Law Commons^™

Related Party Like-Kind Exchanges: Teruya Brothers And Beyond, Bradley T. Borden, Kelly E. Alton, Alan S. Lederman

Bradley T. Borden

The Ninth Circuit recently held that the non-tax-avoidance exception of Section 1031(f) generally will be unavailable where the taxpayer defers tax through a related-party exchange and cannot establish that the related party will incur a higher "tax price." This article examines this new addition to the body of law governing related-party exchanges and discusses planning approaches that exist after the ruling.

Viewpoints: Collection Due Process Hearings Should Be Expedited, T. Keith Fogg, Carlton M. Smith

T. Keith Fogg

In this article, the authors argue that the collection due process hearings have failed in their objective of expediting cases and recommend creating stricter time-frame guidelines for CDP hearings.

Considering Tax Expenditures In State Budget Deliberations, Brad Borden

Bradley T. Borden

This is the manuscript of a talk given at a public forum on tax expenditures in Topeka, Kansas. It explains how tax expenditures erode tax bases and diminish the state's ability to raise revenue, and it suggests that states should treat tax expenditures like direct expenditures in budget deliberations. Finally, the talk demonstrates how tax expenditures can be unfair. Although the comments are specific to the state of Kansas, the principles apply to all governments. A video recording of the proceedings is available at http://tinyurl.com/y85j3w8.

Allocations Made In Accordance With Partners' Interests In The Partnership, Brad Borden

Bradley T. Borden

Tax law allocates partnership tax items in accordance with the partners' interests in the partnership if the allocations do not have substantial economic effect. Tax law also uses the partners' interests in the partnership to test whether certain allocations satisfy the test for substantiality. These rules that rely upon partners' interests in a partnership are at the heart of partneship taxation. Nonteless, tax law does a poor job of defining partners' interests in a partnership. This article illustrates the problems that arise because of that inadequate definition. It also recommends a few changes that could help remedy the existing shortcomings.

Like-Kind Exchanges And Qualified Intermediaries, Brad Borden, Paul L.B. Mckenney, David Shechtman

Bradley T. Borden

The economic downturn has depressed the real estate market, a significant component of the section 1031 industry. In its wake, the industry witnessed three major qualified intermediary failures. QI failures deprive exchangers of exchange proceeds and also create potential tax and legal liabilities for exchangers. This article analyzes those potential liablities and also discusses the cause of QI failures and actions that exchangers and QIs may consider to help safeguard exchange proceeds.

Cuarto Congreso Nacional De Organismos Públicos Autónomos, Bruno L. Costantini García

Bruno L. Costantini García

Memorias del Cuarto Congreso Nacional de Organismos Públicos Autónomos

"El papel de los Organismos Públicos Autónomos en la Consolidación de la Democracia"

The 1031 Exchange Handbook: A Complete Guide For Legal, Accounting, Financial And Real Estate Professionals, Andrew G. Ogden

Andrew G Ogden

The 1031 Exchange Handbook provides working professionals in law, accounting, finance and real estate with a practical guide and complete reference source to like-kind exchanges. The 1031 Exchange Handbook concisely covers all topics necessary to understand like-kind exchanges of real estate and personal property, with references and explanations of all relevant cases, federal and state statutes, and IRS regulations, rulings and procedures. The 1031 Exchange Handbook also specifically explains how to structure and execute all types of exchanges, and procedures to guarantee the security of funds held by exchange facilitators. Although written for working professionals, readers with limited exchange experience …

Taxing Shared Economies Of Scale, Brad Borden

Bradley T. Borden

Economies of scale exist if long-run average costs decline as output rises. All else being equal, the decline in average costs should lead to greater profitability, making economies of scale attractive to businesses. Nobel laureate George Stigler recognized that economies of scale should help determine the optimum size of a firm. To obtain economies of scale and optimum firm size, parties may integrate resources or grant access to resources without integrating. Such arrangements create shared economies of scale. Tax law must consider the effects of shared economies of scale and address them. In particular, the varying degrees of scale-sharing raise …

Section 1031 Qualified Intermediaries And The New Economy, Brad Borden

Bradley T. Borden

Industry estimates indicate that, over the past several years, section 1031 qualified intermediaries have lost as much as $700 million of exchange proceeds. Exchangers and their representatives must take steps to help prevent future losses. This article reviews three recent failures and discusses measures that should help reduce the risk of qualified intermediary failure in the new exchange environment. Lawmakers should also consider measures they can take to help prevent such losses in the future.

The Failure Of Adversary Process In The Administrative State, Bryan T. Camp

Bryan T Camp

In a series of hearings in 1997 and 1998, Congress heard allegations that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS” or “Service”) was abusing taxpayers during the process of collecting taxes. The resulting distrust of the tax bureaucracy led Congress to create a special adversary proceeding providing for judicial review of IRS collection decisions. The proceeding is beguilingly titled “Collection Due Process” (and commonly referred to as “CDP”). My study of CDP’s structure, operation, and of 976 court decisions issued through the end of 2006 demonstrates that it has failed to fulfill its promise. Of the over 15 million collection decisions made …

Leaving Money On The Table And Providing An Incentive Not To Pay -- The Story Of A Flawed Collection Device, Temple K. Fogg

T. Keith Fogg

As of September 30, 2007, the IRS had $282-billion of unpaid assessments on its books. Of that amount $58-billion, over 20 percent, represents the unpaid payroll taxes due from employers. The majority of payroll taxes due from employers results from income and social security taxes collected by the employer and held in trust for the government. Internal Revenue Code section 6672 ("6672") gives the government the right to pierce the corporate veil to pursue collection of these payroll taxes. Because it creates personal liability, 6672 can serve as a powerful tool in the fight against the growing tax gap.

Unfortunately, …

What Is Wrong With Tax Evasion?, Stuart Green

Stuart Green

This talk, originally delivered at a University of Houston symposium on tax crimes, asks why the norms that underlie our laws against tax evasion are so seemingly unstable. Ten reasons are offered: (1) tax evasion is difficult to distinguish from tax avoidance, (2) the conduct that underlies the crime of tax evasion is complex, (3) choate and inchoate liability are conflated, (4) a heightened mens rea of "willfulness" is required, (5) the level of enforcement is low, (6) enforcement practices are arbitrary and uneven, (7) criminal and civil violations are not clearly distinguished, (8) there is a sense that "everyone …

It Down And Count The Cost:" A Framework For Constitutionally Enforcing The 501(C)(3) Campaign Intervention Ban, Benjamin Leff

Benjamin Leff

I.R.C. § 409a And The Small Business, Michael Hussey

Michael Hussey

No abstract provided.

The Gap In The Employment Tax Gap, Richard Winchester

Richard Winchester

No abstract provided.