
IP Theory
Although the U.S. has some measures of privacy protection for genetic data, the lack of a comprehensive approach to protecting direct-to-consumer genetic testing results in privacy violations for both consumers and their relatives. This essay explores the critical need for the U.S. government to address these privacy violations and argues that the U.S. should approach the problem and strategize a solution similar to the European Union’s (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Part I identifies current United States law, both federal and state regulations that address DTC-GT and genetic privacy. Part II examines the lack of regulation surrounding current DTC-GT …
What's Not Natural Phenomena? Let's Consider A Three-Step Innovative Concept Test For Composition Of Matter Claims, Sydney Hancock
What's Not Natural Phenomena? Let's Consider A Three-Step Innovative Concept Test For Composition Of Matter Claims, Sydney Hancock
IP Theory
Biotechnology innovation is rapidly growing, especially in the realm of biotech. This growth leads to questions about patent subject matter eligibility of natural phenomena. For example, currently the human genome and microbiome are being extensively studied, bacteriophages are being edited, animals are being cloned, and CRISPR is widespread. Additionally, composition of matter patent claims give the most protection to patent holders. Therefore, knowing when a natural phenomenon veers into human innovation is important for courts, lawyers, and innovators in the era of biotechnology and genetic engineering.
Part I discusses the history of Supreme Court cases on natural phenomena subject matter …
A Closer Look At The "Eye" Test: The British Influence On Early American Design Patent Infringement Law, Mark D. Janis
A Closer Look At The "Eye" Test: The British Influence On Early American Design Patent Infringement Law, Mark D. Janis
IP Theory
The Supreme Court has asserted that “[t]he Patent Clause in our Constitution ‘was written against the backdrop’ of the English system.” That notion has a long lineage. In 1818, the author of an anonymous “Note on the Patent Laws,” widely assumed to be Justice Story, claimed that “[t]he patent acts of the United States are, in a great degree, founded on the principles and usages which have grown out of the English statute on the same subject.”
But these generalizations significantly overstate—and oversimplify—the influence of British law on the nascent American jurisprudence of patents. Early American jurists felt no reluctance …
Taxation Of Intellectual Property Litigation, Chitra A. Ram
Taxation Of Intellectual Property Litigation, Chitra A. Ram
IP Theory
In the field of intellectual property law, few attorneys consider the tax implications of legal proceedings prior to undertaking litigation. In studying the interdisciplinary space between intellectual property law, litigation, and taxation practices, this Article hopes to further expand existing research on the scope and incentives behind intellectual property protection in the United States, the policies underlying the system of federal income taxation adopted by the United States, and the precedents upheld by courts in deciding matters at the nexus of intellectual property litigation costs, expenses, and taxation.
Protection And Prevention: The Shortcomings Of U.S. Copyright Law In Combatting Cultural Appropriation In The Fashion Industry, Luke E. Steffe
Protection And Prevention: The Shortcomings Of U.S. Copyright Law In Combatting Cultural Appropriation In The Fashion Industry, Luke E. Steffe
IP Theory
American fashion represents an eclectic patchwork of diverse experiences and ideas; however, drawing upon Indigenous communities’ cultural identities and sacred traditions can easily cross the line between inspiration and appropriation. In reality, designs derived from culturally significant symbols, which have been stolen from Indigenous communities and stripped of their meaning, flood the American market. From runway shows to sports teams’ mascots to undergarment designs, these manifestations of cultural appropriation occur legally under the existing U.S. copyright regime, and adaptations to the current, Westernized system of intellectual property (IP) rights must integrate Indigenous perceptions of communal ownership with respect to their …
The Social Value Of Intellectual Property, Alina Ng Boyte
The Social Value Of Intellectual Property, Alina Ng Boyte
IP Theory
No abstract provided.
Encouraging Public Access To Pharmaceuticals Through Modified Protection Of Clinical Trial Data, Scott M. Nolan Ii
Encouraging Public Access To Pharmaceuticals Through Modified Protection Of Clinical Trial Data, Scott M. Nolan Ii
IP Theory
Part I of this Article investigates the development of pharmaceuticals and clinical trial data with a focus on patent and data protection. Part II evaluates the effects of protection and the challenges it poses to widespread public pharmaceutical access. Part III discusses two scholarly approaches to the public access issue that focus on clinical data protection and their associated challenges. In light of these scholarly works, Part IV suggests a new approach to clinical trial data protection that aims to improve public pharmaceutical access while maintaining the incentives to invent for drug developers.
Fair Use Failing The First Amendment? How The Parody And Satire Dichotomy May Be Stunting Political Discourse, Megan L. Wheeler
Fair Use Failing The First Amendment? How The Parody And Satire Dichotomy May Be Stunting Political Discourse, Megan L. Wheeler
IP Theory
The First Amendment, in certain circumstances, is used as a defense to “protect[] satire and parody as a form of free speech and expression.”2 When it comes to jokes, “[q]uestions . . . have arisen in case law [pertaining to satire typically] concerning libel, emotional distress and copyright infringement.”3 Further, in a right of publicity claim, “[t]he First Amendment clearly protects all but the most intrusive coverage of news, or details of a person’s private life, such as are reported in the tabloid press or talk shows.”4 This demonstrates that humor and satire have a close relationship with the First …
The Constitution Commandeth: Thou Shalt Not Protect The Same Subject Matter Under Design Patent And Trade Dress Laws, Kenneth B. Germain, Louis H. Sitler
The Constitution Commandeth: Thou Shalt Not Protect The Same Subject Matter Under Design Patent And Trade Dress Laws, Kenneth B. Germain, Louis H. Sitler
IP Theory
For many years and still currently, it has been assumed—and even expressly asserted—that it is perfectly permissible to “stack” various legal theories (concurrently or consecutively) to protect nonfunctional “designs” for products. This is despite infrequent but cogent arguments that the available theories, notably design patents and product design trade dress—both of which are based upon federal statutes—are not Constitutionally compatible due to at least the concept of Superfluity. The authors of this article carefully examine the origin, nature, and meaning of these two types of IP protections in the context of their two Constitutional bases—the Patent/Copyright Clause and the Commerce …
Indian Pharmaceutical Patenting Under Section 3(D): A Model For Developing Countries, Nicholas Eitsert
Indian Pharmaceutical Patenting Under Section 3(D): A Model For Developing Countries, Nicholas Eitsert
IP Theory
No abstract provided.
A Hot Spit-Take: Why The Supreme Court Will Hold That There Is No Privacy Interest In Commercial Dna Data, Mounir Jamal
A Hot Spit-Take: Why The Supreme Court Will Hold That There Is No Privacy Interest In Commercial Dna Data, Mounir Jamal
IP Theory
No abstract provided.
Marshalling Copyright Knowledge To Understand Four Decades Of Berne, Peter K. Yu
Marshalling Copyright Knowledge To Understand Four Decades Of Berne, Peter K. Yu
IP Theory
In the year 1978, the 1976 Copyright Act had just entered into effect. Marshall Leaffer, whom this article will affectionately refer to by his first name, had just completed his duties as an attorney advisor at the U.S. Copyright Office. On his way to academia, he, like the fictional character Captain William “Buck” Rogers, was to experience cosmic forces beyond all comprehension. In a freak mishap, his car veered off a rarely used mountain road and was frozen by temperatures beyond imagination. He did not return to academia until more than forty years later. What will he discover upon his …
Life After Google V. Oracle: Three Reflections On A Theme, Daryl Lim
Life After Google V. Oracle: Three Reflections On A Theme, Daryl Lim
IP Theory
In 2004, Professor Leaffer published an article titled Life after Eldred: The Supreme Court and the Future of Copyright. He wrote about three cases decided in or after 2001 to provide a snapshot of the Supreme Court’s position on copyright issues. This Article discusses three reflections on this theme. The first reflection flows directly from Google. It discusses fair use in Andy Warhol Found. for Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith, as well as text and data mining for artificial intelligence uses. This Article then reflects on Arnstein v. Porter’s lessons for modern copyright infringement law. Finally, it reflects on the …
Reconciling Copyright "Restoration" For Pre-1972 Foreign Sound Recordings With The Classics Protection And Access Act, Tyler T. Ochoa
Reconciling Copyright "Restoration" For Pre-1972 Foreign Sound Recordings With The Classics Protection And Access Act, Tyler T. Ochoa
IP Theory
When Congress first added sound recordings to the Copyright Act, it acted prospectively only: sound recordings fixed on or after February 15, 1972, received federal statutory copyright protection, while sound recordings fixed before February 15, 1972, were left to the vagaries of state law. This historic inequity was corrected in 2018 with enactment of the Classics Protection and Access Act (CPA), which provides sui generis protection to pre-1972 sound recordings that is similar, but not identical, to federal copyright protection. But there is a subset of pre-1972 sound recordings that already had federal copyright protection before the CPA was enacted: …
An Introduction To "Marshall Law", Ip Theory Volume 12 Editorial Board
An Introduction To "Marshall Law", Ip Theory Volume 12 Editorial Board
IP Theory
No abstract provided.
Interview By Zach Shepard And Chris Mcmillan With David Gindler, Partner, Milbank Llp, And Jasper Tran, Associate, Milbank Llp
IP Theory
No abstract provided.
Cyber Trespass And Property Concepts, Adam Macleod
The Future Of Female Inventors In The United States: A Comparative Analysis To The Republic Of Korea, Payton Hoff
The Future Of Female Inventors In The United States: A Comparative Analysis To The Republic Of Korea, Payton Hoff
IP Theory
No abstract provided.
Saving Face; The Unconstitutional Use Of Facial Recognition On Undocumented Immigrants And Solutions In Ip, Audrey Knutson
Saving Face; The Unconstitutional Use Of Facial Recognition On Undocumented Immigrants And Solutions In Ip, Audrey Knutson
IP Theory
No abstract provided.
The Patent Bar Gender Gap: Expanding The Eligibility Requirements To Foster Inclusion And Innovation In The U.S. Patent System, Mary T. Hannon
The Patent Bar Gender Gap: Expanding The Eligibility Requirements To Foster Inclusion And Innovation In The U.S. Patent System, Mary T. Hannon
IP Theory
No abstract provided.
Sea Change: The Rising Tide Of Pro Bono Legal Services For The Creative Community, Victoria Phillips
Sea Change: The Rising Tide Of Pro Bono Legal Services For The Creative Community, Victoria Phillips
IP Theory
No abstract provided.
When Standards Collide With Intellectual Property: Teaching About Standard Setting Organizations, Technology, And Microsoft V. Motorola, Cynthia L. Dahl
When Standards Collide With Intellectual Property: Teaching About Standard Setting Organizations, Technology, And Microsoft V. Motorola, Cynthia L. Dahl
IP Theory
No abstract provided.
Artificial Creativity: A Case Against Copyright For Ai-Created Visual Artwork, Megan Svedman
Artificial Creativity: A Case Against Copyright For Ai-Created Visual Artwork, Megan Svedman
IP Theory
Artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly complex, and provides examples of compelling, human-like performances. One such artificial intelligence technology is known as Creative Adversarial Network (“CAN”) technology, which relies on inputs of preexisting pieces of art to create pieces of original art that pass as human-made. Whether the coders responsible for CAN-technology should be granted coverage for the resultant art remains an open question in United States jurisprudence. This paper seeks to explore why, given both software’s historical legacy in copyright law and bedrock copyright justifications, extending copyright coverage to the coders responsible for CAN technology would be a grave misstep …
Using Ai To Analyze Patent Claim Indefiniteness, Dean Alderucci, Kevin Ashley
Using Ai To Analyze Patent Claim Indefiniteness, Dean Alderucci, Kevin Ashley
IP Theory
We describe how to use artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to partially automate a type of legal analysis, determining whether a patent claim satisfies the definiteness requirement. Although fully automating such a high-level cognitive task is well beyond state-of-the-art AI, we show that AI can nevertheless assist the decision maker in making this determination. Specifically, the use of custom AI technology can aid the decision maker by (1) mining patent text to rapidly bring relevant information to the decision maker’s attention, and (2) suggesting simple inferences that can be drawn from that information.
We begin by summarizing the law related to …
A Production View On Patent Procurement, Ian C. Schick
A Production View On Patent Procurement, Ian C. Schick
IP Theory
When we think of a “production environment,” a law firm patent practice is not usually the first thing that comes to mind. But why not? Patent practices are highly process-oriented, and they certainly involve “manufacturing” work product, primarily in the form of new patent applications and office action responses. This article discusses how, with a production view on patent procurement, exploiting the principles of lean production can be a compelling way to adapt to tough issues presently roiling the patent ecosystem.
Internet (Re)Search By Judges, Jurors, And Lawyers, H. Albert Liou, Jasper L. Tran
Internet (Re)Search By Judges, Jurors, And Lawyers, H. Albert Liou, Jasper L. Tran
IP Theory
How can Internet research be used properly and reliably in law? This paper analyzes several key and very different issues affecting judges, jurors, and lawyers. With respect to judges, this paper discusses the rules of judicial conduct and how they guide the appropriate use of the Internet for research; the standards for judicial notice; and whether judges can consider a third category of non-adversarially presented, non-judicially noticed factual evidence. With respect to jurors, this paper discusses causes of and deterrents to jurors conducting Internet research during trials; and the recourse available to parties who are adversely impacted by such behavior. …
Design Patent Damages: A Critique Of The Government’S Proposed 4-Factor Test For Determining The “Article Of Manufacture”, Perry J. Saidman
Design Patent Damages: A Critique Of The Government’S Proposed 4-Factor Test For Determining The “Article Of Manufacture”, Perry J. Saidman
IP Theory
The Supreme Court in Samsung Electronics Co. v. Apple, Inc. wrestled with the question of determining the meaning of “article of manufacture” in 35 U.S.C. § 289 when it comes to calculating the total profit of the infringer that is awarded to the patentee.
In its Petition for Certiorari, Samsung raised the novel theory that the article of manufacture could be less than the entire product sold by the infringer. The Supreme Court agreed to hear the following issue, as framed in Samsung’s Petition:
Where a design patent is applied to only a component of a product, should an …
Tc Heartland: It’S Time To Take Stock, Daniel Kazhdan, Sanjiv P. Laud
Tc Heartland: It’S Time To Take Stock, Daniel Kazhdan, Sanjiv P. Laud
IP Theory
It has been a little over a year and a half since the Supreme Court issued its groundbreaking venue decision in TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC, shaking up the status quo in U.S. patent infringement litigation. The first months after TC Heartland saw a flurry of activity as litigants and courts wrestled with the impact of the decision on pending cases, pondered the true meaning of a “regular and established place of business,” and explored many other questions left by the TC Heartland decision. Eighteen months and several writs of mandamus later, it is now …