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Taxing Alternatives: Poverty Alleviation And The South African Taxi/Minibus Industry, Karol C. Boudreaux
Taxing Alternatives: Poverty Alleviation And The South African Taxi/Minibus Industry, Karol C. Boudreaux
Karol C. Boudreaux
South Africa's transporation landscape is a legacy of apartheid. Apartheid-era laws forcibly moved black South Africans out of city centers to surrounding townships. In rural areas, black South Africans were moved off valuable farmland and onto marginally productive homelands. Laws and regulations limiting employment opportunities meant that black citizens lived far from work. Under the National Party government, the ability to serve people who wanted to travel from home to work or home to shopping areas, etc. was severely resitricted. So too was the ability to travel. The minibus industry arose in response to these restrictions. It began as a …
Runoff And Reality: Externalities, Economics, And Traceability Issues In Urban Runoff Regulation, Donald J. Kochan
Runoff And Reality: Externalities, Economics, And Traceability Issues In Urban Runoff Regulation, Donald J. Kochan
Donald J. Kochan
It has long eluded regulators and private enforcers how to control the imposition of negative externalities. This paper will examine: (1) Whether existing authorities (like the Clean Water Act) are capable of providing regulation of urban runoff; (2) Whether, in light of economic controls, regulation of these activities are necessary; (3) A summary of recent runoff litigation; and (4) What is next; what should be next? Although each of these questions form background, the primary emphasis currently anticipated for this presentation is on traceability, collective action, and free rider problems that motivate regulation in this area. Often runoff is described …