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Full-Text Articles in Law
Dealing With The Past In Northern Ireland, Christine Bell
Dealing With The Past In Northern Ireland, Christine Bell
Fordham International Law Journal
This Article "audits" Northern Ireland's discrete mechanisms for dealing with the past, with a view to exploring the wider transitional justice debates. An assessment of what has been done so far is vital to considering what the goals of addressing the past might be, what future developments are useful or required, and what kind of mechanisms might successfully be employed in achieving those goals.
Wto Dispute Settlement And Competition Law: Views From The Perspective Of The Appellate Body's Experience, H.C. Claus-Dieter Ehlermann, Lothar Ehring
Wto Dispute Settlement And Competition Law: Views From The Perspective Of The Appellate Body's Experience, H.C. Claus-Dieter Ehlermann, Lothar Ehring
Fordham International Law Journal
This Article explores the extent to which the dispute settlement system of the WTO would be suitable in resolving competition-related cases. It first recalls that under existing trade rules, national competition law and practice are not exempt from, but rather subject to, the application of the dispute settlement system. Both competition laws as such and their application in individual cases must comply with the current, substantive standards of the WTO Agreement, and complaints can be brought against both. Extending the application of the dispute settlement system to a new agreement to be negotiated in the area of competition would produce …
Government Contracts Under Argentine Law: A Comparative Law Overview, Hector A. Mairal
Government Contracts Under Argentine Law: A Comparative Law Overview, Hector A. Mairal
Fordham International Law Journal
This Article will summarize Argentine law on government contracts as it exists today, with special reference to the contracts of the Federal Government. Due to the French origin of the theory and to the fact that this Article is addressed to an American readership, a tentative comparison with the main legal rules on the subject of these two countries will be offered. A discussion of the practical consequences of the application of the administrative contract doctrine, and some possible solutions to the problems created thereby will be then put forward. But first, the basic issues that this doctrine gives rise …
Rules Of Origin As Trade Or Foreign Policy Instruments? The European Union Policy On Products Manufactured In The Settlements In The West Bank And The Gaza Strip, Moshe Hirsch
Fordham International Law Journal
This Article aims to shed some light on linkage between rules of origin and territorial disputes, and to analyze the alternative approaches available to policy makers in such cases. The choice between these alternatives is closely related to the broader subject of the interrelationships between international trade law and politics, which this Article will also address. It should be emphasized at the outset that this Article does not aim to address the substantive territorial disputes regarding the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (nor the legality of the settlements located therein), Western Sahara, Taiwan, Northern Cyprus, or other disputed territories. …
Challenges And Reforms In The Palestinian Authority, Hiba I. Husseini
Challenges And Reforms In The Palestinian Authority, Hiba I. Husseini
Fordham International Law Journal
This Article looks at the legal structure of the agreements signed between the Palestine Liberation Organization (“PLO”) and Israel from 1993 to 1995 (the “Agreements”). They consist of the Declaration of Principles signed in 1993 (“DOP”), the Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area signed in 1994 (“Gaza-Jericho Agreement”), the Protocol on Economic Relations signed in 1994 (“Paris Protocol”), and the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip signed in 1995 (“Interim Agreement”). The Article examines the impact of the Agreements on the Palestinian economy and the development of a viable private sector. The Article also …
Some Impediments To The Rule Of Law In The Middle East And Beyond, Muhamad Mugraby
Some Impediments To The Rule Of Law In The Middle East And Beyond, Muhamad Mugraby
Fordham International Law Journal
The geographic area that this Essay attempts to explore is the one generally known as “the Middle East” and includes the Levant, plus Arabia, Iran, and Pakistan, and is herein referred to as “the Region.” The Levant runs roughly from Egypt in the West to Iraq in the East. The Region is embedded in a wider area that runs from Morocco to India and even Bangladesh. This broad area will be referred to as “the Broad Region.” The main thrust is on the Region, but with frequent references to the Broad Region. All the countries of the Broad Region have …
Local Meets Global: Transitional Justice In Northern Ireland, Colm Campbell, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin
Local Meets Global: Transitional Justice In Northern Ireland, Colm Campbell, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin
Fordham International Law Journal
Part I of the Essay assesses the current state of global transitional discourses in light of the critique of current developments offered by Ruti Teitel, William Schabas, Brandon Hamber, Kathleen Cavanaugh and others. This is followed in Part II by an examination of the distinctiveness of the broad contours of the Northern Ireland transition, setting the scene for an exploration of more discrete themes affecting the region: the problem of the past (Part III); and the dynamics of institutional change (Part IV). Part V offers some conclusions.
The Fifth Enlargement Of The European Union: The Power Of Example, Eneko Landaburu
The Fifth Enlargement Of The European Union: The Power Of Example, Eneko Landaburu
Fordham International Law Journal
After the dust cleared in the early 1990s, the institutional framework for realizing the peaceful unification of Europe was laid down at the Copenhagen European Council in June 1993. The statement by the EU at Copenhagen that it was ready to accept new members that fulfill certain criteria led to applications from ten countries of Central and Eastern Europe. As laid down in the Treaties, it fell to the Commission to provide advice on these applications to the Member States of the EU, which it did in July of 1997 in its ambitious program of reform, known as Agenda 2000. …
The Harmonization Game: What Basketball Can Teach About Intellectual Property And International Trade, Peter K. Yu
The Harmonization Game: What Basketball Can Teach About Intellectual Property And International Trade, Peter K. Yu
Fordham International Law Journal
In the recent World Men's Basketball Championships in Indianapolis, Team USA found out painfully that the international game is very different from what they play at home and that the gap between USA Basketball and the rest of the world has been closing. While the United States' losses might have a significant impact on how the country will prepare for the 2004 Olympics in Athens and on how Americans train youngsters to play basketball, their teachings go beyond basketball. The international harmonization process is a game with different rules, different officials, and players with different visions and mindsets. By watching …
The Egyptian Pharmaceutical Industry After Trips — A Practitioner's View, Nermien Al-Ali
The Egyptian Pharmaceutical Industry After Trips — A Practitioner's View, Nermien Al-Ali
Fordham International Law Journal
The pharmaceutical industry in Egypt is the largest in the Middle East and North Africa (“MENA”) region, and one that has attracted foreign investment despite the fact that Egyptian law has not always provided pharmaceuticals with patent protection. The situation changed with the signing of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS agreement” or “TRIPS”), strengthening the interest of the U.S. and other pharmaceutical companies in increasing their investment in Egypt. The Egyptian pharmaceutical industry is currently undergoing many changes spurred by the implementation of TRIPS and the globalization of trade. Many of these changes can be …
Bringing Ireland Up To Par: Incorporating The European Convention For The Protection Of Human Rights And Fundamental Freedoms, Katherine Lesch Bodnick
Bringing Ireland Up To Par: Incorporating The European Convention For The Protection Of Human Rights And Fundamental Freedoms, Katherine Lesch Bodnick
Fordham International Law Journal
In the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, the Irish government committed to incorporating the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“ECHR”) into Ireland's domestic law. Ireland's promise to promote human rights is consistent with the Good Friday Agreement. Although the government agreed to incorporate the ECHR by October 1999, it has yet to be incorporated because Attorney-General Michael McDowell and Minister of Justice John O'Donoghue could not decide how to do so. This Note examines the manner in which Ireland should incorporate the ECHR into Irish domestic law. Part I of this Note discusses background …
Reclaiming The "Little Bees" And The "Little Bells": Colombia's Failure To Adhere To And Enforce International And Domestic Laws In Preventing Recruitment Of Child Soldiers, Veronica Escobar
Fordham International Law Journal
This Comment addresses the recruitment of Colombian children into the insurgent armed groups and the Colombian government's attempts to respond to the issue. Part I provides an overview of the worldwide child soldier epidemic, specifically of the Colombian child soldier. Part I also addresses the general history of the civil strife in Colombia and the impact on the lives of the country's children. Part II describes the existing international laws that protect civilians and children during internal armed conflicts, as well as those laws that address child combatants specifically. Part II also analyzes the Colombian government's response to the child …
Selective Justice: The Case Of Israel And The Occupied Territories, Kathleen A. Cavanaugh
Selective Justice: The Case Of Israel And The Occupied Territories, Kathleen A. Cavanaugh
Fordham International Law Journal
While the focus in transitional justice literature is most often on functional or quasi-functional processes, this Article turns to the rather less explored path of dysfunctional transitions through the lens of the Israeli/Palestinian case. The stop and start nature of the "transition" from a conflict to the post-conflict process has reverted to a situation that the Israeli government has recently described as an 'armed conflict short of war." Against this backdrop, this Article provides insight into the role of law or its absence in transitioning conflict. As there are conflicting Israeli and Palestinian arguments regarding the legitimacy of Israeli occupation …
Rights And Reasons: Challenges For Truth Recovery In South Africa And Northern Ireland, Brandon Hamber
Rights And Reasons: Challenges For Truth Recovery In South Africa And Northern Ireland, Brandon Hamber
Fordham International Law Journal
This Essay will argue that any transitional mechanism must be by its nature and temporal historical location a politically contested instrument. This can have differing political and social impacts, and impact on the human rights culture in the society in question. Based on the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission ("TRC") experience, two rights-based issues -- namely, human rights and victims' rights -- will be discussed.
The Government Of Memory: Public Inquiries And The Limits Of Justice In Northern Ireland, Angela Hegarty
The Government Of Memory: Public Inquiries And The Limits Of Justice In Northern Ireland, Angela Hegarty
Fordham International Law Journal
The purpose of this Article is to examine the exercise and the usefulness of the public inquiry model, in the Northern Ireland conflict. This Article examines its role as both an accountability mechanism and a truth process, and in doing so I consider the proposition that public inquiries are employed by governments not as a tool to find truth and establish accountability for human rights violations, but as a way of deflecting criticism and avoiding blame.
Going, Going, Gone: Sealing The Fate Of The Fourth Amendment, Michael P. O'Connor, Celia Rumann
Going, Going, Gone: Sealing The Fate Of The Fourth Amendment, Michael P. O'Connor, Celia Rumann
Fordham International Law Journal
We will begin by analyzing the history of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), discuss the context of the two recently published decisions of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review FISCR, respectively, before analyzing the In re Sealed Case decision in light of the requirements of the Fourth Amendment. Ultimately, we conclude that FISA, as amended by Congress in the USA PATRIOT Act, and as interpreted by the FISCR, is unconstitutional in that it offends the requirements of the Fourth Amendment.
The European Union In The World — A Community Of Values, John Richardson
The European Union In The World — A Community Of Values, John Richardson
Fordham International Law Journal
These are momentous times in Europe. The Euro has been successfully introduced, the enlargement negotiations are approaching their climax, and the European Convention (“Convention”) is moving towards the drafting of a constitution for a new, continent-wide political entity. At the same time, unrest is manifest, particularly in two areas. On the one hand, many of our citizens, and not just the political elites, are dissatisfied with Europe's performance on the world stage and are concerned about the maintenance of peace and security within the Union. In these areas they would like to see a strengthened, more effective entity-- “more Europe.” …
Regulating Financial Services In Europe: A New Approach, John F. Mogg
Regulating Financial Services In Europe: A New Approach, John F. Mogg
Fordham International Law Journal
In March 2000, European leaders met in Lisbon, Portugal, to consider the state of the European economy. While there had been economic growth in Europe in the 1990s, it had been consistently lower than that of the European Union's (“EU” or “Union”) main competitors, with unemployment levels remaining stubbornly high. Determined to blaze a new course in Europe, Heads of State and Government announced that “the Union has [today] set itself a new strategic goal for the next decade: to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable growth with more and better jobs …
From Common Market To European Union: The New Europe's Place In The Trading World, Mogens Peter Carl
From Common Market To European Union: The New Europe's Place In The Trading World, Mogens Peter Carl
Fordham International Law Journal
What are the philosophical, political, legal and institutional bases for Europe's economic relations with the rest of the world? How have they developed over time, as Europe has moved from the narrow, sectoral basis of the recently defunct European Coal and Steel Community (“ECSC”), to the radical innovation of the European Economic Community (“EEC”), which itself has become part of the wider, politically even more ambitious integrationist structure of the European Union (“EU”), now itself on the verge of a radical expansion of its size? Does today's EU have as much or less in common with the ECSC as a …
Defining Legitimate Competition: How To Clarify Pricing Abuses Under Article 82 Ec, John Temple Lang, Robert O'Donoghue
Defining Legitimate Competition: How To Clarify Pricing Abuses Under Article 82 Ec, John Temple Lang, Robert O'Donoghue
Fordham International Law Journal
This Article discusses the principles under Article 82 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community concerning anticompetitive or exclusionary abuses involving pricing issues. This Article is structured as follows. Part I outlines the basic economic thinking behind price discrimination and identifies the principal legal situations under Article 82 in which it arises. Discriminatory pricing should only be prohibited (and therefore needs to be justified) in a small number of situations. Parts II-III discuss the specific situations under Community competition law in which price discrimination and the legality of pricing practices may be relevant. Part II discusses rebate and discounting practices, …
Standards For Standards, Maurits Dolmans
Standards For Standards, Maurits Dolmans
Fordham International Law Journal
This Article discusses the application of European competition law to standardization activities and associated Intellectual Property Rights (“IPR”) Policies and licensing arrangements. It briefly discusses the objectives of standardization activities in Europe and contains a general introduction into relevant principles of European Community (“EC”) competition law. This is followed by a review of principles and antitrust case law relating to: (a) restrictions on membership and access to the standardization process; (b) possible spill-over effects; (c) standard depth and over-standardization; (d) selection of technology for standards; (e) access to standards information and essential IPRs; (f) IPR Policies and problems associated with …
Introduction, Kamil Idris
Introduction, Kamil Idris
Fordham International Law Journal
Intellectual property law is one of the fastest growing fields of law worldwide. This unprecedented, rapid evolution and the accompanying massive upsurge in the use of the intellectual property system had four main triggers-- the advent of the Internet (to many, the heart of the digital revolution); unprecedented advances in science and technology; the emergence of intangible assets, such as knowledge, information and innovation, as the main drivers of economic development; and the growing interdependence of nations resulting from the internationalization of commerce. Of these, the digital revolution alone has had a profound effect on all aspects of the creation, …
Well-Known Trademark Protection In The People's Republic Of China — Evolution Of The System, Edward Eugene Lehman, Camilla Ojansivu, Stan Abrams
Well-Known Trademark Protection In The People's Republic Of China — Evolution Of The System, Edward Eugene Lehman, Camilla Ojansivu, Stan Abrams
Fordham International Law Journal
Protection of intellectual property is an integral part of China's economic reform policy. It paves the way for faster development of science, technology, and culture and creates a stronger basis for the Chinese market economy. With the rapid development of China's economy, culminating in China's entry into the World Trade Organization (“WTO”), and the pressure put to bear from multinational corporations and the governments of developed countries, the Chinese government has become aware that protection of well-known trademarks pursuant to the standards of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the WTO (“TRIPS” or “TRIPS Agreement” or …
Sentencing Guidelines For Copyright Pirates In The United States And The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: A Comparative Perspective, Jonathan J. Rusch
Sentencing Guidelines For Copyright Pirates In The United States And The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: A Comparative Perspective, Jonathan J. Rusch
Fordham International Law Journal
As more and more nations prosecute copyright piracy cases, it is far from clear whether these nations, in seeking to protect legitimate copyright interests, will also recognize the need to achieve three goals in the sentencing of such cases. The first is honesty in sentencing: that is, avoiding situations in which the nominal sentence that a court initially imposes at sentencing may later be substantially reduced through the parole process. The second is reasonable uniformity in sentencing, so that courts do not have wide disparities in the sentences they impose on similar offenders who commit similar criminal offenses. The third …
An Analysis Of The United States-Cuba "Havana Club" Rum Case Before The World Trade Organization, Donald R. Dinan
An Analysis Of The United States-Cuba "Havana Club" Rum Case Before The World Trade Organization, Donald R. Dinan
Fordham International Law Journal
The United States-Cuba “Havana Club” trademark dispute has been one of the more controversial and potentially divisive cases before the World Trade Organization ('WTO') to date. In that case, the European Union ('EU') filed a complaint against the United States alleging that a law which prohibited the registration and enforcement in the United States of a Cuban trademark, 'Havana Club' rum, which was licensed to the French company, Pernod-Ricard, S.A. ('Pernod-Ricard'), was in violation of the WTO Agreement, which protected the intellectual property rights of WTO Members and their nationals. The case intertwined enforcement of the U.S. Cuban embargo; U.S. …
The Territoriality Principle Of Patent Protection And Conflict Of Laws: A Review Of Japanese Court Decisions, Teruo Doi
Fordham International Law Journal
Among the various categories of intellectual property, the territoriality principle is applied most strictly to patent protection of inventions and copyright protection of works of authorship. The basic international standards for patent and copyright protections are set forth, respectively, in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. As of April 15, 2002, 163 States are members of the Paris Union and 149 States are members of the Berne Union. Japan acceded to the Paris and Berne Conventions in 1899. A patent granted in one country has …
Self-Determination And Minority Rights, Frances Raday
Self-Determination And Minority Rights, Frances Raday
Fordham International Law Journal
This Article tries to wend its way through the trail of human debris, the visions and the shattered dreams on both sides of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, to a rational analysis of the applicability of international human rights norms, to the conflicting claims of two peoples to the same land. The right of both Jews and Palestinians to self-determination seems to be self-evident from the stories of the two peoples. Almost forty years after the Six Days War, the author turns to this issue in an attempt to analyze where this conflict now stands in terms of international human rights. This …
The Qualifying Industrial Zone Initiative - A New Tool To Provide Economic Assistance To Middle Eastern Countries Engaged In The Peace Process, Joel Singer
Fordham International Law Journal
This Article first examines the role of economic and developmental assistance in the context of peacemaking and then focuses on one specific innovative economic assistance measure: the Qualifying Industrial Zone (“QIZ”) initiative. Part I of this Article describes how addressing the economic requirements of the negotiating parties has interplayed with their other requirements within the overall framework of peacemaking. Specifically, based on the experience gained over the last thirty years of the Middle East peace process, this Part describes the overarching requirements that the parties have pursued through peace negotiations. As explained below, former Middle East warriors have always attempted …
The Transition From Tradition To Reform: The Shari'a Appeals Court Rulings On Child Custody (1992-2001), Moussa Abou Ramadan
The Transition From Tradition To Reform: The Shari'a Appeals Court Rulings On Child Custody (1992-2001), Moussa Abou Ramadan
Fordham International Law Journal
The principal object of this Article is to demonstrate that Islamic law, like any system of law, is dynamic rather than static. Islamic law cannot be thought of as law disconnected from history and society. Like any other legal system, it is influenced by political, economic and social factors. In order to illustrate this idea, this Article takes as a case study the rulings concerning custody of the Shari'a Appeals Court in Israel. This Article surveys the rulings of the Shari'a Appeals Court addressing child custody from 1992 through 2001. This Article's central claim is that the Appeals Court's approach …
The Jewish Refugees From Arab Countries: An Examination Of Legal Rights - A Case Study Of The Human Rights Violations Of Iraqi Jews, Carole Basri
Fordham International Law Journal
Although the issues surrounding the Palestinian refugees are frequently addressed at the United Nations ("U.N."), in the news media, and in legal journals, very little has been written about the Jews displaced from Arab lands. In light of the little known fact that approximately 50% of Israelis are Jews from Arab lands or their descendents, this Article will use Jews from Iraq as a case study in examining the history and rights of Jews from Arab countries, who were expelled or forced to seek refuge elsewhere. Part I of this Article examines the historical legal status of Jews in Iraq …