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Full-Text Articles in Law
Defeasible Semantics For L4, Guido Governatori, Meng Weng (Huang Mingrong) Wong
Defeasible Semantics For L4, Guido Governatori, Meng Weng (Huang Mingrong) Wong
Centre for Computational Law
The importance of defeasibility for legal reasoning has been investigated for a long time (see among other [10, 3, 11]). This notion mostly concerns the issue that textual provisions of (legal) norms typically provide prima facie conditions for their applicability, but to understand a norm in full, we have to evaluate the norms in the context in which the norm is used and to see if other norms prevent it either to apply or to be effective. In other words, when evaluating norms, we must account for possible (prima facie) conflicts and exceptions. Indeed, in general, norms first provide the …
Proof In Law And Science, David H. Kaye
Proof In Law And Science, David H. Kaye
Journal Articles
This article addresses proof in both science and law. Both disciplines utilize proof of facts and proof of theories, but for different purposes and, consequently, in different ways. Some similarities exist, however, in how both disciplines use a series of premises followed by a conclusion to form an argument, and thus constitute a logic. This article analyzes the ways in which legal logic and scientific logic differ. Finding facts in law involves the same logic but quite different procedures than scientific fact-finding. Finding, or rather constructing, the law is also very different from scientific theorizing. But such differences do not …
Automatic Generation Of A Legal Expert System, Layman E. Allen, Charles S. Saxon
Automatic Generation Of A Legal Expert System, Layman E. Allen, Charles S. Saxon
Book Chapters
The use of the AUTOPROLOG system to generate automatically a legal expert system is described in this chapter. The interpretation of a statutory or other legal rule by one expert (or by the consensus of a group of experts) expressed in a normalized form is the only input needed by the AUTOPROLOG system (which includes Turbo Prolog, the AUTOPRO program, and some data files) to produce automatically a computer program that is an expert system for that legal rule. The process for producing a legal expert system for Section 213.1 of the Modal Penal Code, which deals with rape and …
Exploring Computer Aided Generation Of Questions For Normalizing Legal Rules, Layman E. Allen, Charles S. Saxon
Exploring Computer Aided Generation Of Questions For Normalizing Legal Rules, Layman E. Allen, Charles S. Saxon
Book Chapters
The process of normalizing a legal rule requires a drafter to indicate where the intent is to be precise and where it is to be imprecise in expressing both the between-sentence and within-sentence logical structure of that rule. Three different versions of a legal rule are constructed in the process of normalizing it: (1) the logical structure of the present version, (2) the detailed marker version, and (3) the logical structure of the normalized version. In order to construct the third version the analyst must formulate and answer specific questions about the terms that are used to express the logical …
What Counts Is How The Game Is Scored: One Way To Increase Achievement In Learning Mathematics, Layman E. Allen, Gloria Jackson, Joan Ross, Stuart White
What Counts Is How The Game Is Scored: One Way To Increase Achievement In Learning Mathematics, Layman E. Allen, Gloria Jackson, Joan Ross, Stuart White
Articles
Pior investigation indicates that instructional gaming can be an effective tool for enhancing both motivation and achievement in the learning of mathematics. This study explores the extent to which the effectiveness of instructional gaming in facilitating the learning of specific mathematical ideas can be increased by incorporating devices that channel learners’ attention upon those ideas. In particular, the effect of channeling attention by changing the method of scoring is explored.
Queries 'N Theories: An Instructional Game On The Dot, Dot, Dot... Approach To Scientific Method, Layman E. Allen
Queries 'N Theories: An Instructional Game On The Dot, Dot, Dot... Approach To Scientific Method, Layman E. Allen
Articles
QUERIES 'N THEORIES provides a parallel to the strong inference approach to scientific method - designing experiments, observing data, and theorizing. The reiter- ated use of the DOT approach (Design, Observe, Theorize) in the problem-solving required by the game mirrors the regular, systematic application of strong inference in some areas of science (e.g., high energy physics and molecular biology) that have moved ahead much more rapidly than others. Moreover, the game embodies and provides practice in two aspects of scientific theorizing and designing which John Platt has pointed out as central to scientific advance: (1) the usefulness of multiple hypotheses …
Equations Presented As An Example Of A Nonsimulation Game, Layman E. Allen, Joan K. Ross
Equations Presented As An Example Of A Nonsimulation Game, Layman E. Allen, Joan K. Ross
Articles
One way of characterizing instructional games is in terms of whether they are simulation games or nonsimulation games. Most ofSimulation Gaming News deals with simulation games and other simulations; here we are concerned with nonsimulation games.
The Virtues Of Nonsimulation Games, Layman E. Allen, Robert W. Allen, Joan Ross
The Virtues Of Nonsimulation Games, Layman E. Allen, Robert W. Allen, Joan Ross
Articles
The use of games as teaching devices is receiving attention from an increasing number of educators. Data from tests conducted with one such educational game-WFF ’N PROOF strongly indicate that this and similar games are useful, not only in teaching a particular subject (in this case symbolic logic), but also in increasing the general problem-solving ability of the student. WFF ’N PROOF is actually not one game but a series of 21 games of increasing difficulty. The first games in the series are quite simple and can be enjoyed by first graders. The final games are challenging and stimulating even …