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Articles 1 - 30 of 428
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Clone Wars: The Right To Embryonic Gene Editing Under German Law, Keren Goldberger
The Clone Wars: The Right To Embryonic Gene Editing Under German Law, Keren Goldberger
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Germany has the strictest genetic engineering laws in the world and bans virtually all kinds of embryonic gene editing. Since the invention of CRISPR, however, embryonic gene editing is more precise, and the possibilities of curing genetic diseases are more real than ever. This Note will argue for the right to embryonic gene editing through an analysis of German constitutional privacy and right to life jurisprudence. Ultimately, this Note argues for a right to procreate under German law that is backed by the state’s affirmative duty to encourage and protect life. When the technology is available, German Law should not …
Artificial Intelligence & Artificial Prices: Safeguarding Securities Markets From Manipulation By Non-Human Actors, Daniel W. Slemmer
Artificial Intelligence & Artificial Prices: Safeguarding Securities Markets From Manipulation By Non-Human Actors, Daniel W. Slemmer
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
Securities traders are currently competing to use Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) in order to make more profitable decisions in the marketplace. While A.I. provides superior abilities in recognizing market patterns, its complexity can obscure its decision-making process beyond human comprehension. Problematically, the current securities laws prohibiting manipulation of securities prices rest liability for violations on a trader’s intent. In order to prepare for A.I. market participants, both courts and regulators need to accept that human concepts of decision-making will be inadequate in regulating A.I. behavior. However, the wealth of case law in the market manipulation doctrine need not be cast aside. …
When Cute Becomes Criminal: Emoji, Threats And Online Grooming, Marilyn M. Mcmahon, Elizabeth A. Kirley
When Cute Becomes Criminal: Emoji, Threats And Online Grooming, Marilyn M. Mcmahon, Elizabeth A. Kirley
Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology
No abstract provided.
Foreign Direct Investments Into Fintech And Blockchain Technology Startups In Latin America, Y. Tatiana Clavijo, Hernán Pantaleón
Foreign Direct Investments Into Fintech And Blockchain Technology Startups In Latin America, Y. Tatiana Clavijo, Hernán Pantaleón
University of Miami Inter-American Law Review
Technology is changing our everyday lives at a faster rate every minute from artificial intelligence and medical advances in robotics to the upcoming self-driving cars. Every sector of our lives is being impacted, disrupted, and constantly altered by innovations, including our finances. In the developed markets, fintech, or financial technology, is the new and exciting area of product innovation for financial services. The innovations rely on the internet, blockchain technology, and the new and highly controversial digital currencies. Consequently, new digital platforms and mobile applications create new possibilities while being accessible to more people at a lower cost across borders. …
Preview—Atlantic Richfield Company V. Christian: The Intersection Of Superfund And State-Law Restoration Claims, Emily M. Mcculloch
Preview—Atlantic Richfield Company V. Christian: The Intersection Of Superfund And State-Law Restoration Claims, Emily M. Mcculloch
Public Land & Resources Law Review
The Supreme Court of the United States will hear oral arguments in this matter on Tuesday, December 3, 2019, at 11:00 a.m. in the Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. Lisa S. Blatt will likely appear for the Petitioner. Joseph R. Palmore will likely appear for the Respondents. Solicitor General Noel J. Francisco will likely argue on behalf of the United States.
How To Explain To Your Twins Why Only One Can Be American: The Right To Citizenship Of Children Born To Same-Sex Couples Through Assisted Reproductive Technology, Lena K. Bruce
Fordham Law Review
Sections 301 and 309 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) govern birthright citizenship by descent. Per the U.S. Department of State’s (DOS) interpretation of these sections, to transmit citizenship to a child, the U.S. citizen-parent must have a biological connection with the child. For couples who use assisted reproductive technology (ART) to have children, however, this means that one parent will always be barred from transmitting citizenship to their own child. This is because in ART families, at least one parent will always lack the biological connection that the DOS requires to transmit citizenship pursuant to the INA. This …
Technology, The Changing Nature Of Disputes, And The Future Of Equitable Principles In Canadian Contract Law, Conrad Flaczyk
Technology, The Changing Nature Of Disputes, And The Future Of Equitable Principles In Canadian Contract Law, Conrad Flaczyk
Canadian Journal of Law and Technology
There are a number of legitimate reasons to be excited about the application of new technologies to make contracting more efficient. Unfortunately, each of those reasons is associated with certain risks for both contractors and contractees. In this article, I argue that an ‘‘equitable” approach to modern contract law — understood by the likes of Larry DiMatteo and others ‘‘not merely as a system of rules, but of rules tempered by standards and principles” — is particularly well suited for counterbalancing some of the undesirable contractual risks introduced by new technologies like blockchain, artificial intelligence, and smart contracts. A historical …
Subverting Democracy To Save Democracy: Canada’S Extra-Constitutional Approaches To Battling “Fake News”, Michael Karanicolas
Subverting Democracy To Save Democracy: Canada’S Extra-Constitutional Approaches To Battling “Fake News”, Michael Karanicolas
Canadian Journal of Law and Technology
Nearly a decade after the first Twitter and Facebook revolutions, the early narratives pointing to social media as a great agent of democratization1 have given way to a more nuanced understanding of the impact of the Internet on our political discourse. While there is no question that Internet access provides tremendous expressive benefits, scholars are increasingly questioning whether this information diet is ultimately healthy for society. An analogy to sugars, fats and salts has emerged, where just as an appetite for rich foods served our species well when resources were scarce, but have become a liability in an age of …
Developing A Privacy Code Of Practice For Connected And Automated Vehicles, Rajen Akula
Developing A Privacy Code Of Practice For Connected And Automated Vehicles, Rajen Akula
Canadian Journal of Law and Technology
Connected and autonomous vehicles (‘‘CAVs”) can collect, store, process and transmit vast amounts of data. Understanding the use (and potential misuse) of this data, particularly when that data is about an identifiable individual within the meaning of data protection law, is regarded critical to the success of this new mode of transportation. However, what constitutes personal information in relation to coneccted and automated vehicle data on a case-by-case basic. This presents a policy challenge for the government and creates uncertainty for businesses wishing to make use of this data.
Ethical Hacking By Alana Maurushat, Laura Ellyson
Ethical Hacking By Alana Maurushat, Laura Ellyson
Canadian Journal of Law and Technology
Book Review of Ethical Hacking by Alana Maurushat (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2019).
Hiring Algorithms In The Canadian Private Sector: Examining The Promise Of Greater Workplace Equality, Connor Bildfell
Hiring Algorithms In The Canadian Private Sector: Examining The Promise Of Greater Workplace Equality, Connor Bildfell
Canadian Journal of Law and Technology
Private-sector employers are increasingly using hiring algorithms as a tool for screening job applicants, comparing qualifications, and ultimately determining which candidates should be selected. Within this context, hiring algorithms make no small promise: a hiring process that is not only more efficient and effective, but also more supportive of workplace equality. This promise rests largely on the notion that traditional human-driven models of hiring are beset by subjective biases and prejudices, whereas hiring algorithms, which are driven by hard data and objective evidence, can eliminate certain human biases and prejudices, thereby promoting workplace equality. But can hiring algorithms deliver on …
Privacy Law Issues In Public Blockchains: An Analysis Of Blockchain, Pipeda, The Gdpr, And Proposals For Compliance, Noah Walters
Privacy Law Issues In Public Blockchains: An Analysis Of Blockchain, Pipeda, The Gdpr, And Proposals For Compliance, Noah Walters
Canadian Journal of Law and Technology
Proponents of blockchain proclaim that the technology’s greatest innovation is trust. Blockchain create trust by serving as an indispensable ledger (a central point of truth), for all stakeholders to a transaction. Instead of companies managing and reconciling records of the same transaction in privately held databases, both sides of a transaction are recorded simultaneously on a shared ledger — the blockchain. As a result, the crypto economic environment is characterized by the decentralized coordination of business processes and transactions. Proponents of crypto-economics regard decentralized coordination as an opportunity for new forms of economic innovation, forms designed to increase value for …
Flying Under The Radar: Two Decades Of Dna Testing At Ircc, Ida Ngueng Feze, Gabriel Marrocco, Miriam Pinkesz, Jacqueline Lacey, Yann Joly
Flying Under The Radar: Two Decades Of Dna Testing At Ircc, Ida Ngueng Feze, Gabriel Marrocco, Miriam Pinkesz, Jacqueline Lacey, Yann Joly
Canadian Journal of Law and Technology
Since the early 1990s, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (formerly Citizenship and Immigration Canada) began using DNA testing technology in the processing of family reunification applications. Over the years, Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and family members living abroad have been increasingly suggested, or required to undergo DNA testing to either facilitate or enable them to reunite in Canada, under the family reunification procedure. This practice, although said to be rare, has since grown in popularity, and is used more extensively for applications coming from certain regions, including Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. Through analysis of recent case law, this paper …
Concussions And Contracts: The National Football League's Limitations To Protecting Its Players From Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, Julia Wolpert
Concussions And Contracts: The National Football League's Limitations To Protecting Its Players From Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, Julia Wolpert
Journal of Law and Health
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative brain injury that has become prevalent among high-contact professional sports, especially American football. More and more retired players are exhibiting symptoms of CTE and being diagnosed with CTE post-mortem. While the neuroscience community constantly releases studies showing a causal connection between brain trauma and CTE, the National Football League (NFL) continues to deny that any brain injury can arise from playing football. The NFL must implement provisions in their contracts to fully inform and protect players from this lethal brain injury. This article examines the repercussions of CTE, how players’ contracts do and …
A New Age Of Evolution: Protecting The Consumer’S Moral And Legal Right To Know Through The Clear And Transparent Labeling Of All Genetically Modified Foods, Halie M. Evans
Journal of Law and Health
The United States government, until recently, did not require the labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). On July 29, 2016, President Barack Obama signed into law the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (NBFDS). This law directs the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to create regulations that require manufacturers to disclose certain bioengineered products on food labels. On December 20, 2018, the USDA released the final regulations for the NBFDS, which requires food manufactures, importers, and certain retailers to ensure bioengineered foods are appropriately disclosed. The final regulations include provisions that will leave the majority of GMO derived foods unlabeled. …
Adverse Cyber Operations: Causality, Attribution, Evidence, And Due Diligence, Hans-Georg Dederer, Tassilo Singer
Adverse Cyber Operations: Causality, Attribution, Evidence, And Due Diligence, Hans-Georg Dederer, Tassilo Singer
International Law Studies
Adverse cyber operations against States are on the rise, and so are the legal challenges related to such incidents under public international law. This article will not delve into already intensely debated problems of classification, such as whether adverse cyber operations constitute “armed attacks” or “use of force.” Rather, the article will focus on causality and attribution with special regard to problems of evidence. In particular, the article will elaborate on the applicable standards of proof to be met by the victim State when submitting, or having to submit, evidence to justify self-defense or countermeasures against the State of origin. …
Preview—County Of Maui, Hawaii V. Hawaii Wildlife Fund: Clean Water Act Regulation Of Point Source Pollution Conveyed Through Groundwater, Connlan W. Whyte
Preview—County Of Maui, Hawaii V. Hawaii Wildlife Fund: Clean Water Act Regulation Of Point Source Pollution Conveyed Through Groundwater, Connlan W. Whyte
Public Land & Resources Law Review
The Supreme Court of the United States will hear oral arguments in this matter on Wednesday, November 6, 2019, at 10:00 a.m. at the Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. Elbert Lin will likely appear for the Petitioner. David Lane Henkin will likely appear for the Respondents. Solicitor General, Noel J. Francisco, will argue on behalf of the United States.
Wildearth Guardians V. Zinke, Emily M. Mcculloch
Wildearth Guardians V. Zinke, Emily M. Mcculloch
Public Land & Resources Law Review
WildEarth Guardians v. Zinke marks an important decision prompting the Bureau of Land Management to seriously consider greenhouse gas emissions when performing environmental assessments for oil and gas leasing. WildEarth Guardians and Physicians for Social Responsibility, two non-profit organizations, asserted BLM improperly failed to recognize greenhouse gas emissions and their impacts on climate change when issuing oil and gas leases in three western states. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia agreed, finding that by failing to take a hard look at environmental impacts from its leasing decisions, BLM violated the National Environmental Policy Act’s requirements.
Citizens For Clean Energy V. United States Department Of The Interior, Anthony Reed
Citizens For Clean Energy V. United States Department Of The Interior, Anthony Reed
Public Land & Resources Law Review
In 2017, Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke issued a new order lifting the previous administration’s 2016 Jewell Order that had placed a moratorium on mineral leases until a programmatic EIS was completed. The new order repealed the moratorium, cancelled the programmatic EIS, and instructed the BLM to expedite new mineral lease applications. Several plaintiffs challenged Zinke’s order, and the United States District Court for the District of Montana ruled that it was a major federal action that triggered NEPA analysis and that the agency acted arbitrarily and capriciously when it issued the order without any environmental review.
Data-Informed Duties In Ai Development, Frank Pasquale
Data-Informed Duties In Ai Development, Frank Pasquale
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Preview—Murray V. Bej Minerals, Llc: Finding A Home For Fossils, Layne L. Ryerson
Preview—Murray V. Bej Minerals, Llc: Finding A Home For Fossils, Layne L. Ryerson
Public Land & Resources Law Review
The Montana Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in this matter on Thursday, November 7, 2019 at 9:30 AM in the courtroom of the Montana Supreme Court, Joseph P. Mazurek Building, Helena, Montana. The Honorable Olivia Rieger will hear the case in place of Justice Jim Rice, who recused himself. Eric B. Wolff is expected to argue for the Appellants. Harlan B. Krogh is expected to argue for the Appellees.
Cda 230 For A Smart Internet, Madeline Byrd, Katherine J. Strandburg
Cda 230 For A Smart Internet, Madeline Byrd, Katherine J. Strandburg
Fordham Law Review
This Article analyzes CDA 230 liability in light of the evolution of smart services employing data-driven personalized models of user behavior. As an illustrative case study, we discuss discrimination claims against Facebook’s ad-targeting platform, relying on recent empirical studies5 and litigation documents for factual background.
Antitrust Violations As Private Enforcement, Abby L. Timmons
Antitrust Violations As Private Enforcement, Abby L. Timmons
Notre Dame Law Review Reflection
On the whole, the dismantling of monopolies relies heavily on public enforcement. While the opportunity for private enforcement exists in the antitrust context, it is limited, as not all so-called "monopolies" commit antitrust violations. For example, where barriers to entry in a particular industry are high—such as in the case of phone carriers or airlines, both of which must build an infrastructure to support their business—sufficient competition may not exist to create options for the consumer. In situations like these, the federal government generally must step in to break up the monopoly. However, this interference happens infrequently, and these efforts …
Liability For Ai Decision-Making: Some Legal And Ethical Considerations, Iria Giuffrida
Liability For Ai Decision-Making: Some Legal And Ethical Considerations, Iria Giuffrida
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Liability For Ai Decision-Making: Some Legal And Ethical Considerations, Iria Giuffrida
Liability For Ai Decision-Making: Some Legal And Ethical Considerations, Iria Giuffrida
Fordham Law Review
The creation and commercialization of these systems raise the question of how liability risks will play out in real life. However, as technical advancements have outpaced legal actions, it is unclear how the law will treat AI systems. This Article briefly addresses the legal ramifications and liability risks associated with reliance on—or delegation to—AI systems, and it sketches a framework suggesting how we can address the question of whether AI merits a new approach to deal with the liability challenges it raises when humans remain “in” or “on” the loop.
Urbanism Under Google: Lessons From Sidewalk Toronto, Ellen P. Goodman, Julia Powles
Urbanism Under Google: Lessons From Sidewalk Toronto, Ellen P. Goodman, Julia Powles
Fordham Law Review
Cities around the world are rapidly adopting digital technologies, data analytics, and the trappings of “smart” infrastructure. These innovations are touted as solutions to help rationalize services and address rising urban challenges, whether in housing, transit, energy, law enforcement, health care, waste management, or population flow. Promises of urban innovation unite cities’ need for help with technology firms’ need for markets and are rarely subject to evidentiary burdens about projected benefits (let alone costs). For the city, being smart is about functioning better and attracting tech plaudits. For the technology company, the smart city is a way to capture the …
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, And Bias In Finance: Toward Responsible Innovation, Kristin Johnson, Frank Pasquale, Jennifer Chapman
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, And Bias In Finance: Toward Responsible Innovation, Kristin Johnson, Frank Pasquale, Jennifer Chapman
Fordham Law Review
According to some futurists, financial markets’ automation will substitute increasingly sophisticated, objective, analytical, model-based assessments of, for example, a borrower’s creditworthiness for direct human evaluations irrevocably tainted by bias and subject to the cognitive limits of the human brain. However, even if they do occur, such advances may violate other legal principles.
Artificial Intelligence, Finance, And The Law, Tom C.W. Lin
Artificial Intelligence, Finance, And The Law, Tom C.W. Lin
Fordham Law Review
Artificial intelligence is an existential component of modern finance. The progress and promise realized and presented by artificial intelligence in finance has been thus far remarkable. It has made finance cheaper, faster, larger, more accessible, more profitable, and more efficient in many ways. Yet for all the significant progress and promise made possible by financial artificial intelligence, it also presents serious risks and limitations. This Article offers a study of those risks and limitations—the ways artificial intelligence and misunderstandings of it can harm and hinder law, finance, and society. It provides a broad examination of inherent and structural risks and …
Artificial Intelligence In Pharmaceuticals, Biologics, And Medical Devices: Present And Future Regulatory Models, David W. Opderbeck
Artificial Intelligence In Pharmaceuticals, Biologics, And Medical Devices: Present And Future Regulatory Models, David W. Opderbeck
Fordham Law Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies are set to transform the pharmaceutical, biologic, and medical device industries. AI is accelerating a convergence in the pharmaceutical and medical device industries and, in the health-care industry more broadly, is similar to the convergence of the media, entertainment, and communications industries.
Robot, Inc.: Personhood For Autonomous Systems?, Gerhard Wagner
Robot, Inc.: Personhood For Autonomous Systems?, Gerhard Wagner
Fordham Law Review
Since the invention of the steam engine, technological progress has served as a driver of innovation for liability systems. Pertinent examples include the arrival of the railway and the introduction of motor-powered vehicles. Today, the digital revolution challenges established legal axioms more fundamentally than technological innovations from earlier times. The development of robots and other digital agents operating with the help of artificial intelligence will transform many, if not all, product markets. It will also blur the distinction between goods and services and call into question the existing allocation of responsibility between manufacturers and suppliers on one side and owners, …