Law Commons^™

Quiet Revolution: The Development Of Notice Requirements In Admiralty In Rem Actions, Ronald M. Morris

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The personification theory has declined in acceptance in the United States since the turn of the century. It is now largely discredited, and has been labeled a mere "literary theme" whose disappearance is "to be welcomed. The personification theory maintains vitality, however, because it provides a rationale for concluding that a ship, and not her owner, may be liable--a result many courts find difficult to justify without the theory.

If the personification theory is taken to its logical extreme, the constitutional due process requirement of notice and opportunity to defend is satisfied by pasting a summons to the vessel's bridge. …

Warsaw From The French Perspective: A Comparative Study Of Liability Limits Under The Warsaw Convention, Elizabeth G. Browning

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The Warsaw Convention, now over 45 years old, was originally designed to aid the growth of a new, undeveloped, and somewhat perplexing commercial enterprise--the international air transportation industry. Unfortunately, the drafters of the Convention took a narrow, and perhaps ill-advised, view of regulation of liability. They limited the carriers' liability for damage to an amount that could easily have been foreseen to be unworkable and they defined the concept of fault in ambiguous terms. While this fledgling attempt to codify an area of private international law was meant to provide a uniformity of terms that would be workable in a …

Case Digest, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

1. ADMIRALTY LIABILITY LIMITATION IN SHIPPING CONTRACT SUBJECT TO CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT IS NULL AND VOID WHERE CONTRACT PROVIDES SHIPPER No OPPORTUNITY TO DECLARE CARGO'S HIGHER VALUE PRIOR TO SHIPMENT

2. ALIENS' RIGHTS STATE DENIAL OF RESIDENT ALIEN'S APPLICATION FOR MINISTERIAL OFFICE ON SOLE GROUND OF ALIENAGE VIOLATES FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE

3. CUSTOMS DUTIES ACTUAL OWNER OF IMPORTED MERCHANDISE ENTERED BY A CUSTOM-HOUSE BROKER HAS STANDING UNDER 19 U.S.C. § 1514(b)(1) TO PROTEST CLASSIFICATION OF THE MERCHANDISE

4. JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE QUASI IN REM JURISDICTION OVER FOREIGN CORPORATION CAN BE BASED ON A PRIOR ATTACHMENT …

United States Interests In A Convention On The Law Of The Sea: The Case For Continued Efforts, Jonathan I. Charney

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Over 150 nations have been engaged in the negotiation of a multilateral Convention on the Law of the Sea at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea for more than five years. The negotiations have included virtually every possible issue involving relations between nations with respect to the oceans, such as fishing, national jurisdiction, navigation, environment, scientific research, seabed exploitation, and transfer of technology.' The current product of that negotiation is the Informal Composite Negotiating Text (ICNT), a 198-page document containing 303 treaty articles plus seven annexes. Although the participating nations agree on much of the …

Books Received, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

HUMAN RIGHTS IN A ONE-PARTY STATE.

The International Commission of Jurists. London: Search Press, 1978. Pp. 133.

This work is a report of a seminar conducted by the international Commission of Jurists in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania in 1976. The topics discussed include the maintenance and furtherance of social and individual rights in the constitutional one-party systems which have developed in Eastern Africa since independence from colonial rule. Specific attention is focused on the experiences of Tanzania, Zambia, and Sudan.

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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL.

By Oran Young.

New York: Nichols Publishing Company, 1977. Pp. 252.$16.00.

The emphasis of this …

War Crimes Jurisdiction And Due Process: The Bangladesh Experience, Jordan J. Paust, Albert P. Blaustein

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Must any state that holds and controls prisoners either prosecute those accused of having committed serious violations of international law or extradite them to a state that will prosecute? Finally, would similar breaches of international law by India or Indian troops obviate any jurisdictional competence or duties of India or Bangladesh?

The questions seemed unusual, at least in view of the past practices of international tribunals of the United States in prosecutions of its nationals. Specific criminal applications of relevant international norms had been relatively sparse.' There were problems with the applicability of international norms to Bangladesh, especially during the …

Books Received, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Comparative Law Yearbook Vol. 1, 1977. Issued by the Center for International Legal Studies. The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Publishers, 1978. Pp. 345.

Corporate Counsel's Annual: 1978 Jeremiah J. Spiren, Gerald Aldi, and Roger S. Mitchell, eds. New York, New York: Matthew Bender, 1978. 2 volumes. Pp. 1776.

The Impact of American Law on English and Commonwealth Law Edited by Jerome B. Elkind St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1978. Pp. 333.

Recent Decisions, Kate Eyler, Margaret H. Young, B. Rowland Heyward, Gary I. Christian

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Recent Decisions Immigration--Entry Resident Alien Who Makes Brief Visit Outside the Country is Deportable if He Reenters United States at an Unauthorized Location while Aiding Illegal Aliens to Enter

Kate Eyler

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International Banking--Bankruptcy--When Foreign Law Prohibits a Foreign Banking Corporation from Supplying Required Creditors List, Chapter XI Petition Should Not be Dismissed as Inherently Defective

Margaret Helen Young

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The instant case represents a change in long-standing ICC policy at once consistent with its statutory groundwork, yet with potentially drastic economic impact. In the final analysis, the issues were whether the subsequent legislation represented a congressional expression of its …

Freedom Of Transnational Movement: The Helsinki Accord And Beyond, Daniel C. Turack

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Initial formal evaluation of the implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe signed at Helsinki on August 1, 1975, [hereinafter Helsinki Accord] took place at a 35-nation conference in Belgrade during the period from October 4, 1977, to March 9, 1978. The Helsinki Accord, though not a treaty, sets forth various principles of governmental conduct concerning freedom of transnational movement. The Accord morally commits participating states to implement certain measures either domestically or with other states, to respect, promote, and encourage human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The Helsinki Accord is divided into three …

The Arab Economic Boycott Of Israel: The International Law Perspective, Preston L. Greene, Jr.

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Most of the discussion about the Arab economic boycott of Israel has focused on its effect upon United States law. Even when the discussion centers on moral and ethical considerations, the focus remains on the United States. This limited perspective, however, merely reflects the vast global economic interests of the United States. Nonetheless, the extensive analysis of American law and practices has tended to obscure the importance of applicable international norms. This article examines the effects and implications of the Arab boycott upon existing and evolving norms of contemporary international law. To properly analyze the international legal norms, the operative …

Perspectives On The Transfer Of Prisoners Between The United States And Mexico And The United States And Canada, M. Cherif Bassiouni

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Transfers of convicted offenders have recently begun under United States treaties with Mexico and Canada. Both treaties were ratified by the Senate in July, 1977, and implementing legislation was enacted on October 28, 1977. The treaties represent pioneering efforts in international penal cooperation, and like all such efforts they pose novel operational and constitutional challenges. This article will outline the transfer procedures and highlight some substantive constitutional issues.

Books Received, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Code and Custom in a Thai Provincial Court

By David M. Engel

Tuscon, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, 1978. Pp. 230. $4.95.

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Human Rights and Development: Report of a Seminar on Human Rights and Their Promotion in the Caribbean

By the International Commission of Jurists and The Organization of Commonwealth Bar Associations

Bridgetown, Barbados, W.I.: The Cedar Press, 1978. Pp. 190.

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Iceburg Utilization: Proceedings of the First International Conference Held at Ames, Iowa

Edited by A.A. Husseiny

New York, New York: Pergamon Press, 1978. Pp. 760. $35.00.

The Contemporary Antitrust Regulation Of Joint Ventures In The European Economic Community, Stephen O. Spinks

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The joint venture is a form of organization widely used in international business. Although anticompetitive effects of mergers, interlocking directorates, and cartels are more frequently the targets of enforcement efforts under antitrust laws than joint ventures, the latter can be equally effective in reducing competition in the market place.

The legal status of joint ventures in various jurisdictions has remained a subject of some confusion possibly because of their hybrid nature--not quite cartels, yet not quite mergers. This confusion still exists to some extent in the United States, despite the fact that the Supreme Court has held that section 7 …

Nlrb Jurisdiction Over Foreign Governments, Dan T. Carter

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

In State Bank of India the National Labor Relations Board reversed its discretionary abstention policy and asserted jurisdiction over the American operations of a foreign government employer. Previously the Board had declined to assert jurisdiction over these employers out of deference to foreign sovereigns, and because of the Supreme Court's admonition against extraterritorial application of the National Labor Relations Act in the absence of "an affirmative intention of the Congress clearly expressed." The Board now believes that neither public policy nor the policies of the NLRA can justify abstention. Although the Board has deemed the recently enacted Foreign Sovereign Immunities …

The United States Record Communications Industry Dichotomy--Time For Change, Paul E. Tellier

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This paper will explore the battle between Western Union and the international record carriers in the record communications field. It will trace the development of the United States record communications industry from the early history of electric telegraphy, through the enactment of the Communications Act of 1934 and the Western Union divestitute of 1943, the gateway and mailgram cases of the second half of the twentieth century. It will examine the diverse solutions proposed--ranging from free competition between Western Union and the international record carriers in both the domestic and international markets to the creation of a single monopolistic entity …

Book Review, Igor I. Kavass

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The limited use of American case law in the Commonwealth countries should not be surprising. With the exception of English cases, the decisions of other Commonwealth countries receive the same indifferent treatment in all Commonwealth jurisdictions; the English courts studiously ignore the decisions of other Commonwealth countries. For that matter, American courts do not consult the case law of English and other Commonwealth countries all too frequently. Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. is a recent example in point. In that case, the Supreme Court was asked to interpret the meaning of the terms "nationality" and "national origin" as used. in …

Torture And Other Forms Of Cruel And Unusual Punishment In International Law, Steven Ackerman

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Although historically legal interest in human rights has been the special province of scholars, recent worldwide economic realignment has educated the public to global interdependency, vindicating those who foresaw a nexus between human rights and the maintenance of world order. "[A]n interdependent global community cannot sustain itself. .if the coin of common exchange is genocide and discrimination." A pragmatic understanding of the relationship between the maintenance of world order and the protection of human rights suggests that tolerance and fulfillment of the world expectation of human rights may not be a goal that can be universally achieved. It is, however, …

The Jurisprudence Of Judge Hardy Cross Dillard, Charles E.M. Kolb

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The purpose of this article is to provide a critical assessment of Judge Dillard's performance during his tenure on the International Court of Justice. Much of this article will be "jurisprudential" in scope, endeavoring to examine developments in international legal theory and international organizations during the past two decades and to assess recent decisions written by the Court. The approach will in part be an institutional one, taking into consideration the ability of an individual member of the Court to shape decisional outcomes of an international body which must resolve contentious litigation and render advisory opinions within the structure of …

Books Received, C. C. S.

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS IN EUROPE

Edited by R. M. Goode and K. R. Simmons Published for the Faculty of Laws; Queen Mary College, University of London Boston: A. W. Sijthoff, 1978. Pp. 448.

COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

By Mauro Cappelletti and William Cohen Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs -Merrill, 1979. Pp. 628.

COMPARATIVE LAW: WESTERN EUROPEAN AND LATIN AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEMS

By John H. Merryman and David S. Clark Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs -Merrill, 1978. Pp. 1278.

THE DISCIPLINE OF LAW

By Lord Denning London: Butterworths,1979. Pp. 330.

INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS BETWEEN STATES

By Guy S. Goodwin -Gill Oxford: Clarendon Press, …

Case Digest, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

1. Admiralty A State has Standing to Sue to Recover the Cost of Replacing Natural Resources Destroyed by Pollution

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2. Aliens' Rights Executive Order Barring Lawfully Admitted Resident Aliens from Federal Civil Service is Valid

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3. Constitutional Law Scope of Lacey Act Limited to Foreign Laws Designed to Protect Wildlife

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4. European Economic Community Restrictive Resale Provisions, Discriminating Pricing Policies, and Refusals to Deal by Corporation with a Dominant Position in a Substantial Part of EEC Violates Article 86 of the EEC Treaty

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5. International Travel Statute Suspending Social Security Income Benefits for Recipient Temporarily Out …

Recent Decisions, Aubrey W. Bogle, Iii, Edward H. Lueckenhoff, Clark C. Siewert, Joe B. Foltz, Michael P. Peck

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Admiralty--Requirement of Minimum Contacts for Jurisdiction to Attach Property of Nonresident Defendant is not Applicable to Maritime Attachment

Aubrey W. Bogle, III

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Buy American Statutes--New Jersey--Constitutionality of Buy American Statute Upheld by State Supreme Court

Edward H. Lueckenhoff

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Citizenship--The Fourteenth Amendment requires Proof by Clear, Convincing, and Unequivocal Evidence that Relinquishment of United States Citizenship is Voluntary

Clark C. Siewert

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Extradition--Double Jeopardy Provision of Extradition Treaty Applies even Where Crime Committed before Ratification

Michael P. Peck

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Sovereign Immunity--Service of Process in the United States on a Permanent Mission to the United Nations must Conform to the …

Recent Decisions, Lloyd F. Leroy, Shelley B. O'Neill, Thomas E. Settles

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974--Commodity Futures Trading Commission Regulating that Restrict Dealers in Foreign Options More Severely than Dealers in Futures Contracts are not Arbitrary or Capricious

Lloyd F. LeRoy

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Customs--Countervailing Duties--Rebates of Nonexcessive Excise Taxes Do Not Constitute a Bounty Subject to Countervailing Duties

Shelley B. O'Neill

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Jurisdiction--Exercise of in REM and Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction Justified only Where International Shoe Minimum Contacts Standard is Satisfied

Thomas E. Settles

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SECURITIES REGULATION--Extraterritorial Application of the Anti-fraud Provisions--Federal Securities Laws Grant Jurisdiction When There is Some Activity in Furtherance of a Fraudulent Scheme Committed Within the …

Commerce Department Regulations Governing Participation By United States Persons In Foreign Boycotts, Paul Mccarthy, John F. Mckenzie

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This article outlines the most important of the Regulations and highlights areas that are likely to give rise to major problems for firms that are engaged in trade or business with countries that participate in an international boycott not sanctioned by the United States. Differences between the proposed and final Regulations are discussed. The article will also examine the persons and transactions that are subject to the Export Administration Amendments Act of 1977 (hereinafter referred to as the "Act") and then discuss certain of the most significant prohibitions of the Act. Although much of the discussion in this article, like …

Jurisdiction Over Palestine--An Analysis Of The Conflicting Arab-Israeli Claims Of Legal Title, Peter A. Schuller

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The recent controversy over the establishment of Israeli settlements in occupied territory has resurrected a thirty year dispute over territorial sovereignty in the area referred to before 1948 as Palestine...

This note will attempt to analyze the conflicting legal claims to Palestine under a standard likely to be applied by an international judicial tribunal operating in conjunction with or under the auspices of the International Court of Justice. The analysis will be concerned not with the political or quasi-legal claims of the respective parties, examples of which are Israeli historical claims based upon decades of alleged persecution and Arab claims …

United States V. Bechtel Corporation: Antitrust And The Arab Blacklist, James H. Longstreet

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

In January 1977, the Antitrust Division of the Justice Department and the Bechtel Corporation entered a proposed final settlement of the antitrust suit filed by the United States one year earlier. The complaint had charged that Bechtel, one of the world's largest construction firms, and four of its affiliates, had implemented the Arab League boycott of Israel and of "pro-Israeli" domestic firms. This settlement of the Antitrust Division's first attack on the thirty-year-old Arab boycott has resulted in a consent accord which outlines a permissible course of conduct for United States firms seeking trade with the Arab world, but leaves …

Recent Decisions, Richard F. Cook, Jr., Edward C. Brewer, Iii, Daniel R. Wofsey, Sue D. Sheridan, Steven M. Morgan

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Recent Decisions

Admiralty--Time Charter--Shipowner's Contractual Right to Withdraw Services of Vessel upon Charterer's Failure to Provide Punctual Payment is not Extinguished by Late Tender of Payment

Richard F. Cook, Jr.

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Antitrust--Treble Damages--A Foreign Sovereign is a "Person" entitled to Sue under Section 4 of the Clayton Act

Edward Cage Brewer, III

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Customs search of International Mail--A Customs Search of International Mail is Authorized by 19 C.F.R. § 145.2 and Incorporates the Reasonable Cause to Suspect Requirement of 19 U.S.C. § 482

Daniel R. Wofsey

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Jurisdiction and Procedure--Discovery--Party unable to comply with Discovery Order which Contravenes Foreign Nondisclosure …

Presidential Emergency Powers Related To International Economic Transactions, Mary M.C. Bowman

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

On December 28, 1977, President Carter signed into law Public Law 95-223, an act "[w]ith respect to the powers of the President in time of war or national emergency." The primary purpose of the Act is to revise the Trading With the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA), and thus to restrict presidential authority to respond to emergencies related to international economic transactions. The Act is the latest product of a continuing congressional effort to readjust the balance of power between the two branches of government. The War Powers Resolution and the National Emergencies Act were earlier pieces of legislation intended …