Law Commons^™

Race, Space, And Place: Interrogating Whiteness Through A Critical Approach To Place, Keith H. Hirokawa

William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice

Drawing from George Lipsitz’s notion that whiteness is “not so much a color as a condition,” this Article embarks on the project of framing the manner and methods through which whiteness continues to dominate space and place. Wherever whiteness dominates space, space carries rules and expectations about the identity and characteristics of people who are present—visitors and jaunters, owners and occupiers—and the types of activities and cultural practices that might occur there. Occasionally, spaces are racialized because of intentional practices of discrimination and segregation. In others, less intentional methods produce racialized space. In both, American spaces tell their own histories …

Ambiguity In Legal Non-Conforming Use Statuses, Zeke Peters

Brigham Young University Prelaw Review

Legal nonconforming uses have similar definitions and codes throughout the United States. However, certain restrictions and rules can vary so much that ambiguity makes the truth harder to see. Many nonconforming uses are limited in their “expansion” or “enlargement.” However, what defines these terms is unclear in various codes across state lines. This paper proposes a framework for cities to adopt to have a more uniform definition with some exemptions of these terms. While planning and land use code should vary based on the specific needs of each municipality, this framework definition can help create a more concrete definition for …

Bringing History Home: Strategies For The International Repatriation Of Native American Cultural Property, Alec Johnson

Dickinson Law Review (2017-Present)

The theft of Native American cultural items has been ongoing since Europeans began to colonize the Americas. As a result, millions of Native American artifacts are now located outside the borders of the United States. Native American tribes have long sought international repatriation—the return of these cultural objects to their tribal owners. Unfortunately, many countries have been unsupportive of repatriation attempts and Native Americans seeking the return of their cultural items face nearly insurmountable barriers in foreign courts. The U.S. government has a moral imperative to assist Native American tribes in these repatriation efforts. The debate over repatriation is defined …

The Road To Affordable Housing: How To Replace Highways With Homes In New York City, Chad Hughes

Pace Law Review

Urban highways cause significant air, water, and soil pollution that disproportionately harm low-income and nonwhite residents. Many urban highways are reaching the end of their useful life and would be extremely expensive to repair or replace. Cities around the world have removed urban highways to improve environmental outcomes and to avoid wasteful spending.

While these teardowns have improved local and regional environmental quality and local traffic congestion, they have also led to increased land values near the retired rights of way. Without anti-displacement efforts, there is a risk that the very people who have been most harmed by urban highways …

Wildearth Guardians V. Zinke, Emily M. Mcculloch

Public Land & Resources Law Review

WildEarth Guardians v. Zinke marks an important decision prompting the Bureau of Land Management to seriously consider greenhouse gas emissions when performing environmental assessments for oil and gas leasing. WildEarth Guardians and Physicians for Social Responsibility, two non-profit organizations, asserted BLM improperly failed to recognize greenhouse gas emissions and their impacts on climate change when issuing oil and gas leases in three western states. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia agreed, finding that by failing to take a hard look at environmental impacts from its leasing decisions, BLM violated the National Environmental Policy Act’s requirements.

When Legislatures Become The Ally Of Academic Freedom: The First State Intellectual Diversity Statute And Its Effect On Academic Freedom, Patrick M. Garry

South Carolina Law Review

No abstract provided.

Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Journal, Volume 8, William & Mary Law School

Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Journal

The Federalism Dimension of Constitutional Property

October 4-5, 2018

Panel 1: The Federalism Dimension of Constitutional Property: A Tribute to Sterk

Panel 2: Background Principles of Common Law and Constitutional Property

Lunch Roundtable: Other Emerging Issues in Constitutional Protection of Property

Panel 4: The Constitutionality of Land Use Exactions

Contributing Author (Reveley)

Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Conference Journal, Volume 7, William & Mary Law School

Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Journal

The Future of Regulatory Takings

October 12-13, 2017

Panel 1: The Future of Land Use Regulation: A Tribute to Callies

Panel 3: Property Rights in Water

Panel 4: The Denominator Problem and Other Emerging Issues in the Regulatory Takings Field

Asarco Llc V. Atlantic Richfield Company, Ryan L. Hickey

Public Land & Resources Law Review

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liabiltiy Act, commonly known as CERCLA, facilitates cleanup of hazardous waste sites and those contaminated by other harmful substances by empowering the Environmental Protection Agency to identify responsible parties and require them to undertake or fund remediation. Because pollution sometimes occurrs over long periods of time by multiple parties, CERCLA also enables polluters to seek financial contribution from other contaminators of a particular site. The Ninth Circuit clarified the particuar circumstances under which contribution actions may arise in Asarco LLC v. Atlantic Richfield Co., holding non-CERCLA settlements may give rise to CERCLA contribution …

Urban Renewal And Sacramento’S Lost Japantown, Thomas W. Joo

Chicago-Kent Law Review

No abstract provided.

The State Giveth And Taketh Away: Race, Class, And Urban Hospital Closings, Shaun Ossei-Owusu

Chicago-Kent Law Review

This essay uses concepts from Bernadette Atuahene’s book We Want What’s Ours: Learning from South Africa’s Land Restitution Program to examine the trend of urban hospital closings. It does so by focusing specifically on the history of Martin Luther King, Jr. Community Hospital, a charitable hospital in South Los Angeles, California that emerged after the Watts riots in 1965. The essay illustrates how Professor Atuahene’s framework can generate unique questions about the closing of urban hospitals, and public bureaucracies more generally. The essay also demonstrates how Martin Luther King, Jr. Community Hospital’s trajectory hones some of Atuahene’s concepts in ways …

A New History Of Waste Law: How A Misunderstood Doctrine Shaped Ideas About The Transformation Of Law, Jill M. Fraley

Marquette Law Review

In the traditional account, American courts transformed the law of waste, radically diverging from the British courts around the time of the American Revolution. Some of the most influential theorists of American legal history have used this account as evidence that American law is driven by economics. Due to its adoption by influential scholars, this traditional account of waste law has shaped not only our understanding of property law, but also how we view the process of transforming law.

That traditional account, however, came not from a history of the doctrine, but from an elaboration of the benefits of the …

The Wind Blows In Virginia Too—Deconstructing Legal And Regulatory Barriers To The Development Of Onshore, Utility-Scale Wind Energy In Virginia, Mark L. (Buzz) Belleville

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.

Exploiting Ambiguity In The Supreme Court: Cutting Through The Fifth Amendment With Transferable Development Rights, Trevor D. Vincent

William & Mary Law Review

No abstract provided.

From The Seas To The Stars: A Case For Developing Offshore Spaceports On States’ Submerged Lands, Joseph Michael Carroll

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.

Koontz V. St. Johns River Water Management District, Ross Keogh

Public Land & Resources Law Review

Koontz extends the application of Nollan and Dolan, which require exactions of real property for land-use permits to share a “nexus” and be “roughly proportional” to the regulation to be constitutional. A divided United States Supreme Court held that “monetary exactions,” potentially including building permit fees or impact fees, must satisfy the Nollan and Dolan requirements even if the government denies the permit.[1] The Court did not reach the merits of the petitioner’s appeal.

[1](Kagan, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor, JJ., dissenting).

Land Ethic Under Attack: Keystone Xl And The War Over Domestic S(Oil), Heather Culp

Environmental and Earth Law Journal (EELJ)

The Keystone XL pipeline has caused recent controversy and renewed the debate over the future of fossil fuels in the United States. The project pits largely conservative groups, who argue that the pipeline will create jobs and decrease America’s dependence on foreign oil, against environmental advocates, indigenous tribes, and private landowners, who are attempting to fend off the project because they believe it will displace them of their own lands as well as disrupt the natural ecosystems that lay in the pipeline’s path. In the wake of a presidential veto of the project and renewed sentiment by the pipeline’s …

Chasing The Atticus Code - Preserving Adjudication Integrity In Local Administrative Hearings , Michael N. Widener

Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary

In the United States administrative law realm, there purportedly exist more than 19 thousand municipal governments, 16 thousand town or township governments; three thousand county governments, 13 thousand school districts and 35 thousand special district governments. This essay argues that these local adjudicative loci largely neglect the ethical guidance or direction of lawyers serving in government-official capacities without holding elected nor judicial positions. I dub these decision-makers “Atticus.” Citizens support the notion of external codes of professional responsibility for such persons not necessarily because they believe that “lawyering rules” are well constructed or property enforced, but because they doubt lawyers …

Corporate Social Responsibility And Conservation: The Preservation Of Ecology And Culture To Sustain The Sea Islands, Kamille Wolff Dean

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

This Article posits that corporate real estate development of coastal property can coexist with conservation strategies to preserve the ecological and cultural integrity of the barrier islands along the southeastern seaboard. Reformed corporate land use techniques that reflect prudent and sustainable master-planned communities may result in manageable natural and cultural resource preservation. The Introduction defines the historical, cultural, and ecological significance of the Sea Islands, an archipelago stretching from the Carolinas to Florida. Part I presents a series of corporate real estate redevelopment projects on the Sea Islands for analysis. Part II sets forth viable solutions for the implementation of …

Land Use By, For, And Of The People: Problems With The Application Of Initiatives And Referenda To The Zoning Process, Nicolas M. Kublicki

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

A Coordinated Approach To Growth Control In Northern Virginia, John R. Annand

William & Mary Law Review

No abstract provided.

This Land Is Whose Land? The Feasibility Of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction In West Virginia's Land Use Planning Laws, Lori Schwartzmiller

West Virginia Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Census As A Call To Action, David J. Barron, Gerald E. Frug

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article argues that we misinterpret the Census figures showing the continued growth of the suburbs and increase in populations of some cities and not others. While many, including a Harvard economist, contend that this is a purely a result of consumer preference, this article concludes that this pattern is more likely a result of legal rules promoting sprawl which have been unchanged for 50 years. The article states that this new census data should be a wake-up call for state law reform which will no longer constrain and define local government.

City Life And New Urbanism, Ray Gindroz

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article discusses the importance and reintroduction of urban centers as areas of continuing development, information exchange and health in cities and suburbs. It first comments on the decay of urban centers as a result of the post-World War II push to build towns and cities which were more isolated, fragmented and anti-urban. New urbanism began in the 1970s and 80s to create neighborhoods and urban centers rather than scattered developments and has successfully continued to this day. This article identifies the design principles of these urbanists and how they are put into practice, including a case study of Park …

Eras, Daniel Solomon

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article discusses the different eras of development of the American town. The first era was a result of the agrarian grid. The second era started in 1938 when the Federal Housing Administration began working on a national code. The article identifies these sprawling second era towns as deficient. A third era is now underway and is heavily influenced by the first era towns.

Making The Good Easy: The Smart Code Alternative, Andres Duany, Emily Talen

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article advocates for a new, fundamentally different plan for how cities should be coded, the Smart Code. It links urbanism and environmentalism and is strongly aligned with smart growth and sustainability. The Smart Code is offered as an alternative to the current anti-urban, conventional codes which are rigid and focus on single-use zones that separate human living space from the natural environment, as illustrated by the sprawl.

Maryland's Next Smart Growth Initiative: The Next Steps, Parris N. Glendening

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article discusses Maryland's Smart Growth and Neighborhood Conservation Initiative, the nation's first statewide, incentive-based program to reduce the impact of urban sprawl. It has been used as a model by other states and espouses the notions that no growth is bad and the economy and environment are intertwined. Maryland attempts to change the bottom line of development decisions by making it more attractive and less costly to build in designated growth areas. The article identifies the next steps in Maryland's Smart Growth initiative and concludes that Maryland and the United States must be successful in these and similar efforts …

Florida's Downtowns: The Key To Smart Growth, Urban Revitalization, And Green Space Preservation, John T. Marshall

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article reviews Florida's growth management system, which has spurred suburban development, and its negative impact on Florida's cities. As Florida's governor and legislature have turned their focus to this issue, this article evaluates policy recommendations to limit Florida's suburban sprawl and invigorate its urban centers.

Introduction To The Symposium 1999: Land Use In The 21st Century: The Next Frontier For Environmental Law, Jason Rylander, Erika Kroetch

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.

Where Yards Are Wide: Have Land Use Planning And Law Gone Away?, Lee R. Epstein

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.