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Articles 1 - 17 of 17
Full-Text Articles in Law
Corporations, Taxes, And Religion: The Hobby Lobby And Conestoga Contraceptive Cases, Steven Willis
Corporations, Taxes, And Religion: The Hobby Lobby And Conestoga Contraceptive Cases, Steven Willis
Steven J. Willis
Beginning in 2013, the federal government mandated that general business corporations include contraceptive and early abortion coverage in large employee health plans. Internal Revenue Code Section 4980D imposes a substantial excise tax on health plans violating the mandate. Indeed, for one company – Hobby Lobby – the expected annual tax is nearly one-half billion dollars. Dozens of “for profit” businesses have challenged the mandate on free exercise grounds, asserting claims under the First Amendment as well as under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. So far, courts have been reluctant to hold corporations have religious rights of their own; as a …
The Pluralistic Foundations Of The Religion Clauses, Steven Shiffrin
The Pluralistic Foundations Of The Religion Clauses, Steven Shiffrin
Steven H. Shiffrin
Contemporary Supreme Court interpretations suggest that the religion clauses are primarily rooted in the value of equality. The United States Supreme Court has argued that in the absence of discrimination against religion (or the presence of other constitutional values), there is no violation of the Free Exercise Clause when a statute inadvertently burdens religion. Similarly, equality values have played a strong role in the Court's Establishment Clause jurisprudence. Many distinguished commentators have pointed to the equality focus and have argued that it gives insufficient attention to the value of religious liberty. Professor Shiffrin argues that these commentators are right in …
Moral Memorandua From John Yoder: Conversations On Law, Ethics, And The Church Between A Mennonite Theologian And A Hoosier Lawyer, Thomas Shaffer
Moral Memorandua From John Yoder: Conversations On Law, Ethics, And The Church Between A Mennonite Theologian And A Hoosier Lawyer, Thomas Shaffer
Thomas L. Shaffer
No abstract provided.
Catholicism, Liberalism And Communitarianism: The Catholic Intellectual Tradition And The Moral Foundations Of Democracy, Gerry Bradley, Kenneth Grasso, Robert Hunt
Catholicism, Liberalism And Communitarianism: The Catholic Intellectual Tradition And The Moral Foundations Of Democracy, Gerry Bradley, Kenneth Grasso, Robert Hunt
Gerard V. Bradley
No abstract provided.
Religious Liberty: Between Strategy And Telos, Kristine Kalanges
Religious Liberty: Between Strategy And Telos, Kristine Kalanges
Kristine Kalanges
It has become woefully commonplace to observe that threats to religious freedom are increasing in the United States and globally. In response, scholars, human rights activists, and policymakers are engaging courts, political institutions, and the public square to make the case that religious liberty merits robust protection. Historically, these arguments were crafted primarily in theological and political terms. But as the number of those disclaiming religious affiliation rises and the political climate becomes ever more gridlocked, the search is on for new ways to make religious freedom relevant to state leaders and salable to a diverse public. Thus, during a …
Taking God Seriously: Why Religion Is Essential To The Defense Of Religious Human Rights, Kristine Kalanges
Taking God Seriously: Why Religion Is Essential To The Defense Of Religious Human Rights, Kristine Kalanges
Kristine Kalanges
The immediate challenge is to transform the “difficult choice” between religious liberty as a universal human right and peaceful coexistence of diverse legal political cultures. The development of a world legal tradition is an important component of that transformation. World legal tradition emphasizes the comparative moral and historical bases of law in the subject spheres of study. Its integrative jurisprudence necessitates consideration of the contributions made by religion, politics, and historical circumstance to the evolution of law. While the elements of a world legal tradition are to be found in the intellectual and institutional resources of the Western and Islamic …
Talking Points On Report Of The Special Rapporteur On Freedom Of Religion Or Belief, Kristine Kalanges
Talking Points On Report Of The Special Rapporteur On Freedom Of Religion Or Belief, Kristine Kalanges
Kristine Kalanges
To support the Holy See in its work at the United Nations, the Caritas in Veritate Foundation, in Geneva, Switzerland, and the Center for Catholic Studies at the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota, collaborated in preparing reports on current issues discussed at the United Nations. The Terrence J. Murphy Institute for Catholic Thought, Law, and Public Policy, a joint venture between the Center for Catholic Studies and the School of Law at the University of St. Thomas, supports this collaboration, helps identify experts to draft these reports and, with the authors' permission, makes them available on its website. In …
Challenges To Religious Liberty In The Twenty-First Century, Gerry Bradley
Challenges To Religious Liberty In The Twenty-First Century, Gerry Bradley
Gerard V. Bradley
Almost everyone today affirms the importance and merit of religious liberty. But religious liberty is being challenged by new questions (for example, use of the niqab or church adoption services for same-sex couples) and new forces (such as globalization and Islamism). Combined, these make the meaning of religious liberty in the twenty-first century uncertain. This collection of essays by ten of the world's leading scholars on religious liberty takes aim at these issues. The book is arranged around five specific challenges to religious liberty today: the state's responsibility to prevent coercion and intimidation of believers by others within the same …
Church-State Relationships In America, Gerry Bradley
Church-State Relationships In America, Gerry Bradley
Gerard V. Bradley
Although the Supreme Court has stated that the framers of the Constitution erected a wall of separation between church and state, history shows that collective political activity in the United States has been and remains an intensely religious enterprise. Despite seemingly clear agreement on the principle of separation, what that principle entails in controversies involving not only the activities and demands of religious groups but the Court itself has proved contentious. Professor Bradley's book is the most comprehensive analysis of the subject attempted to date. It offers a detailed exploration of the historical meaning of the Establishment Clause of the …
Ideology 'All The Way Down'? An Empirical Study Of Establishment Clause Decisions In The Federal Courts, Gregory Sisk, Michael Heise
Ideology 'All The Way Down'? An Empirical Study Of Establishment Clause Decisions In The Federal Courts, Gregory Sisk, Michael Heise
Michael Heise
As part of our ongoing empirical examination of religious liberty decisions in the lower federal courts, we studied Establishment Clause rulings by federal court of appeals and district court judges from 1996 through 2005. The powerful role of political factors in Establishment Clause decisions appears undeniable and substantial, whether celebrated as the proper integration of political and moral reasoning into constitutional judging, shrugged off as mere realism about judges being motivated to promote their political attitudes, or deprecated as a troubling departure from the aspirational ideal of neutral and impartial judging. In the context of Church and State cases in …
Religious Events In Public Schools: Celebration Or Controversy?, Ralph Mawdsley, Charles Russo
Religious Events In Public Schools: Celebration Or Controversy?, Ralph Mawdsley, Charles Russo
Charles J. Russo
This article presents 3 questions for discussion: Can religious holidays be honored as long as all religions are treated equally? Can school officials ban all celebrations of religious holidays? Can officials choose to honor only certain holiday seasons but not others? The courts have increasingly disfavored religious celebrations and other religious activities in public schools. In a world where religious strife is rampant, if children are prohibited from learning about the religious traditions of peers, how will they ever develop tolerance for and an appreciation of people whose beliefs differ from their own?
Hostility Toward Religion And The Rise And Decline Of Constitutionally Protected Religious Speech, Ralph Mawdsley, Charles Russo
Hostility Toward Religion And The Rise And Decline Of Constitutionally Protected Religious Speech, Ralph Mawdsley, Charles Russo
Charles J. Russo
No abstract provided.
Between Law And Religion: Procedural Challenges To Religious Arbitration Awards, Michael Helfand
Between Law And Religion: Procedural Challenges To Religious Arbitration Awards, Michael Helfand
Michael A Helfand
This Essay presented at the Sharia and Halakha in America Conference explores the unique status of religious law as a hybrid concept that simultaneously retains the characteristics of both law and religion. To do so, the Article considers as a case study how courts should evaluate procedural challenges to religious arbitration awards. To respond to such challenges, courts must treat religious law as law when defining the contractually adopted religious procedural rules and treat religious law as religion when reviewing precisely what the religious procedural rules require. On this account, constitutional and arbitration doctrine combine to insulate religious arbitration awards …
Arbitration's Counter-Narrative: The Religious Arbitration Paradigm, Michael Helfand
Arbitration's Counter-Narrative: The Religious Arbitration Paradigm, Michael Helfand
Michael A Helfand
Arbitration theory and doctrine is dominated by an overarching narrative that conceptualizes arbitration as an alternative to litigation. Litigation, one the one hand, is more procedurally rigorous, but takes longer and costs more; arbitration, on the other hand, is faster and cheaper, but provides fewer procedural safeguards. But notwithstanding these differences, both arbitration and litigation ultimately serve the same purpose: resolving disputes. Indeed, this narrative has been pervasive, becoming entrenched not only in recent Supreme Court decisions, but also garnering support from both arbitration critics and supporters alike.
This Article, however, contends that this exclusive focus on arbitration’s standard narrative …
Religious Institutionalism, Implied Consent And The Value Of Voluntarism, Michael A. Helfand
Religious Institutionalism, Implied Consent And The Value Of Voluntarism, Michael A. Helfand
Michael A Helfand
Increasingly, clashes between the demands of law and aspirations of religion center on the legal status and treatment of religious institutions. Much of the rising tensions revolving around religious institutions—exemplified by recent Supreme Court decisions such as Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC and Burwell v. Hobby Lobby—stem from conflicts between the religious objectives of those institutions and their impact on third parties who do not necessarily share those same objectives. This Article aims to provide a framework for analyzing the claims of religious institutions by grounding those claims in the principle of voluntarism. On such an account, religious institutions deserve protection because …
The Challenge Of Co-Religionist Commerce, Michael A. Helfand, Barak D. Richman
The Challenge Of Co-Religionist Commerce, Michael A. Helfand, Barak D. Richman
Michael A Helfand
This Article addresses the rise of “co-religionist commerce” in the United States—that is, the explosion of commercial dealings that take place between co-religionists who intend their transactions to achieve both commercial and religious objectives. To remain viable, co-religionist commerce requires all the legal support necessary to sustain all other commercial relationships. Contracts must be enforced, parties must be protected against torts, and disputes must be reliably adjudicated.
Under current constitutional doctrine, co-religionist commercial agreements must be translated into secular terminology if there are to be judicially enforced. However, religious goods and services often cannot be accurately translated without religious terms …